Kevin B. MacDonald
Encyclopedia
Kevin B. MacDonald is a professor of psychology
at California State University, Long Beach
, best known for his use of evolutionary psychology
to inform his study of Judaism
as being a "group evolutionary strategy."
MacDonald's most controversial claim is that a suite of traits that he attributes to Jews, including higher-than-average verbal intelligence and ethnocentricism, have eugenically
evolved to enhance the ability of Jews to conspire to out-compete non-Jews for resources while undermining the power and self-confidence of the white
majorities in Europe and America whom he insists Jews seek to disposess.
His colleagues at the university's psychology department, as well as the Cal State Long Beach academic senate, have formally disassociated themselves from his work. The academic senate described his views as antisemitic and white ethnocentric.
and raised in a traditional Roman Catholic family. His father was a policeman and his mother was a secretary. He went to parochial schools and played basketball in high school. He entered the University of Wisconsin–Madison
and became an activist in the anti-war movement from about 1965 to 1975. During this period, he perceived the East Coast Jewish origins of the majority of the movement there (Culture of Critique, p. 104), which motivated his interest in Jewish intellectual movements.
MacDonald became a philosophy
major and abandoned leftist
radicalism. He embarked on a career as a Jazz pianist
, but by the late 1970s had abandoned it in favour of academia. While in graduate school, he became attracted to E. O. Wilson
's theory of sociobiology.
in 1966, and M.S. in biology from the University of Connecticut
in 1976. He earned a Ph.D. in 1981 (Biobehavioral Sciences) from the University of Connecticut where he studied under Professor Benson E. Ginsburg, one of the founders and leaders of modern behavior genetics, as his advisor. His thesis was on the behavioral development of wolves and resulted in two publications:
MacDonald, K. B., and Ginsburg, B. E. (1981). "Induction of normal behavior in wolves with restricted rearing." Behavioral and Neural Biology, 33, 133-162;
MacDonald, K. B. (1983). "Development and stability of personality characteristics in prepubertal wolves." Journal of Comparative Psychology, 97, 99-106, 1983.
He completed a post-doctoral fellowship with Ross Parke at the psychology department of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
in 1983. His work there concerned rough and tumble play in children (he had two small boys at home at the time as well) and resulted in three publications:
He served as Secretary-Archivist of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society
and was elected as a member of the executive board from 1995 to 2001. He was an editor of Population and Environment
and is an associate editor of the journal Sexuality & Culture. He serves on the Advisory Board of The Occidental Quarterly
, a journal that has been described by Max Blumenthal on the website of liberal magazine
The American Prospect
as "the premier voice of the white-nationalist movement", and makes occasional contributions to VDARE
.com, an immigration reduction
ist webzine. Peter Brimelow
of VDARE denies it being a white nationalist webzine, but acknowledges having white nationalist writers amongst its contributors. Brimelow does not list MacDonald as one of these.
He has been with the Department of Psychology at California State University-Long Beach since 1985 and as a full professor since 1995.
MacDonald is best known for his trilogy that analyzes Judaism
and Jewish culture
from the perspective of evolutionary psychology
, comprising A People That Shall Dwell Alone (1994), Separation and Its Discontents (1998), and The Culture of Critique (1998). He proposes that Judaism is a group evolutionary strategy
to enhance the ability of Jews to out-compete non-Jews for resources. Using the term Jewish ethnocentrism, he argues that Judaism fosters in Jews a series of marked genetic traits, including above-average verbal intelligence and a strong tendency toward collectivist behavior, as manifested in a series of influential intellectual movements. MacDonald repeatedly emphasizes that he does not argue that all Jews in all circumstances display the traits he identifies; for example, his Understanding Jewish Influence argues that neoconservatism is a Jewish intellectual movement, while in the 2000 US Presidential Election about 80% of the Jewish vote went to Vice President Al Gore, who was campaigning against George. H.W. Bush whose campaign was heavily staffed with and influenced by neoconservatives.
MacDonald's main thesis centers on the period preceding the 1965 Immigration Act when strict, country-of-origin based quotas existed, mostly favoring immigration from Europe. According to MacDonald, while most of the ethnic communities in that period were somewhat active in trying to affect the increase of immigration quotas from their own countries of origin (i.e., the Irish for immigration from Ireland, Greeks for immigration from Greece, etc.), only the Jewish community activists were requesting (and ultimately obtained in 1965) the dismantling of country-of-origin quotas and an increase in immigration across the board. This policy shift benefited primarily non-European immigration and had a profound impact on the U.S. demographics in the following decades. MacDonald says that Jews opposed immigration quotas because a diverse America was safer for Jews.
Like some of his fellow contributors to VDARE, MacDonald discusses racial differences and cultural assimilation. He disagrees with some contentions of popular scientists such as Stephen Jay Gould
, Richard Lewontin
, Leon Kamin
, Steven Rose
, and Jared Diamond
.
and several other influential intellectual and political movements that he claims are Jewish-dominated. He argues that "Taken as a whole, neoconservatism is an excellent illustration of the key traits behind the success of Jewish activism: ethnocentrism
, intelligence and wealth, psychological intensity, and aggressiveness." His general conclusions are that neoconservatism fits into a general pattern of twentieth-century Jewish intellectual and political activism. Since Leo Strauss
, a philosophy professor, taught several of the putative founders of the neoconservatism movement, MacDonald concludes he is a central figure in the neoconservative movement and sees him as "the quintessential rabbinical guru with devoted disciples".
MacDonald contends that, like Freudian
psychoanalysis
and Marxism
, neoconservatism uses arguments that appeal to non-Jews, rather than appealing explicitly to Jewish interests. MacDonald argues that non-Jewish neoconservatives like Jeane Kirkpatrick
and Donald Rumsfeld
are examples of an ability to recruit prominent non-Jews while nevertheless preserving a Jewish core and an intense commitment to Jewish interests: "it makes excellent psychological sense to have the spokespeople for any movement resemble the people they are trying to convince." He considers it significant that neoconservatism's supposed commitment to mass immigration is uncharacteristic of past conservative thought and is identical to liberal Jewish opinion.
in his 2002 book Darwin's Cathedral
and by Frank Salter
in his 2006 book On Genetic Interests: Family, Ethnicity, And Humanity in an Age of Mass Migration.
, John Hartung
, Harmon Holcomb, Richard Lynn
, and Roger D. Masters. However, a number of other responses, especially after publication of the second and third books of MacDonald's trilogy, were more negative.
MacDonald has been accused of employing scapegoating techniques that resemble classical Nazism
. Steven Pinker
acknowledged that he had "not plowed through MacDonald's trilogy and therefore run the complementary risks of being unfair to his arguments, and of not refuting them resoundingly enough to distance them from my own views on evolutionary psychology", but states that MacDonald's theses are unable to pass the threshold of attention-worthiness or peer-approval, and contain a "consistently invidious portrayal of Jews, couched in value-laden, disparaging language." Reviewing MacDonald’s A People That Shall Dwell Alone, Sander Gilman
describes MacDonald's argument about a Jewish group evolutionary strategy as a "bizarre" one which "recasts all of the hoary old myths about Jewish psychological difference and its presumed link to Jewish superior intelligence in contemporary sociobiological garb." Eugen Schoenfeld states the book contains "sloppy scholarship" and that MacDonald's comparison of Jewish collectivism during the biblical period with eighteenth- and nineteenth-century English individualism "indicates a total ignorance of the impact of industrialization on Western societies."
Reviewing MacDonald's Separation and Its Discontents in 2000, Zev Garber writes that MacDonald works from the assumption that the dual Torah is the blueprint of the eventual Jewish dominion over the world, and that he sees contemporary antisemitism, the Holocaust
, and attacks against Israel as "provoked by Jews themselves." Garber concludes that MacDonald's "rambling who-is-who-isn't roundup of Jews responsible for the 'Jewish Problem' borders on the irrational and is conducive to misrepresentation."
noted that MacDonald's work "has been well received by those in the racialist right, as it amounts to a theoretically sophisticated justification for anti-Semitism," and that on the far right MacDonald "has attained a near reverential status and is generally considered beyond reproach".
A colleague of MacDonald's, Martin Fiebert criticized MacDonald for being cited by white supremacist, antisemitic, and neo-Nazi organizations. The Southern Poverty Law Center
criticized MacDonald for holding panels and working with Virginia Abernethy
, a self-described "white separatist" and member of the white nationalist organization Council of Conservative Citizens
which has described blacks as "a retrograde subspecies of humanity" among other things. The SPLC also criticized MacDonald for publishing in, and receiving a 10,000 dollar grant from, the "white supremacist" publication The Occidental Quarterly. MacDonald is now a member of the publication's Editorial Advisory Board as well as the main contributor to its website and editor of its blog. In October 2004, he accepted the Jack London
Literary Prize from The Occidental Quarterly, using the award ceremony as an occasion to argue for the need for a "white ethnostate" to maintain high racial birthrates. In his acceptance speech, he stated, "The best way to preserve ethnic interests is to defend an ethnostate—a nation that is explicitly intended to preserve the ethnic interests of its citizens." According to MacDonald, one of the functions of such a state would be to exclude non-European immigrants who are attracted to the state by its wealth and prosperity. At the conclusion of his speech, he remarked:
MacDonald testified in defense of convicted Holocaust denier
David Irving
, where he alleged that the suppression of Irving's work was "an example of Jewish tactics for combating anti-Semitism." MacDonald was quoted as saying he was an "agnostic" in regards to the Holocaust, though he denied the accuracy of the quote. MacDonald's testimony caused a backlash among his colleagues.
Max Blumenthal
writes that MacDonald has an extensive following among white nationalists
and neo-Nazis
. Former Ku Klux Klan
leader David Duke
has praised MacDonald's work on his website. When MacDonald won his award from The Occidental Quarterly, the ceremony was attended by: David Duke; Don Black, the founder of white supremacist site Stormfront
; Jamie Kelso
, a senior moderator at Stormfront; and the head of the neo-Nazi National Vanguard
, Kevin Alfred Strom
. In 2005, Kelso told The Occidental Report that he was meeting up with MacDonald to conduct business. MacDonald is also featured in the Stormfront member Brian Jost's anti-immigration film The Line in the Sand, where he "blam[ed] Jews for destroying America by supporting immigration from developing countries."
Heidi Beirich of the Southern Poverty Law Center told the Los Angeles Times
, "Not since Hitler's Mein Kampf
have anti-Semites had such a comprehensive reference guide to what's 'wrong with Jews.' His work is widely advertised and touted on white supremacist websites and sold by neo-Nazi outfits like National Vanguard Books, which considers them 'the most important books of the last 100 years.
In January 2010, MacDonald began acting as director of the newly-founded political party American Third Position
, which declares America a white Christian nation and advocates for limiting "non-white" immigration into the United States. A statement on their website reads, "If current demographic trends persist, European-Americans will become a minority in America in only a few decades time. The American Third Position will not allow this to happen. To safeguard our identity and culture, and to secure an American future for our people, we will immediately put an indefinite moratorium on all immigration." James Edwards, who has interviewed MacDonald on his radio show The Political Cesspool
, serves on the American Third Position Party's Board of Directors.
Toni Beron, a spokeswoman for CSULB, said that at least two classes a year taught by all professors—including MacDonald—have student evaluations, and that some of the questions on those evaluations are open-ended, allowing students to raise any issue. "Nothing has come through" to suggest bias in class, she said. "We don't see it."
Jonathan Knight, who handles academic freedom issues for the American Association of University Professors said that if there are no indications that MacDonald shares his views in class, "I don't see a basis for an investigation" into what goes on in his courses.
and discussing it should be forbidden." Similarly, Frank Salter
has argued that much criticism of MacDonald is rooted in "ignorance of his scholarship and a confounding of political and scientific issues."
Among the claims MacDonald takes issue with is Beirich's claim in her report for the SPLC that he "suggest[s] that colleges restrict Jewish admission
and Jews be heavily taxed 'to counter the Jewish advantage in the possession of wealth. In his rebuttal, MacDonald reproduces the full passage as follows:
MacDonald claims that he was simply discussing a hypothetical ethnic spoils system
. He writes, "There is a big difference between advocating something and discussing this as a grim likelihood. I am discussing the possible consequences of a hypothetical ethnicity-based spoils system."
Beirich also claimed that MacDonald blames the deaths of "millions of people" on "the failure of Jewish assimilation into European societies." In his rebuttal, MacDonald argues that he is contending that inter-group competition is at the root of anti-Semitism and bloody conflicts between Jews and non-Jews throughout history: "I think that my critics essentially want me to assert that Jewish behavior is utterly irrelevant to anti-Semitism, and I cannot accept that point of view. I am hardly alone in supposing that Jewish behavior—very often Jewish success—must be taken into account in any adequate theory of anti-Semitism."
MacDonald summarized what he considered the prospect of a fair representation by the SPLC's Beirich: "Given Ms Beirich's poor record in accurately portraying my writings, I had no confidence that she would conduct and report on an interview with me in a non-biased way. Nevertheless, I offered to be interviewed by her if she would answer my concerns about her previous writing about me. She has not responded to this offer." MacDonald specifically names six points he demands Beirich address before he offers her an interview, in a series of emails between himself and her, published on his website.
In an April 28, 2008 statement, the CSULB anthropology department noted that it had no wish to interfere with MacDonald's First Amendment
rights. However, it noted in the statement that "we have the right, if not the obligation, to denounce his writings on race, ethnicity and intelligence that promote intolerance, as not only inaccurate, but as professionally irresponsible and morally untenable."
and Assyrians
.
Psychology
Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior. Its immediate goal is to understand individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases. For many, the ultimate goal of psychology is to benefit society...
at California State University, Long Beach
California State University, Long Beach
California State University, Long Beach is the second largest campus of the California State University system and the third largest university in the state of California by enrollment...
, best known for his use of evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology is an approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological traits such as memory, perception, and language from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations, that is, the functional...
to inform his study of Judaism
Judaism
Judaism ) is the "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people...
as being a "group evolutionary strategy."
MacDonald's most controversial claim is that a suite of traits that he attributes to Jews, including higher-than-average verbal intelligence and ethnocentricism, have eugenically
Eugenics
Eugenics is the "applied science or the bio-social movement which advocates the use of practices aimed at improving the genetic composition of a population", usually referring to human populations. The origins of the concept of eugenics began with certain interpretations of Mendelian inheritance,...
evolved to enhance the ability of Jews to conspire to out-compete non-Jews for resources while undermining the power and self-confidence of the white
White people
White people is a term which usually refers to human beings characterized, at least in part, by the light pigmentation of their skin...
majorities in Europe and America whom he insists Jews seek to disposess.
His colleagues at the university's psychology department, as well as the Cal State Long Beach academic senate, have formally disassociated themselves from his work. The academic senate described his views as antisemitic and white ethnocentric.
Early years
MacDonald was born in Oshkosh, WisconsinOshkosh, Wisconsin
As of the census of 2000, there were 62,916 people, 24,082 households, and 13,654 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,662.2 people per square mile . There were 25,420 housing units at an average density of 1,075.6 per square mile...
and raised in a traditional Roman Catholic family. His father was a policeman and his mother was a secretary. He went to parochial schools and played basketball in high school. He entered the University of Wisconsin–Madison
University of Wisconsin–Madison
The University of Wisconsin–Madison is a public research university located in Madison, Wisconsin, United States. Founded in 1848, UW–Madison is the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System. It became a land-grant institution in 1866...
and became an activist in the anti-war movement from about 1965 to 1975. During this period, he perceived the East Coast Jewish origins of the majority of the movement there (Culture of Critique, p. 104), which motivated his interest in Jewish intellectual movements.
MacDonald became a philosophy
Philosophy
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational...
major and abandoned leftist
Left-wing politics
In politics, Left, left-wing and leftist generally refer to support for social change to create a more egalitarian society...
radicalism. He embarked on a career as a Jazz pianist
Jazz piano
Jazz piano is a collective term for the techniques pianists use when playing jazz. The piano has been an integral part of the jazz idiom since its inception, in both solo and ensemble settings. Its role is multifaceted due largely to the instrument's combined melodic and harmonic capabilities...
, but by the late 1970s had abandoned it in favour of academia. While in graduate school, he became attracted to E. O. Wilson
E. O. Wilson
Edward Osborne Wilson is an American biologist, researcher , theorist , naturalist and author. His biological specialty is myrmecology, the study of ants....
's theory of sociobiology.
Professional background
MacDonald is the author of seven books on evolutionary psychology and child development and is the author or editor of over thirty academic articles in refereed journals. He received his B.A. from the University of Wisconsin–MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison
The University of Wisconsin–Madison is a public research university located in Madison, Wisconsin, United States. Founded in 1848, UW–Madison is the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System. It became a land-grant institution in 1866...
in 1966, and M.S. in biology from the University of Connecticut
University of Connecticut
The admission rate to the University of Connecticut is about 50% and has been steadily decreasing, with about 28,000 prospective students applying for admission to the freshman class in recent years. Approximately 40,000 prospective students tour the main campus in Storrs annually...
in 1976. He earned a Ph.D. in 1981 (Biobehavioral Sciences) from the University of Connecticut where he studied under Professor Benson E. Ginsburg, one of the founders and leaders of modern behavior genetics, as his advisor. His thesis was on the behavioral development of wolves and resulted in two publications:
MacDonald, K. B., and Ginsburg, B. E. (1981). "Induction of normal behavior in wolves with restricted rearing." Behavioral and Neural Biology, 33, 133-162;
MacDonald, K. B. (1983). "Development and stability of personality characteristics in prepubertal wolves." Journal of Comparative Psychology, 97, 99-106, 1983.
He completed a post-doctoral fellowship with Ross Parke at the psychology department of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign is a large public research-intensive university in the state of Illinois, United States. It is the flagship campus of the University of Illinois system...
in 1983. His work there concerned rough and tumble play in children (he had two small boys at home at the time as well) and resulted in three publications:
- MacDonald, K. B., & Parke, R. D. (1984). "Bridging the gap: Parent-child play interactions and peer interactive competence." Child Development, 55, 1265-1277;
- MacDonald, K. B., & Parke, R. D. (1986). "Parent-child physical play: The effects of sex and age of children and parents." Sex Roles, 15, 367-378, 1986;
- MacDonald, K. B. (1987). "Parent-child physical play with rejected, neglected and popular boys." Developmental Psychology, 23, 705-711.
He served as Secretary-Archivist of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society
Human Behavior and Evolution Society
The Human Behavior and Evolution Society, or HBES, is an interdisciplinary, international society of researchers, primarily from the social and biological sciences, who use modern evolutionary theory to help to discover human nature - including evolved emotional, cognitive and sexual adaptations...
and was elected as a member of the executive board from 1995 to 2001. He was an editor of Population and Environment
Population and Environment
Population & Environment is a scientific journal that publishes scientific articles and reviews related to the bi-directional links between population, natural resources, and the natural environment.- External links :*...
and is an associate editor of the journal Sexuality & Culture. He serves on the Advisory Board of The Occidental Quarterly
Occidental Quarterly
The Occidental Quarterly is a journal "devoted to the ethnic,racial, and cultural heritage that forms the foundation of Western Civilization"...
, a journal that has been described by Max Blumenthal on the website of liberal magazine
Advocacy journalism
Advocacy journalism is a genre of journalism that intentionally and transparently adopts a non-objective viewpoint, usually for some social or political purpose. Because it is intended to be factual, it is distinguished from propaganda...
The American Prospect
The American Prospect
The American Prospect is a monthly American political magazine dedicated to American liberalism. Based in Washington, DC, The American Prospect is a journal "of liberal ideas, committed to a just society, an enriched democracy, and effective liberal politics" which focuses on United States politics...
as "the premier voice of the white-nationalist movement", and makes occasional contributions to VDARE
VDARE
VDARE.com, or VDARE, is a website that advocates reduced immigration, especially illegal immigration, into the United States. Former Forbes editor Peter Brimelow supports the site through his VDARE Foundation, also known as Lexington Research Institute Limited...
.com, an immigration reduction
Immigration reduction
Immigration reduction refers to a movement in the United States that advocates a reduction in the amount of immigration allowed into the country. Steps advocated for reducing the numbers of immigrants include advocating stronger action to prevent illegal entry and illegal immigration, and...
ist webzine. Peter Brimelow
Peter Brimelow
Peter Brimelow is a British American financial journalist, author, and founder of VDARE. Brimelow has been the editor of many publications, including Forbes, the Financial Post, and National Review...
of VDARE denies it being a white nationalist webzine, but acknowledges having white nationalist writers amongst its contributors. Brimelow does not list MacDonald as one of these.
He has been with the Department of Psychology at California State University-Long Beach since 1985 and as a full professor since 1995.
Theory of Judaism as a "Group Evolutionary Strategy"
Judaism
Judaism ) is the "religion, philosophy, and way of life" of the Jewish people...
and Jewish culture
Secular Jewish culture
Secular Jewish culture embraces several related phenomena; above all, it is the international culture of secular communities of Jewish people, but it can also include the cultural contributions of individuals who identify as secular Jews...
from the perspective of evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology is an approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological traits such as memory, perception, and language from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations, that is, the functional...
, comprising A People That Shall Dwell Alone (1994), Separation and Its Discontents (1998), and The Culture of Critique (1998). He proposes that Judaism is a group evolutionary strategy
Group selection
In evolutionary biology, group selection refers to the idea that alleles can become fixed or spread in a population because of the benefits they bestow on groups, regardless of the alleles' effect on the fitness of individuals within that group....
to enhance the ability of Jews to out-compete non-Jews for resources. Using the term Jewish ethnocentrism, he argues that Judaism fosters in Jews a series of marked genetic traits, including above-average verbal intelligence and a strong tendency toward collectivist behavior, as manifested in a series of influential intellectual movements. MacDonald repeatedly emphasizes that he does not argue that all Jews in all circumstances display the traits he identifies; for example, his Understanding Jewish Influence argues that neoconservatism is a Jewish intellectual movement, while in the 2000 US Presidential Election about 80% of the Jewish vote went to Vice President Al Gore, who was campaigning against George. H.W. Bush whose campaign was heavily staffed with and influenced by neoconservatives.
On Jews and immigration policies
MacDonald says that "the organized Jewish community" has been the single most important and powerful group in favor of unrestricted immigration to the United States, and that the community has been acting in its "own perceived collective interests," regardless of whether these are in conflict with the interests of other Americans.MacDonald's main thesis centers on the period preceding the 1965 Immigration Act when strict, country-of-origin based quotas existed, mostly favoring immigration from Europe. According to MacDonald, while most of the ethnic communities in that period were somewhat active in trying to affect the increase of immigration quotas from their own countries of origin (i.e., the Irish for immigration from Ireland, Greeks for immigration from Greece, etc.), only the Jewish community activists were requesting (and ultimately obtained in 1965) the dismantling of country-of-origin quotas and an increase in immigration across the board. This policy shift benefited primarily non-European immigration and had a profound impact on the U.S. demographics in the following decades. MacDonald says that Jews opposed immigration quotas because a diverse America was safer for Jews.
Race, culture, and intelligence
- See also Race and intelligenceRace and intelligenceThe connection between race and intelligence has been a subject of debate in both popular science and academic research since the inception of intelligence testing in the early 20th century...
.
Like some of his fellow contributors to VDARE, MacDonald discusses racial differences and cultural assimilation. He disagrees with some contentions of popular scientists such as Stephen Jay Gould
Stephen Jay Gould
Stephen Jay Gould was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science. He was also one of the most influential and widely read writers of popular science of his generation....
, Richard Lewontin
Richard Lewontin
Richard Charles "Dick" Lewontin is an American evolutionary biologist, geneticist and social commentator. A leader in developing the mathematical basis of population genetics and evolutionary theory, he pioneered the notion of using techniques from molecular biology such as gel electrophoresis to...
, Leon Kamin
Leon Kamin
Leon J. Kamin is an American psychologist who chaired Princeton University's Department of Psychology in 1968....
, Steven Rose
Steven Rose
Steven P. Rose is a Professor of Biology and Neurobiology at the Open University and University of London.-Life:...
, and Jared Diamond
Jared Diamond
Jared Mason Diamond is an American scientist and author whose work draws from a variety of fields. He is currently Professor of Geography and Physiology at UCLA...
.
Neoconservatism
MacDonald published a series of three articles in The Occidental Quarterly on the alleged similarities between neoconservatismNeoconservatism
Neoconservatism in the United States is a branch of American conservatism. Since 2001, neoconservatism has been associated with democracy promotion, that is with assisting movements for democracy, in some cases by economic sanctions or military action....
and several other influential intellectual and political movements that he claims are Jewish-dominated. He argues that "Taken as a whole, neoconservatism is an excellent illustration of the key traits behind the success of Jewish activism: ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to believe that one's ethnic or cultural group is centrally important, and that all other groups are measured in relation to one's own. The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with...
, intelligence and wealth, psychological intensity, and aggressiveness." His general conclusions are that neoconservatism fits into a general pattern of twentieth-century Jewish intellectual and political activism. Since Leo Strauss
Leo Strauss
Leo Strauss was a political philosopher and classicist who specialized in classical political philosophy. He was born in Germany to Jewish parents and later emigrated to the United States...
, a philosophy professor, taught several of the putative founders of the neoconservatism movement, MacDonald concludes he is a central figure in the neoconservative movement and sees him as "the quintessential rabbinical guru with devoted disciples".
MacDonald contends that, like Freudian
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud , born Sigismund Schlomo Freud , was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis...
psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is a psychological theory developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis has expanded, been criticized and developed in different directions, mostly by some of Freud's former students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Gustav...
and Marxism
Marxism
Marxism is an economic and sociopolitical worldview and method of socioeconomic inquiry that centers upon a materialist interpretation of history, a dialectical view of social change, and an analysis and critique of the development of capitalism. Marxism was pioneered in the early to mid 19th...
, neoconservatism uses arguments that appeal to non-Jews, rather than appealing explicitly to Jewish interests. MacDonald argues that non-Jewish neoconservatives like Jeane Kirkpatrick
Jeane Kirkpatrick
Jeane Jordan Kirkpatrick was an American ambassador and an ardent anticommunist. After serving as Ronald Reagan's foreign policy adviser in his 1980 campaign and later in his Cabinet, the longtime Democrat-turned-Republican was nominated as the U.S...
and Donald Rumsfeld
Donald Rumsfeld
Donald Henry Rumsfeld is an American politician and businessman. Rumsfeld served as the 13th Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford, and as the 21st Secretary of Defense from 2001 to 2006 under President George W. Bush. He is both the youngest and the oldest person to...
are examples of an ability to recruit prominent non-Jews while nevertheless preserving a Jewish core and an intense commitment to Jewish interests: "it makes excellent psychological sense to have the spokespeople for any movement resemble the people they are trying to convince." He considers it significant that neoconservatism's supposed commitment to mass immigration is uncharacteristic of past conservative thought and is identical to liberal Jewish opinion.
Citations
MacDonald's academic work has been cited by David Sloan WilsonDavid Sloan Wilson
David Sloan Wilson is an American evolutionary biologist and a Distinguished Professor of Biological Sciences and Anthropology at Binghamton University. He is a son of the author Sloan Wilson.-Academic career:...
in his 2002 book Darwin's Cathedral
Darwin's Cathedral
Darwin's Cathedral is a 2002 book by David Sloan Wilson which proposes that religion is a multi-level adaptation, a product of cultural evolution developed through a process of multi-level selection. It is cited by approximately 200 books....
and by Frank Salter
Frank Salter
Frank Kemp Salter is an Australian academic and researcher at the former Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology, Andechs, Germany, best known for his writings on ethnicity and ethnic interests....
in his 2006 book On Genetic Interests: Family, Ethnicity, And Humanity in an Age of Mass Migration.
Academic criticism
Laurence Loeb described A People That Shall Dwell Alone as a "tour-de-force" and a "watershed contribution to the understanding of Judaism and Jewish life" based on a "cautious, careful assembling of evidence." MacDonald's work received positive reviews from a number of other scholars including Hans EysenckHans Eysenck
Hans Jürgen Eysenck was a German-British psychologist who spent most of his career in Britain, best remembered for his work on intelligence and personality, though he worked in a wide range of areas...
, John Hartung
John Hartung
John Hartung is an Associate Professor of Anesthesiology at the State University of New York. He went to Ascension Catholic School and his PhD is from Harvard University in anthropology. He is the Associate Editor of the Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology.-External links:*...
, Harmon Holcomb, Richard Lynn
Richard Lynn
Richard Lynn is a British Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of Ulster who is known for his views on racial and ethnic differences. Lynn argues that there are hereditary differences in intelligence based on race and sex....
, and Roger D. Masters. However, a number of other responses, especially after publication of the second and third books of MacDonald's trilogy, were more negative.
MacDonald has been accused of employing scapegoating techniques that resemble classical Nazism
Nazism
Nazism, the common short form name of National Socialism was the ideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany...
. Steven Pinker
Steven Pinker
Steven Arthur Pinker is a Canadian-American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist and popular science author...
acknowledged that he had "not plowed through MacDonald's trilogy and therefore run the complementary risks of being unfair to his arguments, and of not refuting them resoundingly enough to distance them from my own views on evolutionary psychology", but states that MacDonald's theses are unable to pass the threshold of attention-worthiness or peer-approval, and contain a "consistently invidious portrayal of Jews, couched in value-laden, disparaging language." Reviewing MacDonald’s A People That Shall Dwell Alone, Sander Gilman
Sander Gilman
Sander L. Gilman is an American cultural and literary historian, who is particularly well-known for his contributions to Jewish studies and the history of medicine. He is the author or editor of over eighty books....
describes MacDonald's argument about a Jewish group evolutionary strategy as a "bizarre" one which "recasts all of the hoary old myths about Jewish psychological difference and its presumed link to Jewish superior intelligence in contemporary sociobiological garb." Eugen Schoenfeld states the book contains "sloppy scholarship" and that MacDonald's comparison of Jewish collectivism during the biblical period with eighteenth- and nineteenth-century English individualism "indicates a total ignorance of the impact of industrialization on Western societies."
Reviewing MacDonald's Separation and Its Discontents in 2000, Zev Garber writes that MacDonald works from the assumption that the dual Torah is the blueprint of the eventual Jewish dominion over the world, and that he sees contemporary antisemitism, the Holocaust
The Holocaust
The Holocaust , also known as the Shoah , was the genocide of approximately six million European Jews and millions of others during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi...
, and attacks against Israel as "provoked by Jews themselves." Garber concludes that MacDonald's "rambling who-is-who-isn't roundup of Jews responsible for the 'Jewish Problem' borders on the irrational and is conducive to misrepresentation."
Affiliation
A 2006 article in The Nation magazine reports that MacDonald's 2004 Understanding Jewish Influence: A Study in Ethnic Activism "has turned MacDonald into a celebrity within white nationalist and neo-Nazi circles." Writing in the Journal of Church and State, Professor George MichaelGeorge Michael (professor)
George J. Michael is an associate professor of political science and administration of justice at The University of Virginia's College at Wise...
noted that MacDonald's work "has been well received by those in the racialist right, as it amounts to a theoretically sophisticated justification for anti-Semitism," and that on the far right MacDonald "has attained a near reverential status and is generally considered beyond reproach".
A colleague of MacDonald's, Martin Fiebert criticized MacDonald for being cited by white supremacist, antisemitic, and neo-Nazi organizations. The Southern Poverty Law Center
Southern Poverty Law Center
The Southern Poverty Law Center is an American nonprofit civil rights organization noted for its legal victories against white supremacist groups; legal representation for victims of hate groups; monitoring of alleged hate groups, militias and extremist organizations; and educational programs that...
criticized MacDonald for holding panels and working with Virginia Abernethy
Virginia Abernethy
Virginia Deane Abernethy is an American professor of psychiatry and anthropology at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. She received a B.A. from Wellesley College, an M.B.A. from Vanderbilt University, and Ph.D. from Harvard University...
, a self-described "white separatist" and member of the white nationalist organization Council of Conservative Citizens
Council of Conservative Citizens
The Council of Conservative Citizens is an American political organization that supports a large variety of conservative and paleoconservative causes in addition to white nationalism, and white separatism...
which has described blacks as "a retrograde subspecies of humanity" among other things. The SPLC also criticized MacDonald for publishing in, and receiving a 10,000 dollar grant from, the "white supremacist" publication The Occidental Quarterly. MacDonald is now a member of the publication's Editorial Advisory Board as well as the main contributor to its website and editor of its blog. In October 2004, he accepted the Jack London
Jack London
John Griffith "Jack" London was an American author, journalist, and social activist. He was a pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction and was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone...
Literary Prize from The Occidental Quarterly, using the award ceremony as an occasion to argue for the need for a "white ethnostate" to maintain high racial birthrates. In his acceptance speech, he stated, "The best way to preserve ethnic interests is to defend an ethnostate—a nation that is explicitly intended to preserve the ethnic interests of its citizens." According to MacDonald, one of the functions of such a state would be to exclude non-European immigrants who are attracted to the state by its wealth and prosperity. At the conclusion of his speech, he remarked:
The alternative faced by Europeans throughout the Western world is to place themselves in a position of enormous vulnerability in which their destinies will be determined by other peoples, many of whom hold deep historically conditioned hatreds toward them. Europeans' promotion of their own displacement is the ultimate foolishness—an historical mistake of catastrophic proportions.
MacDonald testified in defense of convicted Holocaust denier
Holocaust denial
Holocaust denial is the act of denying the genocide of Jews in World War II, usually referred to as the Holocaust. The key claims of Holocaust denial are: the German Nazi government had no official policy or intention of exterminating Jews, Nazi authorities did not use extermination camps and gas...
David Irving
David Irving
David John Cawdell Irving is an English writer,best known for his denial of the Holocaust, who specialises in the military and political history of World War II, with a focus on Nazi Germany...
, where he alleged that the suppression of Irving's work was "an example of Jewish tactics for combating anti-Semitism." MacDonald was quoted as saying he was an "agnostic" in regards to the Holocaust, though he denied the accuracy of the quote. MacDonald's testimony caused a backlash among his colleagues.
Max Blumenthal
Max Blumenthal
Max Blumenthal is an American author, journalist, and blogger. A senior writer for The Daily Beast, he is the author of the New York Times bestselling book Republican Gomorrah: Inside the Movement that Shattered the Party....
writes that MacDonald has an extensive following among white nationalists
White nationalism
White nationalism is a political ideology which advocates a racial definition of national identity for white people. White separatism and white supremacism are subgroups within white nationalism. The former seek a separate white nation state, while the latter add ideas from social Darwinism and...
and neo-Nazis
Neo-Nazism
Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II social or political movements seeking to revive Nazism or some variant thereof.The term neo-Nazism can also refer to the ideology of these movements....
. Former Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan, often abbreviated KKK and informally known as the Klan, is the name of three distinct past and present far-right organizations in the United States, which have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically...
leader David Duke
David Duke
David Ernest Duke is a former Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan an American activist and writer, and former Republican Louisiana State Representative. He was also a former candidate in the Republican presidential primaries in 1992, and in the Democratic presidential primaries in...
has praised MacDonald's work on his website. When MacDonald won his award from The Occidental Quarterly, the ceremony was attended by: David Duke; Don Black, the founder of white supremacist site Stormfront
Stormfront (website)
Stormfront is a white nationalist and supremacist neo-Nazi Internet forum that has been described as the Internet's first major hate site.Stormfront began as an online bulletin board system in the early 1990s before being established as a website in 1995 by former Ku Klux Klan leader and white...
; Jamie Kelso
Jamie Kelso
Jamie Kelso is Administrator and owner of the American White Nationalist websites WhiteNewsNow.com and TheWhiteRace.com . He hosts daily webradio programs, including The Jamie Kelso Show on the Voice of Reason Broadcast Network ReasonRadioNetwork.com.-Early life and background:Kelso was born in...
, a senior moderator at Stormfront; and the head of the neo-Nazi National Vanguard
National Vanguard (American organization)
National Vanguard is an American National Socialist organization based in Charlottesville, Virginia, founded in 2005 by Kevin Alfred Strom and former members of the National Alliance.-History:...
, Kevin Alfred Strom
Kevin Alfred Strom
Kevin Alfred Strom is the former Managing Director of National Vanguard. Strom resigned from National Vanguard in July 2006...
. In 2005, Kelso told The Occidental Report that he was meeting up with MacDonald to conduct business. MacDonald is also featured in the Stormfront member Brian Jost's anti-immigration film The Line in the Sand, where he "blam[ed] Jews for destroying America by supporting immigration from developing countries."
Heidi Beirich of the Southern Poverty Law Center told the Los Angeles Times
Los Angeles Times
The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the second-largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008 and the fourth most widely distributed newspaper in the country....
, "Not since Hitler's Mein Kampf
Mein Kampf
Mein Kampf is a book written by Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. It combines elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology. Volume 1 of Mein Kampf was published in 1925 and Volume 2 in 1926...
have anti-Semites had such a comprehensive reference guide to what's 'wrong with Jews.' His work is widely advertised and touted on white supremacist websites and sold by neo-Nazi outfits like National Vanguard Books, which considers them 'the most important books of the last 100 years.
In January 2010, MacDonald began acting as director of the newly-founded political party American Third Position
American Third Position Party
The American Third Position Party is an American political party of the far-right, which promotes white nationalism. It was founded in 2010, and defines its principal mission as representing the political interests of white Americans. The party takes a strong stand against immigration and...
, which declares America a white Christian nation and advocates for limiting "non-white" immigration into the United States. A statement on their website reads, "If current demographic trends persist, European-Americans will become a minority in America in only a few decades time. The American Third Position will not allow this to happen. To safeguard our identity and culture, and to secure an American future for our people, we will immediately put an indefinite moratorium on all immigration." James Edwards, who has interviewed MacDonald on his radio show The Political Cesspool
The Political Cesspool
The Political Cesspool is a weekly talk radio show founded by James Edwards, and syndicated by Liberty News Radio Network and Accent Radio Network in the United States...
, serves on the American Third Position Party's Board of Directors.
CSULB comments
MacDonald has been highly critical of the SPLC's investigation of him, including the November 2006 visit to his university's campus by the SPLC's Beirich. Shortly after the visit, the University issued a statement supporting MacDonald's academic freedom. Beirich acknowledges that the University supports MacDonald "unequivocally". In reply to Beirich, University spokeswoman Toni Beron replied, "The university will support MacDonald's academic freedom and freedom of speech." In response to this controversy, MacDonald was initially pressured to post a disclaimer on his website stating "nothing on this website should be interpreted to suggest that I condone white racial superiority, genocide, Nazism, or Holocaust denial. I advocate none of these and strongly dissociate myself and my work from groups that do. Nor should my opinions be used to support discrimination against Jews or any other group." He has since removed that disclaimer. In addition, the Psychology Department on December 4, and 6th, issued three statements: a "Statement on Academic Freedom and Responsibility in Research", a "Statement on Diversity", and a "Statement on Misuse of Psychologists' Work".Toni Beron, a spokeswoman for CSULB, said that at least two classes a year taught by all professors—including MacDonald—have student evaluations, and that some of the questions on those evaluations are open-ended, allowing students to raise any issue. "Nothing has come through" to suggest bias in class, she said. "We don't see it."
Jonathan Knight, who handles academic freedom issues for the American Association of University Professors said that if there are no indications that MacDonald shares his views in class, "I don't see a basis for an investigation" into what goes on in his courses.
Overall
MacDonald has written that his critics have not judged his work on its merits, but instead believe "the subject is tabooTaboo
A taboo is a strong social prohibition relating to any area of human activity or social custom that is sacred and or forbidden based on moral judgment, religious beliefs and or scientific consensus. Breaking the taboo is usually considered objectionable or abhorrent by society...
and discussing it should be forbidden." Similarly, Frank Salter
Frank Salter
Frank Kemp Salter is an Australian academic and researcher at the former Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology, Andechs, Germany, best known for his writings on ethnicity and ethnic interests....
has argued that much criticism of MacDonald is rooted in "ignorance of his scholarship and a confounding of political and scientific issues."
Southern Poverty Law Center
MacDonald says on his website that he has been the target of a campaign against him by the Southern Poverty Law Center, and others. MacDonald holds, among other complaints, that the SPLC's publicity on MacDonald such as "The Thirteen Scariest People in America" and "Promoting Hate—California Professor is Font of Anti-Semitism," contain severe misrepresentations and distortions of his work. Heidi Beirich, the author of the reports, had traveled to California State University–Long Beach to interview students, faculty, and administrators about MacDonald.Among the claims MacDonald takes issue with is Beirich's claim in her report for the SPLC that he "suggest[s] that colleges restrict Jewish admission
Jewish quota
Jewish quota was a percentage that limited the number of Jews in various establishments. In particular, in 19th and 20th centuries some countries had Jewish quotas for higher education, a special case of Numerus clausus....
and Jews be heavily taxed 'to counter the Jewish advantage in the possession of wealth. In his rebuttal, MacDonald reproduces the full passage as follows:
Moreover, achieving parity between Jews and other ethnic groups would entail a high level of discrimination against individual Jews for admission to universities or access to employment opportunities and even entail a large taxation on Jews to counter the Jewish advantage in the possession of wealth, since at present Jews are vastly overrepresented among the wealthy and the successful in the United States.
MacDonald claims that he was simply discussing a hypothetical ethnic spoils system
Spoils system
In the politics of the United States, a spoil system is a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the...
. He writes, "There is a big difference between advocating something and discussing this as a grim likelihood. I am discussing the possible consequences of a hypothetical ethnicity-based spoils system."
Beirich also claimed that MacDonald blames the deaths of "millions of people" on "the failure of Jewish assimilation into European societies." In his rebuttal, MacDonald argues that he is contending that inter-group competition is at the root of anti-Semitism and bloody conflicts between Jews and non-Jews throughout history: "I think that my critics essentially want me to assert that Jewish behavior is utterly irrelevant to anti-Semitism, and I cannot accept that point of view. I am hardly alone in supposing that Jewish behavior—very often Jewish success—must be taken into account in any adequate theory of anti-Semitism."
MacDonald summarized what he considered the prospect of a fair representation by the SPLC's Beirich: "Given Ms Beirich's poor record in accurately portraying my writings, I had no confidence that she would conduct and report on an interview with me in a non-biased way. Nevertheless, I offered to be interviewed by her if she would answer my concerns about her previous writing about me. She has not responded to this offer." MacDonald specifically names six points he demands Beirich address before he offers her an interview, in a series of emails between himself and her, published on his website.
CSULB dissociates from MacDonald's views
In late 2007 the Cal State Long Beach Psychology Department began the process of formally dissociating itself from MacDonald's views on Judaism, which in some cases are "used by publications considered to publicize neo-Nazi and white supremacist ideology." The department's move to dissociate followed a discussion of MacDonald's December forum presentation at meeting of the department's advisory committee that concerned his ethics and methodologies. Late in 2006, a report issued by the Southern Poverty Law Center after an on-campus investigation labeled his work antisemitic and neo-Nazi propaganda, and described increasing concern about Macdonald's views by CSULB faculty members (see above). In an e-mail sent to the college's Daily Forty-Niner newspaper, MacDonald noted that he had already pledged not to teach about race differences in intelligence as a requirement for teaching his psychology class, and expressed that he was "not happy" about the dissociation. The newspaper also reported that in the e-mail, MacDonald confirmed that his books contained what the paper described as "his claims that the Jewish race was having a negative effect on Western civilization."In an April 28, 2008 statement, the CSULB anthropology department noted that it had no wish to interfere with MacDonald's First Amendment
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. The amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering...
rights. However, it noted in the statement that "we have the right, if not the obligation, to denounce his writings on race, ethnicity and intelligence that promote intolerance, as not only inaccurate, but as professionally irresponsible and morally untenable."
Miscellaneous
MacDonald has also worked on other ethnic groups living in diaspora, such as Overseas Chinese peopleOverseas Chinese
Overseas Chinese are people of Chinese birth or descent who live outside the Greater China Area . People of partial Chinese ancestry living outside the Greater China Area may also consider themselves Overseas Chinese....
and Assyrians
Assyrian people
The Assyrian people are a distinct ethnic group whose origins lie in ancient Mesopotamia...
.
Books and monographs
- Professional Résumé – Kevin B. MacDonald
- MacDonald, K. B. Understanding Jewish Influence: A Study in Ethnic Activism, with an Introduction by Samuel T. Francis, (Occidental Quarterly, November 2004) ISBN 1-59368-017-1 Introduction online
- Burgess, R. L. and MacDonald, K. B. (Eds.) Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Development, 2nd ed., (Sage 2004) ISBN 0-7619-2790-5
- MacDonald, K. B. The Culture of Critique: An Evolutionary Analysis of Jewish Involvement in Twentieth-Century Intellectual and Political Movements, (Praeger 1998) ISBN 0-275-96113-3 (Preface online)
- MacDonald, K. B. Separation and Its Discontents Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Anti-Semitism, (Praeger 1998) ISBN 0-275-94870-6
- MacDonald, K. B. A People That Shall Dwell Alone: Judaism As a Group Evolutionary Strategy, With Diaspora Peoples, (Praeger 1994) ISBN 0-595-22838-0
- MacDonald, K. B. (Ed.), Parent-Child Play: Descriptions and Implications,. (State University of New York Press 1993)
- MacDonald, K. B. (Ed.) Sociobiological Perspectives on Human Development, (Springer-Verlag 1988)
- MacDonald, K. B. Social and Personality Development: An Evolutionary Synthesis (Plenum 1988)
MacDonald's website
- MacDonald's University sponsored site
- MacDonald's personal site
- Understanding Jewish Influence
- MacDonald's article archive at the Occidental Observer blog
Reviews of MacDonald's work
- Frank Salter's review of The Culture of Critique
- The Jewish Journal. The professor the anti-Semites love: Kevin MacDonald, Cal State Long Beach, and the downside of academic freedom.
- Slate:"Evolutionary Psychology's Anti-Semite"
- Open letter by Judith Shulevitz to John Tooby about MacDonald
- David Lieberman: Scholarship as an Exercise in Rhetorical Strategy: A Case Study of Kevin MacDonald's Research Techniques. Part 1 of 3. Part 2, Part 3
- Anti-Semitic Cal State Professor Finds New Audience on the Web - Anti-Defamation LeagueAnti-Defamation LeagueThe Anti-Defamation League is an international non-governmental organization based in the United States. Describing itself as "the nation's premier civil rights/human relations agency", the ADL states that it "fights anti-Semitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals and protects...
- Professor George Michael, University of Virginia: "Professor Kevin MacDonald's critique of Judaism: legitimate scholarship or the intellectualization of anti-semitism?"
Online dialogue on MacDonald's work
- Dialogue on MacDonald's work at online magazine JewcyJewcyJewcy is an online magazine and user community. The site was launched on November 15, 2006. The Guardian has described Jewcy as "a cultural icon" and "at the forefront of a reinvention of Jewish identity by young US Jews."...
Irving libel case
- MacDonald's testimony in Irving libel case - Website of David IrvingDavid IrvingDavid John Cawdell Irving is an English writer,best known for his denial of the Holocaust, who specialises in the military and political history of World War II, with a focus on Nazi Germany...