Hydrogen tank
Encyclopedia
A Hydrogen tank is used for hydrogen storage
. The first type IV hydrogen tanks for compressed hydrogen
at 700 Bar
(10,000 PSI
) were demonstrated in 2001, the first fuel cell vehicle
s on the road with type IV tanks are the Toyota FCHV
, Mercedes-Benz F-Cell
and the HydroGen4
.
At the hydrogen station
Hamburg
canisters can be refilled with compressed hydrogen
at 350 or 200 Bar
, the canisters are fitted with a TN1 connector which is compatible with the common types TK15 and TK16 CNG
dispensers.
The charging process generates heat whereas the discharge process will require some heat to release the H2 contained in the storage material.
Hydrogen storage
Hydrogen storage describes the methods for storing H2 for subsequent use. The methods span many approaches, including high pressures, cryogenics, and chemical compounds that reversibly release H2 upon heating...
. The first type IV hydrogen tanks for compressed hydrogen
Compressed hydrogen
Compressed hydrogen is the gaseous state of the element hydrogen kept under pressure. Compressed hydrogen in hydrogen tanks at 350 bar and 700 bar is used for mobile hydrogen storage in hydrogen vehicles...
at 700 Bar
Bar (unit)
The bar is a unit of pressure equal to 100 kilopascals, and roughly equal to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. Other units derived from the bar are the megabar , kilobar , decibar , centibar , and millibar...
(10,000 PSI
Pounds per square inch
The pound per square inch or, more accurately, pound-force per square inch is a unit of pressure or of stress based on avoirdupois units...
) were demonstrated in 2001, the first fuel cell vehicle
Fuel cell vehicle
A Fuel cell vehicle or Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle is a type of hydrogen vehicle which uses a fuel cell to produce electricity, powering its on-board electric motor...
s on the road with type IV tanks are the Toyota FCHV
Toyota FCHV
The Toyota FCHV is a current hybrid hydrogen fuel cell vehicle development programme, which had a limited commercial launch in the USA and Japan in 2002....
, Mercedes-Benz F-Cell
Mercedes-Benz F-Cell
The F-Cell is a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle developed by Daimler AG. Two different versions are known - the previous version was based on the Mercedes-Benz A-Class, and the new model is based on the Mercedes-Benz B-Class. The first generation F-Cell was introduced in 2002, and had a range of , with...
and the HydroGen4
HydroGen4
HydroGen4 is the successor of the fuel cell vehicle Opel HydroGen3, developed by General Motors/Opel and presented in 2007 at the IAA in Frankfurt.-Specifiction:...
.
At the hydrogen station
Hydrogen station
A hydrogen station is a storage or filling station for hydrogen, usually located along a road or hydrogen highway, or at home as part of the distributed generation resources concept. The stations are usually intended to power vehicles, but can also be used to power small devices. Vehicles use...
Hamburg
Hamburg
-History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...
canisters can be refilled with compressed hydrogen
Compressed hydrogen
Compressed hydrogen is the gaseous state of the element hydrogen kept under pressure. Compressed hydrogen in hydrogen tanks at 350 bar and 700 bar is used for mobile hydrogen storage in hydrogen vehicles...
at 350 or 200 Bar
Bar (unit)
The bar is a unit of pressure equal to 100 kilopascals, and roughly equal to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. Other units derived from the bar are the megabar , kilobar , decibar , centibar , and millibar...
, the canisters are fitted with a TN1 connector which is compatible with the common types TK15 and TK16 CNG
Compressed natural gas
Compressed natural gas is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline , diesel, or propane/LPG. Although its combustion does produce greenhouse gases, it is a more environmentally clean alternative to those fuels, and it is much safer than other fuels in the event of a spill...
dispensers.
Type I
- Metal tank (steel/aluminum)
- Approximate maximum pressure, aluminum 175 barBar (unit)The bar is a unit of pressure equal to 100 kilopascals, and roughly equal to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. Other units derived from the bar are the megabar , kilobar , decibar , centibar , and millibar...
or 2,538 psiPounds per square inchThe pound per square inch or, more accurately, pound-force per square inch is a unit of pressure or of stress based on avoirdupois units...
, steel 200 bar or 2,900 psi.
Type II
- Metal tank (aluminum) with filament windings like glass fiber/aramidAramidAramid fibers are a class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers. They are used in aerospace and military applications, for ballistic rated body armor fabric and ballistic composites, in bicycle tires, and as an asbestos substitute. The name is a portmanteau of "aromatic polyamide"...
or carbon fiberCarbon fiberCarbon fiber, alternatively graphite fiber, carbon graphite or CF, is a material consisting of fibers about 5–10 μm in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are bonded together in crystals that are more or less aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber...
around the metal cylinder. See composite overwrapped pressure vesselComposite overwrapped pressure vesselA composite overwrapped pressure vessel is a vessel consisting of a thin, non-structural liner wrapped with a structural fiber composite, designed to hold a fluid under pressure...
. - Approximate maximum pressure, aluminum/glass 263 bar or 3,814 psi, steel/carbon or aramide 299 bar or 4,336 psi.
Type III
- Tanks made from compositeComposite materialComposite materials, often shortened to composites or called composition materials, are engineered or naturally occurring materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties which remain separate and distinct at the macroscopic or...
material, fiberglassFiberglassGlass fiber is a material consisting of numerous extremely fine fibers of glass.Glassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but mass manufacture of glass fiber was only made possible with the invention of finer machine tooling...
/aramidAramidAramid fibers are a class of heat-resistant and strong synthetic fibers. They are used in aerospace and military applications, for ballistic rated body armor fabric and ballistic composites, in bicycle tires, and as an asbestos substitute. The name is a portmanteau of "aromatic polyamide"...
or carbon fiberCarbon fiberCarbon fiber, alternatively graphite fiber, carbon graphite or CF, is a material consisting of fibers about 5–10 μm in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are bonded together in crystals that are more or less aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber...
with a metal liner (aluminum or steel). See metal matrix compositeMetal matrix compositeA metal matrix composite is composite material with at least two constituent parts, one being a metal. The other material may be a different metal or another material, such as a ceramic or organic compound. When at least three materials are present, it is called a hybrid composite...
. - Approximate maximum pressure, aluminum/glass 305 bar or 4,423 psi, aluminum/aramide 438 bar or 6,352 psi.
Type IV
- Composite tanks such as carbon fiber with a polymer liner (thermoplasticThermoplasticThermoplastic, also known as a thermosoftening plastic, is a polymer that turns to a liquid when heated and freezes to a very glassy state when cooled sufficiently...
). See rotational moldingRotational moldingRotational molding, also known as rotomolding, rotocasting or spin casting, is a molding process for creating many kinds of mostly hollow items, typically of plastic....
and fibre-reinforced plasticFibre-reinforced plasticFibre-reinforced plastic is a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibres. The fibres are usually fibreglass, carbon, or aramid, while the polymer is usually an epoxy, vinylester or polyester thermosetting plastic...
. - Approximate maximum pressure, plastic/carbon 661 bar (9,586 psi) and up.
Tank testing considerations
In accordance with ISO/TS 15869 (to be revised):- Burst test: the pressure at which the tank bursts, typically more than 2x the working pressure.
- Proof pressure: the pressure at which the test will be executed, typically above the working pressure.
- Leak test or permeation test, in NmL/hr/L (Normal liter of H2/time in hr/volume of the tank.
- Fatigue test, typically several thousand cycles of charging/emptying.
Magnesium Hydride
Using Magnesium for hydrogen storage, a safe but weighty reversible storage technology. Typically the pressure requirement are limited to 10 bar.The charging process generates heat whereas the discharge process will require some heat to release the H2 contained in the storage material.
See also
- Cascade storage system
- Compressed hydrogen tube trailer
- Cryo-adsorptionCryo-adsorptionCryo-adsorption is a method used for hydrogen storage where gaseous hydrogen at cryogenic temperatures is physically adsorbed on porous material, mostly activated carbon. The achievable storage density is between liquid hydrogen storage systems and compressed hydrogen storage systems.-External...
- Gas cylinderGas cylinderA gas cylinder is a pressure vessel used to store gases at above atmospheric pressure. High pressure gas cylinders are also called bottles. Although they are sometimes colloquially called "tanks", this is technically incorrect, as a tank is a vessel used to store liquids at ambient pressure and...
- Hydrogen compressorHydrogen compressorA hydrogen compressor is a device that increases the pressure of hydrogen by reducing its volume. Compression of hydrogen gas naturally increases its temperature, due to Charles' Law....
- Hydrogen technologiesHydrogen technologiesHydrogen technologies are technologies that relate to the production and use of hydrogen. Hydrogen technologies are applicable for many uses....
- Hydrogen economyHydrogen economyThe hydrogen economy is a proposed system of delivering energy using hydrogen. The term hydrogen economy was coined by John Bockris during a talk he gave in 1970 at General Motors Technical Center....
- Liquid hydrogenLiquid hydrogenLiquid hydrogen is the liquid state of the element hydrogen. Hydrogen is found naturally in the molecular H2 form.To exist as a liquid, H2 must be pressurized above and cooled below hydrogen's Critical point. However, for hydrogen to be in a full liquid state without boiling off, it needs to be...
- Liquid hydrogen tank truck
- Sodium aluminium hydrideSodium aluminium hydrideSodium aluminium hydride or sodium alanate is a chemical compound used as a reducing agent. It is similar to lithium aluminium hydride....
- Magnesium hydrideMagnesium hydrideMagnesium hydride is the chemical compound MgH2. It contains 7.66% by weight of hydrogen and has been studied as a potential hydrogen storage medium.- Preparation :...