Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu
Encyclopedia
Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, also known as Mengübirti or Manguberdi (Turkish: Mengü verdi; Godgiven) or Minkburny in the east ( Jalâloddin Xowârazmšâh) was the last ruler of the Khwarezmid Empire. Following the defeat of his father, Ala ad-Din Muhammad II
by Genghis Khan
in 1220, Jelal ad-Din Manguberdi came to power but he rejected the title shah
that his father had assumed and called himself simply sultan
. Jalal retreated with the remaining Khwarazm forces, while pursued by a Mongol army and at the battle of Pirvan, north of Kabul, defeated the Mongols.
Due to the Mongol invasion, the sacking of Samarkand
and being deserted by his Afghan alllies, Jalal was forced to flee to India
. At the river Indus
however, the Mongols caught up with him and killed his forces and thousands of refugees at the Battle of Indus
. He escaped and sought asylum in the Sultanate of Delhi. Iltumish however denied this to him in deference to the relationship with the Abassid caliphs.
Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu spent three years in exile in India
before returning to Persia. He gathered an army and re-established a kingdom. He never consolidated his power however, and he spent the rest of his days struggling against Mongols
, pretenders to the throne and the Seljuk Turks of Rum. He lost his power over Persia
in a battle against the Mongols
in the Alborz
Mountains and fled to the Caucasus
, to capture Azerbaijan
in 1225, setting up their capital at Tabriz
. In 1226 he attacked Georgia
and sacked Tbilisi
, destroying all the churches and massacring the city's Christian population
.
Jalal had a brief victory over the Seljuks and captured the town Akhlat
from Ayyubids. However, he was later defeated by Sultan Kayqubad I at Erzincan
on the Upper Euphrates
at the Battle of Yassıçemen
(Yassi Chemen) in 1230, from where he escaped to Diyarbakir
while the Mongols
captured Azerbaijan
in the ensuing confusion. He was murdered in 1231 in Diyarbakir
by a Kurdish
assassin
hired by the Seljuks or possibly by Kurdish
highwaymen.
Muhammad II of Khwarezm
Ala ad-Din Muhammad II was the ruler of the Khwarezmid Empire from 1200 to 1220. His ancestor was a Turkic slave who eventually became a viceroy of a small province named Khwarizm. After his father died, Muhammad inherited his father's lands, and it was from there he began expanding outwards...
by Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan , born Temujin and occasionally known by his temple name Taizu , was the founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death....
in 1220, Jelal ad-Din Manguberdi came to power but he rejected the title shah
Shah
Shāh is the title of the ruler of certain Southwest Asian and Central Asian countries, especially Persia , and derives from the Persian word shah, meaning "king".-History:...
that his father had assumed and called himself simply sultan
Sultan
Sultan is a title with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", and "dictatorship", derived from the masdar سلطة , meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who...
. Jalal retreated with the remaining Khwarazm forces, while pursued by a Mongol army and at the battle of Pirvan, north of Kabul, defeated the Mongols.
Due to the Mongol invasion, the sacking of Samarkand
Samarkand
Although a Persian-speaking region, it was not united politically with Iran most of the times between the disintegration of the Seleucid Empire and the Arab conquest . In the 6th century it was within the domain of the Turkic kingdom of the Göktürks.At the start of the 8th century Samarkand came...
and being deserted by his Afghan alllies, Jalal was forced to flee to India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
. At the river Indus
Indus River
The Indus River is a major river which flows through Pakistan. It also has courses through China and India.Originating in the Tibetan plateau of western China in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar in Tibet Autonomous Region, the river runs a course through the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir and...
however, the Mongols caught up with him and killed his forces and thousands of refugees at the Battle of Indus
Battle of Indus
The Battle of Indus was fought at the river Indus in today's Pakistan in the year 1221 between Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, the sultan of the Khwarezmid Empire and his only remaining forces of five thousand, and the Mongolian horde of Genghis Khan....
. He escaped and sought asylum in the Sultanate of Delhi. Iltumish however denied this to him in deference to the relationship with the Abassid caliphs.
Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu spent three years in exile in India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
before returning to Persia. He gathered an army and re-established a kingdom. He never consolidated his power however, and he spent the rest of his days struggling against Mongols
Mongols
Mongols ) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia...
, pretenders to the throne and the Seljuk Turks of Rum. He lost his power over Persia
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
in a battle against the Mongols
Mongols
Mongols ) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia...
in the Alborz
Alborz
Alborz , also written as Alburz, Elburz or Elborz, is a mountain range in northern Iran stretching from the borders of Azerbaijan and Armenia in the northwest to the southern end of the Caspian Sea, and ending in the east at the borders of Turkmenistan and Afghanistan...
Mountains and fled to the Caucasus
Caucasus
The Caucasus, also Caucas or Caucasia , is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia, and situated between the Black and the Caspian sea...
, to capture Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan is the largest country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to...
in 1225, setting up their capital at Tabriz
Tabriz
Tabriz is the fourth largest city and one of the historical capitals of Iran and the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. Situated at an altitude of 1,350 meters at the junction of the Quri River and Aji River, it was the second largest city in Iran until the late 1960s, one of its former...
. In 1226 he attacked Georgia
Georgia (country)
Georgia is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the southwest by Turkey, to the south by Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of...
and sacked Tbilisi
Tbilisi
Tbilisi is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari River. The name is derived from an early Georgian form T'pilisi and it was officially known as Tiflis until 1936...
, destroying all the churches and massacring the city's Christian population
Hundred Thousand Martyrs of Tbilisi
The Hundred Thousand Martyrs are saints of the Georgian Orthodox Church, who were put to death, according to the 14th-century anonymous Georgian source Chronicle of a Hundred Years, for not renouncing Christianity by the Khwarezmid sultan Jalal ad-Din upon his capture of the Georgian capital of...
.
Jalal had a brief victory over the Seljuks and captured the town Akhlat
Ahlat
Ahlat is a historic town and a district in Turkey's Bitlis Province in Eastern Anatolia Region. The center town of Ahlat is situated on the northwestern coast of the Lake Van. She was the district in Van Province between 1929-1936...
from Ayyubids. However, he was later defeated by Sultan Kayqubad I at Erzincan
Erzincan
-Trivia:Erzincan has the largest man made of Portrait of Atatürk, located north of the city, 176m×43m. It covers 7,500 square meter. Turkish Army made it 1982, in 29 days by 3,000 soldier, 100 tons of black and white paint was used...
on the Upper Euphrates
Euphrates
The Euphrates is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia...
at the Battle of Yassıçemen
Battle of Yassıçemen
Battle of Yassi Chemen was a battle fought in Erzincan Province, Turkey in 1230.- Background :Jalal ad-Din was the last ruler of the Khwarezm Shahs. Actually the territory of the sultanate had been annexed by Mongol Empire during the reign of Jalal ad-Din’s father. But Jalal ad-Din continued to...
(Yassi Chemen) in 1230, from where he escaped to Diyarbakir
Diyarbakir
Diyarbakır is one of the largest cities in southeastern Turkey...
while the Mongols
Mongols
Mongols ) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia...
captured Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan is the largest country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to...
in the ensuing confusion. He was murdered in 1231 in Diyarbakir
Diyarbakir
Diyarbakır is one of the largest cities in southeastern Turkey...
by a Kurdish
Kurdish people
The Kurdish people, or Kurds , are an Iranian people native to the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey...
assassin
Assassination
To carry out an assassination is "to murder by a sudden and/or secret attack, often for political reasons." Alternatively, assassination may be defined as "the act of deliberately killing someone, especially a public figure, usually for hire or for political reasons."An assassination may be...
hired by the Seljuks or possibly by Kurdish
Kurdish people
The Kurdish people, or Kurds , are an Iranian people native to the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey...
highwaymen.