Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly...

 technologies are technologies that relate to the production and use of hydrogen. Hydrogen technologies are applicable for many uses.

Some hydrogen technologies are carbon neutral

Carbon neutral

Carbon neutrality, or having a net zero carbon footprint, refers to achieving net zero carbon emissions by balancing a measured amount of carbon released with an equivalent amount sequestered or offset, or buying enough carbon credits to make up the difference...

 and could have a role in preventing climate change

Climate change

Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average...

 and a possible future hydrogen economy

Hydrogen economy

The hydrogen economy is a proposed system of delivering energy using hydrogen. The term hydrogen economy was coined by John Bockris during a talk he gave in 1970 at General Motors Technical Center....

.

Hydrogen is not in and of itself an energy source, because it is not naturally occurring as a fuel. It is, however widely regarded as an ideal energy storage medium, due to the ease with which electric power can convert water into its hydrogen and oxygen components through electrolysis

Electrolysis

In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of using a direct electric current to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction...

.

The potential environmental impact depends primarily on the methods used to generate the hydrogen fuel.

Fuel cell

Fuel cell

A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...

s

• Alkaline fuel cell
  Alkaline fuel cell
  The alkaline fuel cell , also known as the Bacon fuel cell after its British inventor, is one of the most developed fuel cell technologies. NASA has used alkaline fuel cells since the mid-1960s, in Apollo-series missions and on the Space Shuttle. AFCs consume hydrogen and pure oxygen producing...
  
   (AFC)
• Direct borohydride fuel cell
  Direct borohydride fuel cell
  Direct borohydride fuel cells are a subcategory of alkaline fuel cells which are directly fed by sodium borohydride or potassium borohydride as a fuel and either air/oxygen or hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant...
  
   (DBFC)
• Direct carbon fuel cell
  Direct carbon fuel cell
  A Direct Carbon Fuel Cell is a fuel cell that uses a carbon rich material as a fuel. The cell produces energy by combining carbon and oxygen, which releases carbon dioxide as a by-product.The total reaction of the cell is C + O2 → CO2....
  
   (DCFC)
• Direct-ethanol fuel cell
  Direct-ethanol fuel cell
  Direct-ethanol fuel cells or DEFCs are a subcategory of Proton-exchange fuel cells where the fuel, ethanol, is fed directly to the fuel cell.-Advantages:...
  
   (DEFC)
• Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC)
• Electro-galvanic fuel cell
  Electro-galvanic fuel cell
  An electro-galvanic fuel cell is an electrical device, one form of which is commonly used to measure the concentration of oxygen gas in scuba diving and medical equipment....
  
   (EGFC)
• Flow Battery
  Flow battery
  A flow battery is a form of rechargeable battery in which electrolyte containing one or more dissolved electroactive species flows through an electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy directly to electricity...
  
   (RFC)
• Formic acid fuel cell
  Formic acid fuel cell
  Direct-formic acid fuel cells or DFAFCs are a subcategory of proton exchange membrane fuel cells where, the fuel, formic acid, is not reformed, but fed directly to the fuel cell...
  
   (FAFC)
• Metal Hydride fuel cell
  Metal hydride fuel cell
  Metal hydride fuel cells are a subclass of alkaline fuel cells that are currently in the research and development phase. A notable feature is their ability to chemically bond and store hydrogen within the cell. This feature is shared with direct borohydride fuel cells, although the two differ in...
  
   (MHFC)
• Microbial Fuel Cell
  Microbial fuel cell
  A microbial fuel cell or biological fuel cell is a bio-electrochemical system that drives a current by mimicking bacterial interactions found in nature....
  
   (MFC)
• Molten-carbonate fuel cell
  Molten-carbonate fuel cell
  Molten-carbonate fuel cells are high-temperature fuel cells, that operate at temperatures of 600°C and above.Molten carbonate fuel cells are currently being developed for natural gas, biogas , and coal-based power plants for electrical utility, industrial, and military applications...
  
   (MCFC)
• Phosphoric-acid fuel cell
  Phosphoric-acid fuel cell
  Phosphoric acid fuel cells are a type of fuel cell that uses liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolyte. They were the first fuel cells to be commercialized . Developed in the mid-1960s and field-tested since the 1970s, they have improved significantly in stability, performance, and cost...
  
   (PAFC)
• Photoelectrochemical cell
  Photoelectrochemical cell
  Photoelectrochemical cells or PECs are solar cells which generate electrical energy from light, including visible light. Some photoelectrochemical cells simply produce electrical energy, while others produce hydrogen in a process similar to the electrolysis of water.-Photogeneration cell:In this...
  
   (PEC)
• Proton exchange membrane fuel cell
  Proton exchange membrane fuel cell
  Proton exchange membrane fuel cells, also known as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells , are a type of fuel cell being developed for transport applications as well as for stationary fuel cell applications and portable fuel cell applications. Their distinguishing features include lower...
  
   (PEMFC)
• Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cell
  Protonic ceramic fuel cell
  The Protonic ceramic fuel cell or PCFC is a fuel cell based on a ceramic electrolyte material that exhibits high protonic conductivity at elevated temperatures....
  
   (PCFC)
• Regenerative fuel cell (RFC)
• Solid-oxide fuel cell
  Solid-oxide fuel cell
  A solid oxide fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device that produces electricity directly from oxidizing a fuel. Fuel cells are characterized by their electrolyte material; the SOFC has a solid oxide or ceramic, electrolyte. Advantages of this class of fuel cells include high efficiency,...
  
   (SOFC)

Hydrogen infrastructure

Hydrogen infrastructure

A hydrogen infrastructure is the infrastructure of pipes and stations for distribution and sale of hydrogen fuel.-Hydrogen pipeline transport:Hydrogen pipeline transport is a transportation of hydrogen through a pipe as part of the hydrogen infrastructure...

• Hydrogen pipeline transport
  Hydrogen pipeline transport
  Hydrogen pipeline transport is a transportation of hydrogen through a pipe as part of the hydrogen infrastructure.-Economics:Hydrogen pipeline transport is used to transport hydrogen from the point of production or delivery to the point of demand...
  
  
• Hydrogen pressure letdown station
• Compressed hydrogen tube trailer
• Liquid hydrogen tank truck
• Hydrogen piping
  Hydrogen piping
  Hydrogen piping, in industrial settings, is a system of pipes used to move hydrogen. Due to issues with hydrogen embrittlement, and corrosion, materials for hydrogen pipes must be carefully selected...
  
  
• Hydrogen station
  Hydrogen station
  A hydrogen station is a storage or filling station for hydrogen, usually located along a road or hydrogen highway, or at home as part of the distributed generation resources concept. The stations are usually intended to power vehicles, but can also be used to power small devices. Vehicles use...
  
  
• HCNG
  HCNG
  HCNG is a mixture of compressed natural gas and 4–9 percent hydrogen by energy. It may be used as a fuel gas for internal combustion engines and home appliances...
  
  
• Homefueler
  Homefueler
  Homefueler is a home hydrogen station. It uses single phase AC power and water for the pressurized alkaline electrolyzer to generate hydrogen, a diaphragm compressor handles a filling pressure of 5,000 psig . Storage is 13 kg, daily production is 2 kg H2...
  
  
• Home Energy Station
  Home Energy Station
  Home Energy Station is the name of Honda's upcoming heat and electricity generator for the home as well as fuel for hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles...
  
  
• Hydrogen highway
  Hydrogen highway
  A hydrogen highway is a chain of hydrogen-equipped filling stations and other infrastructure along a road or highway which allow hydrogen powered cars to travel. It is an element of the hydrogen infrastructure that is generally assumed to be a pre-requisite for mass utilization of hydrogen cars....
  
  
• Zero Regio

• Hydrogen compressor
  Hydrogen compressor
  A hydrogen compressor is a device that increases the pressure of hydrogen by reducing its volume. Compression of hydrogen gas naturally increases its temperature, due to Charles' Law....
  
  
• Electrochemical hydrogen compressor
  Electrochemical hydrogen compressor
  An electrochemical hydrogen compressor is a hydrogen compressor where hydrogen is supplied to the anode, and compressed hydrogen is collected at the cathode with an exergy efficiency of 70 to 80% for pressures up to 10,000 psi or 700 bars.-Principle:...
  
  
• Guided rotor compressor
  Guided rotor compressor
  The guided rotor compressor is a positive displacement rotary gas compressor. The compression volume is defined by the trochoidally rotating rotor mounted on an eccentric drive shaft with a typical 80 to 85% adiabatic efficiency.-History:...
  
  
• Hydride compressor
  Hydride compressor
  A hydride compressor is a hydrogen compressor based on metal hydrides with absorption of hydrogen at low pressure and desorption of hydrogen at high pressure by raising the temperature with an external heat source like a heated waterbed or electric coil....
  
  
• Ionic liquid piston compressor
  Ionic liquid piston compressor
  An ionic liquid piston compressor, ionic compressor or ionic liquid piston pump is a hydrogen compressor based on an ionic liquid piston instead of a metal piston as in a piston-metal diaphragm compressor.-Principle:...
  
  
• Linear compressor
  Linear compressor
  A linear compressor is a gas compressor where the piston moves along a linear track to compress to minimize energy loss during conversion.-History:...
  
  
• Hydrogen turboexpander-generator
  Hydrogen turboexpander-generator
  A hydrogen turboexpander-generator or generator loaded expander for hydrogen gas is an axial flow turbine or radial expander for energy recovery through which a high pressure hydrogen gas is expanded to produce work that is used to drive a electrical generator...
  
  
• Hydrogen leak testing
  Hydrogen leak testing
  Hydrogen leak testing is the normal way in which a hydrogen pressure vessel or installation is checked for leaks or flaws. There are various tests....
  
  
• Hydrogen sensor
• Hydrogen purifier
  Hydrogen purifier
  A hydrogen purifier is a device to purify hydrogen if hydrogen production is done from hydrocarbon sources, the ultra-high purified hydrogen is needed for applications like PEM fuel cells...
  
  
• Hydrogen analyzer
  Hydrogen analyzer
  A Hydrogen Analyzer is a device used to measure the hydrogen concentration in steels and alloys. It also has industrial applications for Corrosion Monitoring.-See also:* Hydrogen embrittlement* Hydrogen sensor* Hydrogen leak testing...
  
  
• Hydrogen valve
  Hydrogen valve
  A hydrogen valve is a special type of valve that is used for hydrogen at very low temperatures or high pressures in hydrogen storage or for example hydrogen vehicles.-Types:...
  
  

Hydrogen storage

Hydrogen storage

Hydrogen storage describes the methods for storing H2 for subsequent use. The methods span many approaches, including high pressures, cryogenics, and chemical compounds that reversibly release H2 upon heating...

• Compressed hydrogen
  Compressed hydrogen
  Compressed hydrogen is the gaseous state of the element hydrogen kept under pressure. Compressed hydrogen in hydrogen tanks at 350 bar and 700 bar is used for mobile hydrogen storage in hydrogen vehicles...
  
  
• Cryo-adsorption
  Cryo-adsorption
  Cryo-adsorption is a method used for hydrogen storage where gaseous hydrogen at cryogenic temperatures is physically adsorbed on porous material, mostly activated carbon. The achievable storage density is between liquid hydrogen storage systems and compressed hydrogen storage systems.-External...
  
  
• Liquid hydrogen
  Liquid hydrogen
  Liquid hydrogen is the liquid state of the element hydrogen. Hydrogen is found naturally in the molecular H2 form.To exist as a liquid, H2 must be pressurized above and cooled below hydrogen's Critical point. However, for hydrogen to be in a full liquid state without boiling off, it needs to be...
  
  
• Slush hydrogen
  Slush hydrogen
  Slush hydrogen is a combination of liquid hydrogen and solid hydrogen at the triple point with a lower temperature and a higher density than liquid hydrogen. It is formed by bringing liquid hydrogen down to nearly the melting point that increases density by 16–20% as compared to liquid hydrogen...
  
  
• Underground hydrogen storage
  Underground hydrogen storage
  Underground hydrogen storage is the practice of hydrogen storage in underground caverns, salt domes and depleted oil/gas fields. Large quantities of gaseous hydrogen have been stored in underground caverns by ICI for many years without any difficulties...
  
  
• Hydrogen tank
  Hydrogen tank
  A Hydrogen tank is used for hydrogen storage. The first type IV hydrogen tanks for compressed hydrogen at 700 Bar were demonstrated in 2001, the first fuel cell vehicles on the road with type IV tanks are the Toyota FCHV, Mercedes-Benz F-Cell and the HydroGen4.At the hydrogen station Hamburg...
  
  

Hydrogen powered car

Čar

Čar is a village in the municipality of Bujanovac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the town has a population of 296 people.-References:...

s

Audi:

• 2004 - Audi A2H2-hybrid vehicle
  Hybrid vehicle
  A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles , which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.-Power:...
  
  
• 2009 - Audi Q5
  Audi Q5
  The Audi Q5 is a compact crossover SUV which was released by German automaker Audi for the 2009 model year. It is built using the new Audi MLP platform which debuted in the 2007 Audi A5 coupé. The Q5 is the second Audi model in the "Q" range, after the full-size Q7...
  
  -FCEV

BMW:

• 2002 - BMW 750hl
• 2010 - BMW 1 Series Fuel-cell hybrid electric

Chrysler:

• 2000 - Jeep Commander II-hybrid vehicle
  Hybrid vehicle
  A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles , which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.-Power:...
  
  -Commercial
• 2001 - Chrysler Natrium
  Chrysler Natrium
  The Chrysler Natrium is a fuel cell-type hydrogen vehicle based on the Chrysler Town and Country. It was showcased in 2001.The Natrium is powered by hydrogen produced by a direct borohydride fuel cell inside the car. Because the reactant contains no carbon, the vehicle produces no carbon dioxide...
  
  -hybrid vehicle
  Hybrid vehicle
  A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles , which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.-Power:...
  
  
• 2003 - Jeep Treo-Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
  

Daimler:

• 1994 - Mercedes-Benz NECAR 1
• 1996 - Mercedes-Benz NECAR 2
• 1997 - Mercedes-Benz NECAR 3
• 1999 - Mercedes-Benz NECAR 4
• 2000 - Mercedes-Benz NECAR 5
• 2002 - Mercedes-Benz F-Cell
  Mercedes-Benz F-Cell
  The F-Cell is a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle developed by Daimler AG. Two different versions are known - the previous version was based on the Mercedes-Benz A-Class, and the new model is based on the Mercedes-Benz B-Class. The first generation F-Cell was introduced in 2002, and had a range of , with...
  
   based on the Mercedes-Benz A-Class
  Mercedes-Benz A-Class
  The Mercedes-Benz A-Class is a mini MPV produced by the German automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz. The first generation was introduced in 1997, and the all-new second generation model appeared in late 2004. Launched as a five-door hatchback in 1997, the second generation W169 introduced a...
  
  
• 2005 - Mercedes-Benz F600 Hygenius
• 2009 - Mercedes-Benz F-CELL Roadster
  Mercedes-Benz F-CELL Roadster
  Mercedes-Benz F-Cell Roadster is an electric motor powered by a fuel cell located at the rear of a power of 1.2 kW . Its top speed is low, it is 25 km/h and achieve an operating range of 350 km. It has large wheels. Found inside the vehicle the following elements: a joystick replacing the...
  
  
• 2009 - Mercedes-Benz F-Cell
  Mercedes-Benz F-Cell
  The F-Cell is a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle developed by Daimler AG. Two different versions are known - the previous version was based on the Mercedes-Benz A-Class, and the new model is based on the Mercedes-Benz B-Class. The first generation F-Cell was introduced in 2002, and had a range of , with...
  
   based on the Mercedes-Benz B-Class
  Mercedes-Benz B-Class
  The Mercedes-Benz B-Class is a small family car introduced by German automaker Mercedes-Benz in March 2005. It is essentially an enlarged A-Class keeping the same engine and suspension system...
  
  

Fiat:

• 2001 - Fiat Seicento Elettra H2 Fuel Cell-hybrid vehicle
  Hybrid vehicle
  A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles , which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.-Power:...
  
  
• 2003 - Fiat Seicento Hydrogen-hybrid vehicle
  Hybrid vehicle
  A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles , which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.-Power:...
  
  
• 2005 - Fiat Panda Hydrogen
  Fiat Panda Hydrogen
  The Panda Hydrogen is a prototype fuel cell-type hydrogen vehicle based on the Fiat Panda introduced in 2006.The fuel, gaseous Hydrogen, is stored in underfloor hydrogen tanks at 350 bar. A Nuvera Fuel Cells "Andromeda II" fuel cell stack generates energy to power an electric motor directly, i.e....
  
  -Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
  
• 2008 - Fiat Phyllis
  Fiat Phyllis
  The Fiat Phyllis is a prototype fuel cell-type hydrogen vehicle introduced in the International Motor Show Bologna held til 14 December 2008...
  
  -Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
  
• 2008 - Fiat Panda
  Fiat Panda
  The Fiat Panda is a city car from the Italian automobile manufacturer Fiat. The first Fiat Panda was introduced in 1980, and was produced until 2003 with only a few changes. It is now sometimes referred to as the "old Panda". The second model, launched in 2003, is sometimes referred to "New Panda"...
  
  -Fiat Panda HyTRAN

Ford:

• 2000 - Ford Focus FCV-Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
  . Note however that Ford Motor Company
  Ford Motor Company
  Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker based in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. The automaker was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. In addition to the Ford and Lincoln brands, Ford also owns a small stake in Mazda in Japan and Aston Martin in the UK...
  
   has dropped its plans to develop hydrogen cars, stating that "The next major step in Ford’s plan is to increase over time the volume of electrified vehicles".
• 2006 - F-250 Super Chief a Tri-Flex engine concept pickup.

General Motors:

• 1966 - GM Electrovan-Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
  
• 2001 - HydroGen3
  HydroGen3
  HydroGen3 is an Opel hydrogen fuel cell vehicle used for testing. HydroGen3’s driving range is the highest of any fuel cell vehicle approved for public roads in Japan.-Technical specifications:...
  
  -Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
  
• 2002 - GM HyWire-Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
  
• 2005 - GM Sequel-hybrid vehicle
  Hybrid vehicle
  A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles , which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.-Power:...
  
  
• 2006 - Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell
• 2007 - HydroGen4
  HydroGen4
  HydroGen4 is the successor of the fuel cell vehicle Opel HydroGen3, developed by General Motors/Opel and presented in 2007 at the IAA in Frankfurt.-Specifiction:...
  
  

Honda:

• 2002 - Honda FCX
  Honda FCX
  The Honda FCX Clarity is a hydrogen fuel cell automobile manufactured by Honda. The design is based on the 2006 Honda FCX Concept. The FCX Clarity demonstrates electric car qualities such as zero emissions while offering 5 minute refueling times and long range in a full function large sedan...
  
   - hybrid vehicle
  Hybrid vehicle
  A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles , which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.-Power:...
  
  
• 2007 - Honda FCX Clarity - Hydrogen
  Hydrogen
  Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly...
  
   Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
   - Production model

Hyundai:

• 2001 - Hyundai Santa Fe FCEV-Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
  
• 2010 - Hyundai Tucson
  Hyundai Tucson
  The Hyundai Tucson , or ix35 in Europe, or Hyundai JM in Japan, is a compact crossover SUV built and marketed by the Hyundai Motor Corporation. In Hyundai's lineup, the Tucson fits below the Santa Fe and Veracruz....
  
  -ix35 FCEV-Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
  

Lotus Engineering:

• 2010 - Black Cab-Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
  

Kia:

• 2009 - Kia Borrego FCEV-Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
  

Mazda:

• 1991 - Mazda HR-X Hydrogen Wankel Rotary.
• 1993 - Mazda HR-X2 Hydrogen Wankel Rotary.
• 1993 - Mazda MX-5 Miata Hydrogen Wankel Rotary.
• 1995 - Mazda Capella Cargo, first public street test of the hydrogen Wankel Rotary engine.
• 1997 - Mazda Demio FC-EV Methanol-Reducing Fuel Cell
• 2001 - Mazda Premacy FC-EV - First public street test of the Methanol-Reducing Fuel Cell vehicle in Japan
• 2003 - Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE
  Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE
  The Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE is a 2003 bi-fuel version of the RX-8 sports car, in which the twin-rotor Wankel engine is configured to run on either hydrogen or gasoline. This is the fifth Mazda vehicle to be fitted with a hydrogen Wankel engine...
  
   Hydrogen \ Gasoline hybrid Wankel Rotary.
• 2007 - Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid
  Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid
  The Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid is a 2007 bi-fuel version of the compact MPV Mazda5, in which the two-rotor Wankel engine allowes operation with hydrogen or gasoline...
  
  
• 2009 - Mazda 5 Hydrogen RE Hybrid

Mitsubishi:

• 2004 - Mitsubishi FCV
  Mitsubishi Grandis
  The Mitsubishi Grandis is a seven seat MPV built by Mitsubishi Motors to replace its Chariot/Space Wagon/Nimbus line. It was launched on May 14, 2003 and is sold in Japan, Asia, Europe, Oceania, Mexico, Honduras, Jamaica, and South America...
  
  

Morgan:

• 2005 - Morgan LIFEcar
  Morgan LIFEcar
  The Morgan LIFEcar is a fuel cell-powered electric vehicle project being undertaken by Morgan Motor Company and startup company Riversimple. The goal of LIFEcar is a sports car that will be environmentally responsible, and also deliver impressive performance...
  
  -hybrid vehicle
  Hybrid vehicle
  A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles , which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.-Power:...
  
  -concept car

Nissan:

• 2002 - Nissan X-Trail FCHV-hybrid vehicle
  Hybrid vehicle
  A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles , which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.-Power:...
  
  . Note, however that in 2009, Nissan announced that it is cancelling its hydrogen car R&D efforts.

Peugeot:

• 2004 - Peugeot Quark
  Peugeot Quark
  Peugeot Quark is a concept car from Peugeot, rather like a four wheeled motorcycle/quad-bike. The Quark was first displayed at the 2004 Paris Motor Show....
  
  
• 2006 - Peugeot 207 Epure
• 2008 - H2Origin
  H2Origin
  The Peugeot Citroen H2Origin is an urban delivery vehicle powered by a fuel cell and electric drivetrain. A fuel cell of powered by of compressed hydrogen at 700 bars in a tank carbon composite, recharges a battery pack capable of providing 15 kWh....
  
  -Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
  

Renault:

• Scenic ZEV H2 is a hydro-electric MPV co-developed by Nissan.

Riversimple:

• 2009 - Riversimple Urban Car
  Riversimple Urban Car
  The Riversimple Urban Car is an open source hydrogen fuel cell vehicle that is to be built by Hugo Spowers' company, Riversimple. A working demonstrator vehicle was unveiled at the Somerset House in London on 16 June 2009, and production is planned to begin by 2013.-Design:The Riversimple Urban Car...
  
  

Ronn Motor Company:

• 2008 - Ronn Motor Scorpion

Toyota:

• 2002 - Toyota FCHV
  Toyota FCHV
  The Toyota FCHV is a current hybrid hydrogen fuel cell vehicle development programme, which had a limited commercial launch in the USA and Japan in 2002....
  
  -hybrid vehicle
  Hybrid vehicle
  A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more distinct power sources to move the vehicle. The term most commonly refers to hybrid electric vehicles , which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors.-Power:...
  
  
• 2003 - Toyota Fine-S-concept car
• 2003 - Toyota Fine-N-concept car
• 2005 - Toyota Fine-T-concept car
• 2005 - Toyota Fine-X-concept car
• 2008 - Toyota FCHV-adv-preproduction vehicle (expected public release 2015)

Volkswagen:

• 2000 - VW Bora Hy-motion-Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
  
• 2002 - VW Bora Hy-power-Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
  
• 2004 - VW Touran Hy-motion-Fuel cell
  Fuel cell
  A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used...
  
  
• 2007 - VW space up! blue

Hydrogen powered planes

Fixed-wing aircraft

A fixed-wing aircraft is an aircraft capable of flight using wings that generate lift due to the vehicle's forward airspeed. Fixed-wing aircraft are distinct from rotary-wing aircraft in which wings rotate about a fixed mast and ornithopters in which lift is generated by flapping wings.A powered...

• Hyfish
  Hyfish
  Hyfish is a model hydrogen powered aeroplane developed by Koni Schafroth. The model has successfully passed test flights under battery power and Smartfish is going forward with development to a 2-man aircraft....
  
  
• Smartfish
  Smartfish
  The German Aerospace Center Smartfish is a two seated experimental aircraft designed by Konrad Schafroth which uses a lifting body configuration....
  
  
• Tupolev Tu-155
  Tupolev Tu-155
  -External links:* *...
  
  -hydrogen-powered version of Tu-154
• Antares DLR-H2 -The first aircraft capable of performing a complete flight on fuel-cell power only

Possible future aircraft using precooled jet engines include Reaction Engines Skylon and the Reaction Engines A2

Reaction Engines A2

|-See also:-External links:* *...

.

Hydrogen powered rocket

Rocket

A rocket is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust from a rocket engine. In all rockets, the exhaust is formed entirely from propellants carried within the rocket before use. Rocket engines work by action and reaction...

s

The following rockets were partially or completely propelled by hydrogen fuel:

• Saturn V
  Saturn V
  The Saturn V was an American human-rated expendable rocket used by NASA's Apollo and Skylab programs from 1967 until 1973. A multistage liquid-fueled launch vehicle, NASA launched 13 Saturn Vs from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida with no loss of crew or payload...
  
   (upper stage)
• Space Shuttle
  Space Shuttle
  The Space Shuttle was a manned orbital rocket and spacecraft system operated by NASA on 135 missions from 1981 to 2011. The system combined rocket launch, orbital spacecraft, and re-entry spaceplane with modular add-ons...
  
  
• Ariane 5
  Ariane 5
  Ariane 5 is, as a part of Ariane rocket family, an expendable launch system used to deliver payloads into geostationary transfer orbit or low Earth orbit . Ariane 5 rockets are manufactured under the authority of the European Space Agency and the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales...
  
  
• Delta IV
• Atlas V
  Atlas V
  Atlas V is an active expendable launch system in the Atlas rocket family. Atlas V was formerly operated by Lockheed Martin, and is now operated by the Lockheed Martin-Boeing joint venture United Launch Alliance...
  
   (Centaur
  Centaur (rocket stage)
  Centaur is a rocket stage designed for use as the upper stage of space launch vehicles. Centaur boosts its satellite payload to geosynchronous orbit or, in the case of an interplanetary space probe, to or near to escape velocity...
  
   upper stage)

Environmental

Environmental technology

Environmental technology or green technology or clean technology is the application of one or more of environmental science, green chemistry, environmental monitoring and electronic devices to monitor, model and conserve the natural environment and resources, and to curb the negative impacts of...

• Anaerobic digestion
  Anaerobic digestion
  Anaerobic digestion is a series of processes in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. It is used for industrial or domestic purposes to manage waste and/or to release energy....
  
  
• Dark fermentation
  Dark fermentation
  Dark fermentation is the fermentative conversion of organic substrate to biohydrogen. It is a complex process manifested by diverse group of bacteria by a series of biochemical reactions involving three steps similar to anaerobic conversion...
  
  
• Photofermentation
  Photofermentation
  Photofermentation is the fermentative conversion of organic substrate to biohydrogen manifested by a diverse group of photosynthetic bacteria by a series of biochemical reactions involving three steps similar to anaerobic conversion...
  
  
• Syngas
  Syngas
  Syngas is the name given to a gas mixture that contains varying amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Examples of production methods include steam reforming of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons to produce hydrogen, the gasification of coal, biomass, and in some types of waste-to-energy...
  
  

Miscellaneous

• Hydrogen odorant
  Hydrogen odorant
  A hydrogen odorant in any form, is a minute amount of odorant such as ethyl isobutyrate, with a rotting-cabbage-like smell, that is added to the otherwise colorless and almost odorless hydrogen gas, so that leaks can be detected before a fire or explosion occurs...
  
  
• Atomic hydrogen welding
  Atomic hydrogen welding
  Atomic hydrogen welding is an arc welding process that uses an arc between two metal tungsten electrodes in a shielding atmosphere of hydrogen. The process was invented by Irving Langmuir in the course of his studies of atomic hydrogen...
  
  
• Hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator
  Hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator
  A hydrogen-cooled turbo generator is a turbo generator with gaseous hydrogen as a coolant. Hydrogen-cooled turbo generators are designed to provide a low-drag atmosphere and cooling for single-shaft and combined-cycle applications in combination with steam turbines...
  
  
• Oxyhydrogen flame
• Low hydrogen annealing
  Low hydrogen annealing
  Low hydrogen annealing is a heat treatment in metallurgy for the reduction or elimination of hydrogen in a material to prevent hydrogen embrittlement.-Process description:...
  
  
• Hydrogen decrepitation process
• Standard hydrogen electrode
  Standard hydrogen electrode
  The standard hydrogen electrode , is a redox electrode which forms the basis of the thermodynamic scale of oxidation-reduction potentials...
  
  
• Reversible hydrogen electrode
  Reversible hydrogen electrode
  A reversible hydrogen electrode is a reference electrode, more specific a subtype of the standard hydrogen electrodes for electrochemical processes and differs from the standard hydrogen electrode by the fact that the measured potential does not change with the pH so that they can be directly used...
  
  
• Dynamic hydrogen electrode
  Dynamic hydrogen electrode
  A dynamic hydrogen electrode is a reference electrode, more specific a subtype of the standard hydrogen electrodes for electrochemical processes by simulating a reversible hydrogen electrode with an approximately 20 to 40 mV more negative potential....
  
  
• Palladium-Hydrogen electrode
  Palladium-Hydrogen electrode
  The palladium-hydrogen electrode is one of the common reference electrodes used in electrochemical study. Most of its characteristics are similar to the standard hydrogen electrode...
  
  
• Cathodic protection
  Cathodic protection
  Cathodic protection is a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell. The simplest method to apply CP is by connecting the metal to be protected with another more easily corroded "sacrificial metal" to act as the anode of the...
  
  
• Iron-hydrogen resistor
  Iron-hydrogen resistor
  An iron-hydrogen resistor consists of a hydrogen-filled glass bulb like a light bulb, in which an iron wire is located. This resistor has a positive temperature coefficient of resistance. This characteristic made it useful for stabilizing circuits against fluctuations in power supply voltages...
  
  
• Hydrogen pinch
  Hydrogen pinch
  Hydrogen pinch analysis is a hydrogen management method that originates from the concept of heat pinch analysis. HPA is a systematic technique for reducing hydrogen consumption and hydrogen generation through integration of hydrogen-using activities or processes in the petrochemical industry,...
  
  
• Hofmann voltameter
  Hofmann voltameter
  A Hofmann voltameter is an apparatus for electrolyzing water, invented by August Wilhelm von Hofmann in 1866. It consists of three joined upright cylinders, usually glass. The inner cylinder is open at the top to allow addition of water and an ionic compound to improve conductivity, such as a...
  
  
• Hydrox
  Hydrox (breathing gas)
  Hydrox, a gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, is used as a breathing gas in very deep diving. It allows divers to descend several hundred metres....
  
  
• Hydreliox
  Hydreliox
  Hydreliox is an exotic breathing gas mixture of helium, oxygen and hydrogen.It is used primarily for research and scientific deep diving, usually below . Below this depth, extended breathing of heliox gas mixtures may cause high pressure nervous syndrome . Two gas mixtures exist that attempt to...
  
  
• Joule-Thomson effect
  Joule-Thomson effect
  In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect or Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect describes the temperature change of a gas or liquid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while kept insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the environment. This procedure is called a...
  
  
• Hydrogen ion
  Hydrogen ion
  Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes.Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished: positively charged ions and negatively charged ions....
  
  
• Bussard ramjet
  Bussard ramjet
  The Bussard ramjet is a theoretical method of spacecraft propulsion proposed in 1960 by the physicist Robert W. Bussard, popularized by Larry Niven in his Known Space series of books, and referred to by Carl Sagan in the television series and book Cosmos....
  
  
• Döbereiner's lamp
  Döbereiner's lamp
  Döbereiner's lamp is a lighter invented in 1823 by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, the lighter is based on the Fürstenberger lighter and was in production until ca. 1880. In the jar, zinc metal reacts with sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen gas. When a valve is opened, a jet of...
  
  
• Nickel hydrogen battery
  Nickel hydrogen battery
  A nickel–hydrogen battery is a rechargeable electrochemical power source based on nickel and hydrogen. It differs from a nickel–metal hydride battery by the use of hydrogen in a pressurized cell at up to 1200 psi pressure.The cathode is made up of a dry sintered porous nickel plaque, which...
  
  
• Hydrogenation-disproportionation-desorption-recombination process
• Gas-absorption refrigerator
• Electroosmotic pump
  Electroosmotic pump
  An electroosmotic pump , or EO pump, is used for generating flow or pressure by use of an electric field. One application of this is removing liquid flooding water from channels and gas diffusion layers and direct hydration of the proton exchange membrane in the membrane electrode assembly of the...
  
  
• Sodium silicide
• Temperature-programmed reduction
  Temperature-programmed reduction
  Temperature-programmed reduction is a technique for the characterization of solid materials and is often used in the field of heterogeneous catalysis to find the most efficient reduction conditions, an oxidized catalyst precursor is submitted to a programmed temperature rise while a reducing gas...
  
  
• Hydrogen damage
  Hydrogen damage
  Hydrogen damage is the generic name given to a large number of metal degradation processes due to interaction with hydrogen.Hydrogen is present practically everywhere, in the atmosphere, several kilometres above the earth and inside the earth. Engineering materials are exposed to hydrogen and they...
  
  
• Hydrogen embrittlement
  Hydrogen embrittlement
  Hydrogen embrittlement is the process by which various metals, most importantly high-strength steel, become brittle and fracture following exposure to hydrogen...
  
  

See also

• National Center for Hydrogen Technology