Grand Duchy of Poznan
Encyclopedia
The Grand Duchy of Posen, or the Grand Duchy of Poznań was part of the Kingdom of Prussia
, created from territories annexed by Prussia after the Partitions of Poland
, and formally established following the Napoleonic Wars
in 1815. Per agreements derived at the Congress of Vienna
it was to have some autonomy. However in reality it was subordinated to Prussia and the proclaimed rights for Polish subjects were not fully implemented. The name was unofficially used afterward for denoting the territory, especially by Poles, and today is used by modern historians to describe different political entities until 1918. Its capital was Posen
. The Grand Duchy
was formally replaced by the Province of Posen
in the Prussian constitution of 5 December 1848.
Originally part of the Kingdom of Poland
, this area largely coincided with Greater Poland
. The mid-17th century brought devastation from invading Swedish forces during "the Deluge"
. The eastern portions of the territory were taken by the Kingdom of Prussia
during the Partitions of Poland
; during the first partition (1772), Prussia took just the Netze District
, the portion along the Noteć
river. Prussia added the remainder during the second partition in 1793. Prussia briefly lost control during the Kościuszko Uprising in (1794).
It was initially administered as the province of South Prussia
. The Poles were the primary ally of Napoleon Bonaparte
in Central Europe
, participating in the Greater Poland Uprising of 1806 and supplying troops for his campaigns. After the defeat of Prussia by Napoleonic France
, the Duchy of Warsaw
was created by the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807.
, put into action after the fall of Napoleon in 1815, parts of the former Prussian Partition of Poland was returned to Prussia. From them the Grand Duchy of Posen was to be created, that was to be a nominally autonomous province under Hohenzollern rule with the rights of "free development of Polish nation, culture and language", and was outside the German Confederation
. Originally the Duchy was to include Chełmno and Toruń. Prussia however disregared this promise from Congress of Vienna. At this time the city of Poznań
was the administrative center and the seat of "Prince Antoni Henryk Radziwiłł of Poznań". In reality the actual administrative power over the region was awarded by Prussia to over-president of the province who was a German
At the beginning of the Prussian takeover of Polish territories, the discrimination
and repression of Poles consisted of reducing their access to education
and the judicial system. Prussian officials identified Germanisation as the progress of higher culture over a lower one. As a result the local administration discriminated against Poles. After 1824 attempts to Germanise the school system were hastened and the government refused to establish a Polish university in Poznań. Polish politicians issued protests against Prussian policies and a secret, patriotic Polish organisation was founded called Towarzystwo Kosynierów (Society of Scythemen). Resistance activity of Poles resulted in reaction from Berlin
, where a trial was held in connection to links between Poles from Prussian parts of Poland with Poles from Russian Congress Poland
.
within Congress Poland
against the Russian Empire
was significantly supported by Poles from the Grand Duchy. Afterward, the Prussian administration under Oberpräsident Edward Flotwell known for his antipolonism introduced a stricter system of repression against the Poles. Prussian authorities attempted to expel Poles from administration to weaken the Polish nobility by buying its lands, and, after 1832, the role of the Polish language in education was significantly repressed. Local self-government of land-lords which was dominated by Polish nobility was abolished, and its place were appointed commissars appointed by Prussian state. Monasteries and their assets were confiscated by Prussia. The office of the governor was abolished. Germanisation of institutions, education as well through colonisation
was implemented.
Before 1848 repressions intensified in the Duchy, censorship was strengthened, German settlers were brought in. W large patriotic demonstrations were held in memory of Antoni Babiński-member of Polish Democratic Society
. During attempted arrest the Prussian gendarme engaged in fight with him and was wounded by a gunshot. Babiński was then captured, sentenced to death and executed in Poznań. His public execution in February 1847 was accompanied by public mourning. Cloth soaked in his blood
and other remains were distributed as national relic
. Large prayers were held in his memory, often against orders of Prussia. Members of such gatherings were persecuted by police. At the same time the national self-awareness grew among rural population. Anti-Prussian sentiment grew as response to policy of Germanisation and repression by Prussian authorities and conspiracy organisation called Związek Plebejuszy found a potent ground. It was led by bookseller Walenty Stefański, poet
Ryszard Berwiński and lawyer Jakub Krauthofer-Krotowski.
the Frankfurt Parliament
attempted to divide the Duchy into two parts: the Province of Poznań, which would have been given to the Germans and annexed to a newly-created German Empire
, and the Province of Gniezno
, which would have been given to the Poles and held outside Germany, but because of the protest of Polish parliamentarians these plans failed and the integrity of the duchy was preserved. However, on February 9, 1849, after a series of broken assurances, the Prussian administration renamed the duchy to the Province of Posen
. However the Prussian Kings up to William II, German Emperor
still held the title "Grand Duke of Posen" until 1918.
The area was 28,951 km² and contained most of the territories of the historical province of Greater Poland
, which comprised the western parts of the Duchy of Warsaw
(Departments of Poznań
, Bydgoszcz
, partly Kalisz
) that were ceded to Prussia according to the Congress of Vienna
(1815) with an international guarantee of self-administration and free development of the Polish nation.
Population:
In 1815 the Polish population made up circa 73% of the overall population, while Germans 25% and Jews 2%. Despite Germanisation efforts, the Polish population remained the majority, however it decreased to 64% of population by 1910.
The Prussian administrative unit that covered the territory of the Duchy was called the Province of the Grand Duchy of Posen in the years 1815–1849, and later to simplify just the Province of Posen .
The territory of the duchy was divided into two regions
, Posen and Bromberg, which were further divided into 26 original districts administered by landrats ("district councils"). Later, these were redivided into 40 districts, plus two urban districts. In 1824, the Duchy also received a provincial council (term started in 1827) but with little administrative power, limited to providing advice. In 1817, Culmerland (Chełmno Land
) was moved to West Prussia
.
(see also Notable people of Province of Posen)
Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918. Until the defeat of Germany in World War I, it comprised almost two-thirds of the area of the German Empire...
, created from territories annexed by Prussia after the Partitions of Poland
Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years...
, and formally established following the Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars declared against Napoleon's French Empire by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the French Revolution of 1789, they revolutionised European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly due to...
in 1815. Per agreements derived at the Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars,...
it was to have some autonomy. However in reality it was subordinated to Prussia and the proclaimed rights for Polish subjects were not fully implemented. The name was unofficially used afterward for denoting the territory, especially by Poles, and today is used by modern historians to describe different political entities until 1918. Its capital was Posen
Poznan
Poznań is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be...
. The Grand Duchy
Grand duchy
A grand duchy, sometimes referred to as a grand dukedom, is a territory whose head of state is a monarch, either a grand duke or grand duchess.Today Luxembourg is the only remaining grand duchy...
was formally replaced by the Province of Posen
Province of Posen
The Province of Posen was a province of Prussia from 1848–1918 and as such part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918. The area was about 29,000 km2....
in the Prussian constitution of 5 December 1848.
Background
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a dualistic state of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch. It was the largest and one of the most populous countries of 16th- and 17th‑century Europe with some and a multi-ethnic population of 11 million at its peak in the early 17th century...
, this area largely coincided with Greater Poland
Greater Poland
Greater Poland or Great Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska is a historical region of west-central Poland. Its chief city is Poznań.The boundaries of Greater Poland have varied somewhat throughout history...
. The mid-17th century brought devastation from invading Swedish forces during "the Deluge"
The Deluge (Polish history)
The term Deluge denotes a series of mid-17th century campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In a wider sense it applies to the period between the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648 and the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667, thus comprising the Polish–Lithuanian theaters of the Russo-Polish and...
. The eastern portions of the territory were taken by the Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918. Until the defeat of Germany in World War I, it comprised almost two-thirds of the area of the German Empire...
during the Partitions of Poland
Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years...
; during the first partition (1772), Prussia took just the Netze District
Netze District
The Netze District or District of the Netze was a territory in the Kingdom of Prussia from 1772 until 1807. It included the urban centers of Bydgoszcz , Inowrocław , Piła and Wałcz and was given its name for the Noteć River that traversed it.Beside Royal Prussia, a land of the Polish Crown...
, the portion along the Noteć
Notec
Noteć is a river in central Poland with a length of 388 km and a basin area of 17,330 km². It is a tributary of the Warta river and lies completely within Poland....
river. Prussia added the remainder during the second partition in 1793. Prussia briefly lost control during the Kościuszko Uprising in (1794).
It was initially administered as the province of South Prussia
South Prussia
South Prussia was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1793 to 1807. It was created out of territory annexed in the Second Partition of Poland and included in 1793*the Poznań, Kalisz and Gniezno Voivodeships of Greater Poland;...
. The Poles were the primary ally of Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon I of France
Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader during the latter stages of the French Revolution.As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815...
in Central Europe
Central Europe
Central Europe or alternatively Middle Europe is a region of the European continent lying between the variously defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe...
, participating in the Greater Poland Uprising of 1806 and supplying troops for his campaigns. After the defeat of Prussia by Napoleonic France
First French Empire
The First French Empire , also known as the Greater French Empire or Napoleonic Empire, was the empire of Napoleon I of France...
, the Duchy of Warsaw
Duchy of Warsaw
The Duchy of Warsaw was a Polish state established by Napoleon I in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit. The duchy was held in personal union by one of Napoleon's allies, King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony...
was created by the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807.
1815–1830
According to the Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars,...
, put into action after the fall of Napoleon in 1815, parts of the former Prussian Partition of Poland was returned to Prussia. From them the Grand Duchy of Posen was to be created, that was to be a nominally autonomous province under Hohenzollern rule with the rights of "free development of Polish nation, culture and language", and was outside the German Confederation
German Confederation
The German Confederation was the loose association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries. It acted as a buffer between the powerful states of Austria and Prussia...
. Originally the Duchy was to include Chełmno and Toruń. Prussia however disregared this promise from Congress of Vienna. At this time the city of Poznań
Poznan
Poznań is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be...
was the administrative center and the seat of "Prince Antoni Henryk Radziwiłł of Poznań". In reality the actual administrative power over the region was awarded by Prussia to over-president of the province who was a German
At the beginning of the Prussian takeover of Polish territories, the discrimination
Discrimination
Discrimination is the prejudicial treatment of an individual based on their membership in a certain group or category. It involves the actual behaviors towards groups such as excluding or restricting members of one group from opportunities that are available to another group. The term began to be...
and repression of Poles consisted of reducing their access to education
Education
Education in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people lives on from one generation to the next. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts...
and the judicial system. Prussian officials identified Germanisation as the progress of higher culture over a lower one. As a result the local administration discriminated against Poles. After 1824 attempts to Germanise the school system were hastened and the government refused to establish a Polish university in Poznań. Polish politicians issued protests against Prussian policies and a secret, patriotic Polish organisation was founded called Towarzystwo Kosynierów (Society of Scythemen). Resistance activity of Poles resulted in reaction from Berlin
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...
, where a trial was held in connection to links between Poles from Prussian parts of Poland with Poles from Russian Congress Poland
Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland , informally known as Congress Poland , created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, was a personal union of the Russian parcel of Poland with the Russian Empire...
.
1830–1840
The 1830 November UprisingNovember Uprising
The November Uprising , Polish–Russian War 1830–31 also known as the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw when the young Polish officers from the local Army of the Congress...
within Congress Poland
Congress Poland
The Kingdom of Poland , informally known as Congress Poland , created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, was a personal union of the Russian parcel of Poland with the Russian Empire...
against the Russian Empire
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
was significantly supported by Poles from the Grand Duchy. Afterward, the Prussian administration under Oberpräsident Edward Flotwell known for his antipolonism introduced a stricter system of repression against the Poles. Prussian authorities attempted to expel Poles from administration to weaken the Polish nobility by buying its lands, and, after 1832, the role of the Polish language in education was significantly repressed. Local self-government of land-lords which was dominated by Polish nobility was abolished, and its place were appointed commissars appointed by Prussian state. Monasteries and their assets were confiscated by Prussia. The office of the governor was abolished. Germanisation of institutions, education as well through colonisation
Colonisation
Colonization occurs whenever any one or more species populate an area. The term, which is derived from the Latin colere, "to inhabit, cultivate, frequent, practice, tend, guard, respect", originally related to humans. However, 19th century biogeographers dominated the term to describe the...
was implemented.
Before 1848 repressions intensified in the Duchy, censorship was strengthened, German settlers were brought in. W large patriotic demonstrations were held in memory of Antoni Babiński-member of Polish Democratic Society
Polish Democratic Society
Polish Democratic Society was one of the most important organizations of Polish Great Emigration in 19th century France. Formed in 1832 from a faction of the Polish National Committee and led by Tadeusz Krępowiecki and Aleksander Pułaski, it argued for the need of drastic reforms in reconstituted...
. During attempted arrest the Prussian gendarme engaged in fight with him and was wounded by a gunshot. Babiński was then captured, sentenced to death and executed in Poznań. His public execution in February 1847 was accompanied by public mourning. Cloth soaked in his blood
Blood
Blood is a specialized bodily fluid in animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells....
and other remains were distributed as national relic
Relic
In religion, a relic is a part of the body of a saint or a venerated person, or else another type of ancient religious object, carefully preserved for purposes of veneration or as a tangible memorial...
. Large prayers were held in his memory, often against orders of Prussia. Members of such gatherings were persecuted by police. At the same time the national self-awareness grew among rural population. Anti-Prussian sentiment grew as response to policy of Germanisation and repression by Prussian authorities and conspiracy organisation called Związek Plebejuszy found a potent ground. It was led by bookseller Walenty Stefański, poet
Poet
A poet is a person who writes poetry. A poet's work can be literal, meaning that his work is derived from a specific event, or metaphorical, meaning that his work can take on many meanings and forms. Poets have existed since antiquity, in nearly all languages, and have produced works that vary...
Ryszard Berwiński and lawyer Jakub Krauthofer-Krotowski.
Frankfurt Parliament of 1848 and the Duchy
During the Revolutions of 1848Revolutions of 1848
The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It was the first Europe-wide collapse of traditional authority, but within a year reactionary...
the Frankfurt Parliament
Frankfurt Parliament
The Frankfurt Assembly was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. Session was held from May 18, 1848 to May 31, 1849 in the Paulskirche at Frankfurt am Main...
attempted to divide the Duchy into two parts: the Province of Poznań, which would have been given to the Germans and annexed to a newly-created German Empire
German Empire
The German Empire refers to Germany during the "Second Reich" period from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.The German...
, and the Province of Gniezno
Gniezno
Gniezno is a city in central-western Poland, some 50 km east of Poznań, inhabited by about 70,000 people. One of the Piasts' chief cities, it was mentioned by 10th century A.D. sources as the capital of Piast Poland however the first capital of Piast realm was most likely Giecz built around...
, which would have been given to the Poles and held outside Germany, but because of the protest of Polish parliamentarians these plans failed and the integrity of the duchy was preserved. However, on February 9, 1849, after a series of broken assurances, the Prussian administration renamed the duchy to the Province of Posen
Province of Posen
The Province of Posen was a province of Prussia from 1848–1918 and as such part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918. The area was about 29,000 km2....
. However the Prussian Kings up to William II, German Emperor
William II, German Emperor
Wilhelm II was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. He was a grandson of the British Queen Victoria and related to many monarchs and princes of Europe...
still held the title "Grand Duke of Posen" until 1918.
Area and population
Greater Poland
Greater Poland or Great Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska is a historical region of west-central Poland. Its chief city is Poznań.The boundaries of Greater Poland have varied somewhat throughout history...
, which comprised the western parts of the Duchy of Warsaw
Duchy of Warsaw
The Duchy of Warsaw was a Polish state established by Napoleon I in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit. The duchy was held in personal union by one of Napoleon's allies, King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony...
(Departments of Poznań
Poznan Department
Poznań Department was a unit of administrative division and local government in Polish Duchy of Warsaw in years 1806-1815.Capital city: PoznańAdministrative division: 10 counties....
, Bydgoszcz
Bydgoszcz Department
Bydgoszcz Department was a unit of administrative division and local government in Polish Duchy of Warsaw in years 1806-1815.Its capital city was Bydgoszcz....
, partly Kalisz
Kalisz Department
Kalisz Department was a unit of administrative division and local government in Polish Duchy of Warsaw in years 1806–1815.Its capital city was Kalisz, and the area was further subdivided onto 13 powiats....
) that were ceded to Prussia according to the Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars,...
(1815) with an international guarantee of self-administration and free development of the Polish nation.
Population:
- 900,000 (1815)
- 1,350,000 (1849)
- 2,100,000 (1910)
In 1815 the Polish population made up circa 73% of the overall population, while Germans 25% and Jews 2%. Despite Germanisation efforts, the Polish population remained the majority, however it decreased to 64% of population by 1910.
Territorial administration
The monarch of the duchy, with title of Grand Duke of Posen, was the Hohenzollern king of Prussia and his representative was the Duke-Governor: the first was Prince Antoni Radziwiłł (1815–1831), who was married to Princess Louise of Prussia, the king's cousin. The governor was assigned to give advice in matters of Polish nationality, and had the right to veto the administration decisions; in reality, however, all administrative power was in the hands of the Prussian over-president of the province.The Prussian administrative unit that covered the territory of the Duchy was called the Province of the Grand Duchy of Posen in the years 1815–1849, and later to simplify just the Province of Posen .
The territory of the duchy was divided into two regions
Regierungsbezirk
In Germany, a Government District, in German: Regierungsbezirk – is a subdivision of certain federal states .They are above the Kreise, Landkreise, and kreisfreie Städte...
, Posen and Bromberg, which were further divided into 26 original districts administered by landrats ("district councils"). Later, these were redivided into 40 districts, plus two urban districts. In 1824, the Duchy also received a provincial council (term started in 1827) but with little administrative power, limited to providing advice. In 1817, Culmerland (Chełmno Land
Chełmno Land
Chełmno land or Chełmno region is a historical region of Poland, located in central Poland, bounded by the Vistula and Drwęca rivers....
) was moved to West Prussia
West Prussia
West Prussia was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773–1824 and 1878–1919/20 which was created out of the earlier Polish province of Royal Prussia...
.
Polish organisations
- Scientific Help Society for the Youth of the Grand Duchy of Posen (established 1841) scholarship for the poor youth
- Poznań Bazar (Bazar Poznański, established 1841)
- Central Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of PoznańCentral Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of PoznanThe Central Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of Poznań was a social-economic organization of Polish landowners in the Greater Poland region established at a meeting held 13-17 February 1971 as a result of a merger of several local societies.Its main...
(established 1861) promotion of modern agriculture - People's Libraries SocietyPeople's Libraries SocietyPeople's Libraries Society was an educational society established in 1880 for the Prussian partition of Poland...
(established 1880) promotion of education among the people - Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and SciencesPoznan Society of Friends of Arts and SciencesThe Poznań Society of Friends of Learning is a learned society in Poznań, Poland, established in 1857, of scholars and scientists in all branches of learning...
(established 1875) promotion of arts and sciencies
German organisations
- Colonization Commission (Ansiedlungskommision, established 1886)
- German Eastern Marches SocietyGerman Eastern Marches SocietyGerman Eastern Marches Society was a German radical, extremely nationalist xenophobic organization founded in 1894. Mainly among Poles, it was sometimes known acronymically as Hakata or H-K-T after its founders von Hansemann, Kennemann and von Tiedemann...
(Hakata), (Deutscher Ostmarken Verein, established 1894)
Notable people
(in alphabetical order)(see also Notable people of Province of Posen)
- Hipolit CegielskiHipolit CegielskiHipolit Cegielski was a Polish businessman and social and cultural activist. He founded H. Cegielski - Poznań S.A. in 1846.-References:...
(1815–1868), Polish businessman, social and cultural activist - Dezydery Chłapowski (1788–1879), Polish general, business and political activist
- Bernard ChrzanowskiBernard ChrzanowskiBernard Chrzanowski was a Polish social and political activist, president of the Union of the Greater Poland Falcons "Sokół".-References:...
(1861–1944), Polish social and political activist, president of the Union of the Greater Poland Falcons (Związek Sokołów Wielkopolskich) - August CieszkowskiAugust CieszkowskiCount August Cieszkowski was a Polish philosopher, economist and social and political activist...
(1814–1894), Polish philosopher, social and political activist, co-founder of the Polish League (Liga Polska), co-founder and president of the PTPN - Bolesław Dembiński (1833–1914), Polish composer and organist, activist fo the singers societies
- Franciszek DobrowolskiFranciszek DobrowolskiFranciszek Dobrowolski was a Polish theatre director, editor of Dziennik Poznański .-References:* Witold Jakóbczyk, Przetrwać na Wartą 1815-1914, Dzieje narodu i państwa polskiego, vol. III-55, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Warszawa 1989....
(1830–1896), Polish theatre director, editor of Dziennika Poznańskiego (Poznań Daily) - Tytus Działyński (1796–1861), Polish political activist, protector of arts
- Ewaryst EstkowskiEwaryst EstkowskiEwaryst Estkowski was a Polish teacher, education activist, and editor of Szkoła Polska magazine.Ewaryst Estkowski died 1856 in Germany Bad Soden am Taunus near Frankfurt Main-References:...
(1820–1856), Polish teacher, education activist, editor of Szkoła Polska (Polish School) magazine - Edward H. Flotwell (1786–1865), Prussian politician, over-president of the Grand Duchy of Poznań
- Immanuel Lazarus Fuchs (1833–1902), Prussian mathematician
- Maksymilian JackowskiMaksymilian JackowskiMaksymilian Jackowski was a Polish activist, secretary-general of the Central Economic Society , patron of the agricultural circles.-References:...
(1815–1905), Polish activist, secretary-general of the Central Economic Society (Centralne Towarzystwo Gospodarcze), patron of the agricultural circles - Paul von HindenburgPaul von HindenburgPaul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg , known universally as Paul von Hindenburg was a Prussian-German field marshal, statesman, and politician, and served as the second President of Germany from 1925 to 1934....
(1847–1934), Field Marshal and President of the Weimar Republic - Kazimierz JarochowskiKazimierz JarochowskiKazimierz Jarochowski was a Polish historian, publicist of the Dziennik Poznański , co-foundrer of PTPN.-References:...
(1828–1888), Polish historian, publicist of the Dziennik Poznański (Poznań Daily), co-founder of PTPN - Hermann KennemannHermann KennemannHermann Kennemann-Klenka was a Prussian politician and landowner, co-founder of the German Eastern Marches Society. He was notable as one of the main supporters of Germanization of Polish lands then ruled by German Empire....
(1815–1910), Prussian politician, co-founder of the German Eastern Marches SocietyGerman Eastern Marches SocietyGerman Eastern Marches Society was a German radical, extremely nationalist xenophobic organization founded in 1894. Mainly among Poles, it was sometimes known acronymically as Hakata or H-K-T after its founders von Hansemann, Kennemann and von Tiedemann... - Antoni KraszewskiAntoni Kraszewski* Antoni Kraszewski was a Polish politician and parliamentarian.- References :* Witold Jakóbczyk, Przetrwać na Wartą 1815-1914, Dzieje narodu i państwa polskiego, vol. III-55, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Warszawa 1989...
(1797–1870), Polish politician and parliamentarian - Karol LibeltKarol LibeltKarol Libelt was a Polish philosopher, writer, political and social activist, social worker and liberal, nationalist politician, president of the PTPN.-Life and work:...
(1807–1875), Polish philosopher, political and social activist, president of PTPN - Karol MarcinkowskiKarol MarcinkowskiKarol Marcinkowski was a Polish physician, social activist in the Greater Poland region , supporter of the basic education programmes, organizer of the Scientific Help Society and the Poznań Bazar - the Polish mall in Poznań that...
(1800–1848), Polish physician, social activist, founder of the Poznań Bazar - Teofil Matecki (1810–1886), Polish physician, social activist, member of PTPN, founder of the Adam Mickiewicz monument of Poznań
- Maciej Mielzyński (1799–1870), political and social activist
- Ludwik MycielskiLudwik MycielskiLudwik Mycielski was a Polish politician, president of the National Council in 1913.- References :...
, Polish political, president of the National Council (Rada Narodowa) in 1913 - Andrzej NiegolewskiAndrzej NiegolewskiAndrzej Niegolewski was a Polish colonel during the Napoleonic Wars, member of parliament and a shareholder of the Poznan Bazar.-References:...
(1787–1857), Polish colonel during the Napoleonic Wars, member of parliament, shareholder of the Poznań Bazar - Władysław Oleszczyński (1808–1866), Polish sculptor, who created a monument of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań
- Gustaw PotworowskiGustaw PotworowskiGustaw Potworowski, count, was a Polish activist, founder of the Kasyno in Gostyń, activist of the Polish League . Born into an old Calvinist noble family, was one of the leading persons of the Polish national movement in the Prussian Province of Posen.-References:* Witold Jakóbczyk, Przetrwać na...
(1800–1860), Polish activist, founder of the Kasyno in Gostyń, activist of the Polish League (Liga Polska) - Edward Raczyński (1786–1845), Polish conservative politician, protector of arts, founder of the Raczynski Library in Poznań
- Antoni Radziwiłł (1775–1833), Polish duke, composer, and politician, governor-general of the Grand Duchy of Poznań
- Walenty StefańskiWalenty StefanskiWalenty Stefański was a Polish bookseller, publisher, political activist and co-founder of the Polish League . He supported autonomy for Greater Poland during the Greater Poland Uprising of 1848 against Kingdom of Prussia.Son of a fisherman, Stefański came from a lower class family and was mostly...
(1813–1877), Polish bookseller, political activist, co-founder of the Polish League (Liga Polska) - Florian StablewskiFlorian StablewskiFlorian Stablewski was a Polish priest and politician, archbishop of Poznań and Gniezno, and member of the Prussian parliament.Stablewski was born in Wschowa and died in Poznań.- References :...
(1841–1906), Polish priest archbishop of Poznań and Gniezno, Polish member of Prussian parliament - Heinrich Tiedemann (1840–1922), Prussian politician, co-founder of the German Eastern Marches SocietyGerman Eastern Marches SocietyGerman Eastern Marches Society was a German radical, extremely nationalist xenophobic organization founded in 1894. Mainly among Poles, it was sometimes known acronymically as Hakata or H-K-T after its founders von Hansemann, Kennemann and von Tiedemann...
- Leon WegnerLeon WegnerLeon Wegner was a Polish economist and historian, co-founder of Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences.-References:...
(1824–1873), Polish economist and historian, co-founder of PTPN - Richard WittingRichard WittingRichard Witting was a Prussian politician and financier. He was mayor of Poznań in 1891–1902. From 1902-1910 he was director of Nationalbank für Deutschland .- References :...
(1812–1912), Prussian politician, over-president of Poznań City, 1891–1902
See also
- Congress PolandCongress PolandThe Kingdom of Poland , informally known as Congress Poland , created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, was a personal union of the Russian parcel of Poland with the Russian Empire...
- History of Poland (1795–1918)History of Poland (1795–1918)In 1795, the Third and the last of three partitions of Poland ended the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Nevertheless, hopes for restoration of Polish independence were kept alive throughout the 19th century by events within and outside the Polish lands...
- History of PoznańHistory of PoznanPoznań, today Poland's fifth largest city, is also one of the country's oldest cities, and was an important political and religious center in the early Polish state of the 10th century...