Gilead Sciences
Encyclopedia
Gilead Sciences is a biopharmaceutical
company that discovers, develops and commercializes therapeutics. For many years since the company was founded, the company concentrated primarily on antiviral drug
s to treat patients infected with HIV
, hepatitis B or influenza
. In 2006, Gilead acquired two companies that were developing drugs to treat patients with pulmonary
diseases. The company has fourteen commercially available products. Headquartered and founded in Foster City, California
, Gilead has operations in North America, Europe and Australia. As of the end of 2009, the company had approximately 4,000 full-time employees. The company's name and logo refer to the Balm of Gilead
. Gilead
(a place mentioned in the Bible) was famed for its small trees that produced a resin
used in medicine.
Gilead is a member of the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index
and the S&P 500
.
and Michael L. Riordan, a medical doctor who was 29 years old at the time. Riordan graduated from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, spent a year as a consultant and then joined as an associate at Menlo Ventures in 1986. The company traces its roots to a runny nose because Montgomery got a particularly bad cold—a virus—and in his misery he wondered why so few antivirals existed when so many antibiotics were in use. The name of the company was changed to "Gilead Sciences" in 1988 and Montgomery served as the first Chairman of the Board from 1987 to 1993. Riordan looked to Donald Rumsfeld
as a mentor in the business world and to navigate the political waters. Under the technical leadership of scientist Mark Matteucci, the company focussed on discovery research, making small strands of DNA (oligomers) to assess the potential of genetic code blockers (gene therapy). Its development of small molecule antiviral therapeutics was ushered in by John Martin in 1992 with the licensing of nucleotide compounds discovered in two European academic labs.
In 1990, Gilead entered into a collaborative research agreement with Glaxo
for the research and development of genetic code blockers, also known as antisense. This collaboration was terminated in 1998, and Gilead's antisense intellectual property portfolio was sold to Isis Pharmaceuticals.
Gilead debuted on the NASDAQ in January 1992. Its IPO raised $86.25 million in proceeds.
In June 1996, Gilead launched its first commercial product, Vistide (cidofovir
injection) for the treatment of cytomegalovirus
(CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS
. The company cooperated with Pharmacia & Upjohn to market the product outside the United States.
In March 1999, Gilead acquired NeXstar Pharmaceuticals of Boulder, Colorado
following two years of negotiations with the company. At the time, NeXstar's annual sales of $130 million was three times Gilead's sales. NeXstar's two revenue-generating drugs were AmBisome, an injectable fungal treatment, and DaunoXome, an oncology
drug taken by HIV patients. Also in 1999, Roche
announced first approval of Tamiflu (oseltamivir
) for the treatment of influenza
. Tamiflu was originally discovered by Gilead and licensed to Roche for late-phase development and marketing.
Viread (tenofovir) achieved first approval in 2001 for the treatment of HIV
.
In January 2003, Gilead completed its acquisition of Triangle Pharmaceuticals. The company also announced its first full year of profitability. Later that year Hepsera (adefovir
) was approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, and Emtriva (emtricitabine
) for the treatment of HIV
.
In 2004, Gilead launched Truvada, a fixed-dose combination of tenofovir and emtricitabine
.
In January 1997, Donald Rumsfeld
, a Board member since 1988, was appointed Chairman of the company. He stood down from the Board in January 2001 when appointed United States Secretary of Defense
at the start of George W. Bush
's first term as President. Federal disclosure forms indicate that Rumsfeld owns between USD$5 million and USD$25 million in Gilead stock. The rise in Gilead's share prices from USD$35 to USD$57 per share will have added between USD$2.5 million to USD$15.5 million to Rumsfeld's net worth.
In November 2005, George W. Bush urged Congress to pass $7.1 billion in emergency funding to prepare for the possible bird flu
pandemic, of which $1 billion is solely dedicated to the purchase, and distribution of Tamiflu.
In July 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) approved Atripla
, a once a day single tablet regimen for HIV, combining Sustiva (efavirenz
), a Bristol-Myers Squibb
product, and Truvada (emtricitabine
and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate), a Gilead product.
Gilead purchased Raylo Chemicals, Inc. in November 2006 for a price of $133.3 million. Raylo Chemical, based in Edmonton, Alberta, was a wholly owned subsidiary of Degussa AG, a German company. Raylo Chemical was a custom manufacturer of active pharmaceutical ingredients and advanced intermediates for the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries.
Myogen, based in Boulder, Colorado
, was completing Phase 3 studies of ambrisentan
--now marketed as "Letairis"--an orally available endothelin receptor
antagonist
. The U.S. FDA subsequently approved ambrisentan for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension
in June 2007.
Under an agreement with GlaxoSmithKline
, Myogen marketed Flolan (epoprostenol sodium) in the United States for the treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension. Additionally, Myogen was developing (in Phase 3 studies) darusentan, also an endothelin receptor antagonist, for the potential treatment of resistant hypertension
.
The other acquisition was Corus Pharma. Corus' lead product candidate, aztreonam lysine for inhalation, is an antibiotic with activity against gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, which can cause lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis
. The product is in Phase 3 studies. Gilead also obtained an inhalation formulation of two antibiotics for treatment of respiratory infections.
Gilead expanded its move into respiratory therapeutics in 2007 by entering into a licensing agreement with Parion for an epithelial sodium channel
inhibitor for the treatment of pulmonary diseases, including cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
and bronchiectasis
.
In 2009, Gilead acquired CV Therapeutics. This acquisition brought Ranexa and Lexiscan as commercial products. Ranexa is a cardiovascular drug used to treat chronic angina
(chest pain related to coronary artery disease).
Current Gilead Sciences CEO is John C. Martin. Martin's 2010 compensation was $42.72 million and his five-year total is $204.24 million or $31,912 per hour. http://chiefexecutive.net/americas-highest-paid-ceos
Biopharmaceutical
Biopharmaceuticals are medical drugs produced using biotechnology. They include proteins , nucleic acids and living microorganisms like virus and bacteria where the virulence of viruses and bacteria is reduced by the process of attenuation, they can be used for therapeutic or in vivo diagnostic...
company that discovers, develops and commercializes therapeutics. For many years since the company was founded, the company concentrated primarily on antiviral drug
Antiviral drug
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. Like antibiotics for bacteria, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses...
s to treat patients infected with HIV
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive...
, hepatitis B or influenza
Influenza
Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae , that affects birds and mammals...
. In 2006, Gilead acquired two companies that were developing drugs to treat patients with pulmonary
Lung
The lung is the essential respiration organ in many air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located near the backbone on either side of the heart...
diseases. The company has fourteen commercially available products. Headquartered and founded in Foster City, California
Foster City, California
Foster City is an affluent planned city located in San Mateo County, California, 94404. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 30,567. Forbes ranked Foster City #10 on their 2009 list of America's Top 25 Towns to Live Well. Money has also recognized Foster City multiple times as...
, Gilead has operations in North America, Europe and Australia. As of the end of 2009, the company had approximately 4,000 full-time employees. The company's name and logo refer to the Balm of Gilead
Balm of Gilead
Balm of Gilead is a balm made from the resinous gum of the North American Balm of Gilead tree or from related species such as the balsam poplar , which is also sometimes called Balm of Gilead....
. Gilead
Gilead
In the Bible "Gilead" means hill of testimony or mound of witness, , a mountainous region east of the Jordan River, situated in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. It is also referred to by the Aramaic name Yegar-Sahadutha, which carries the same meaning as the Hebrew . From its mountainous character...
(a place mentioned in the Bible) was famed for its small trees that produced a resin
Resin
Resin in the most specific use of the term is a hydrocarbon secretion of many plants, particularly coniferous trees. Resins are valued for their chemical properties and associated uses, such as the production of varnishes, adhesives, and food glazing agents; as an important source of raw materials...
used in medicine.
Gilead is a member of the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index
NASDAQ Biotechnology Index
The NASDAQ Biotechnology Index includes securities of NASDAQ-listed companies classified according to the Industry Classification Benchmark as either Biotechnology or Pharmaceuticals.- Criteria :...
and the S&P 500
S&P 500
The S&P 500 is a free-float capitalization-weighted index published since 1957 of the prices of 500 large-cap common stocks actively traded in the United States. The stocks included in the S&P 500 are those of large publicly held companies that trade on either of the two largest American stock...
.
History
Gilead Sciences was originally formed at Menlo Ventures under the name of "Oligogen, Inc." in August 1987 by H. DuBose Montgomery, co-founder of Menlo VenturesMenlo Ventures
Menlo Ventures is a venture capital firm located at 3000 Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park, California.The firm was founded as one of the earliest venture capital firms in Silicon Valley in 1976 and provides provides technology venture capital funding for seed, early stage and growth companies...
and Michael L. Riordan, a medical doctor who was 29 years old at the time. Riordan graduated from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, spent a year as a consultant and then joined as an associate at Menlo Ventures in 1986. The company traces its roots to a runny nose because Montgomery got a particularly bad cold—a virus—and in his misery he wondered why so few antivirals existed when so many antibiotics were in use. The name of the company was changed to "Gilead Sciences" in 1988 and Montgomery served as the first Chairman of the Board from 1987 to 1993. Riordan looked to Donald Rumsfeld
Donald Rumsfeld
Donald Henry Rumsfeld is an American politician and businessman. Rumsfeld served as the 13th Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford, and as the 21st Secretary of Defense from 2001 to 2006 under President George W. Bush. He is both the youngest and the oldest person to...
as a mentor in the business world and to navigate the political waters. Under the technical leadership of scientist Mark Matteucci, the company focussed on discovery research, making small strands of DNA (oligomers) to assess the potential of genetic code blockers (gene therapy). Its development of small molecule antiviral therapeutics was ushered in by John Martin in 1992 with the licensing of nucleotide compounds discovered in two European academic labs.
In 1990, Gilead entered into a collaborative research agreement with Glaxo
GlaxoSmithKline
GlaxoSmithKline plc is a global pharmaceutical, biologics, vaccines and consumer healthcare company headquartered in London, United Kingdom...
for the research and development of genetic code blockers, also known as antisense. This collaboration was terminated in 1998, and Gilead's antisense intellectual property portfolio was sold to Isis Pharmaceuticals.
Gilead debuted on the NASDAQ in January 1992. Its IPO raised $86.25 million in proceeds.
In June 1996, Gilead launched its first commercial product, Vistide (cidofovir
Cidofovir
Cidofovir is an injectable antiviral medication for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. It suppresses CMV replication by selective inhibition of viral DNA polymerase and therefore prevention of viral replication and transcription...
injection) for the treatment of cytomegalovirus
Cytomegalovirus
Cytomegalovirus is a viral genus of the viral group known as Herpesviridae or herpesviruses. It is typically abbreviated as CMV: The species that infects humans is commonly known as human CMV or human herpesvirus-5 , and is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses...
(CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS
AIDS
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus...
. The company cooperated with Pharmacia & Upjohn to market the product outside the United States.
In March 1999, Gilead acquired NeXstar Pharmaceuticals of Boulder, Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
Boulder is the county seat and most populous city of Boulder County and the 11th most populous city in the U.S. state of Colorado. Boulder is located at the base of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains at an elevation of...
following two years of negotiations with the company. At the time, NeXstar's annual sales of $130 million was three times Gilead's sales. NeXstar's two revenue-generating drugs were AmBisome, an injectable fungal treatment, and DaunoXome, an oncology
Oncology
Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with cancer...
drug taken by HIV patients. Also in 1999, Roche
Hoffmann-La Roche
F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. is a Swiss global health-care company that operates worldwide under two divisions: Pharmaceuticals and Diagnostics. Its holding company, Roche Holding AG, has shares listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange....
announced first approval of Tamiflu (oseltamivir
Oseltamivir
Oseltamivir INN , an antiviral drug, slows the spread of influenza virus between cells in the body by stopping the virus from chemically cutting ties with its host cell; median time to symptom alleviation is reduced by 0.5–1 day. The drug is sold under the trade name Tamiflu, and is taken orally...
) for the treatment of influenza
Influenza
Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae , that affects birds and mammals...
. Tamiflu was originally discovered by Gilead and licensed to Roche for late-phase development and marketing.
Viread (tenofovir) achieved first approval in 2001 for the treatment of HIV
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive...
.
In January 2003, Gilead completed its acquisition of Triangle Pharmaceuticals. The company also announced its first full year of profitability. Later that year Hepsera (adefovir
Adefovir
Adefovir dipivoxil, previously called bis-POM PMEA, with trade names Preveon and Hepsera, is an orally-administered nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor .-Uses:...
) was approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, and Emtriva (emtricitabine
Emtricitabine
Emtricitabine , with trade name Emtriva , is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection in adults and children....
) for the treatment of HIV
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive...
.
In 2004, Gilead launched Truvada, a fixed-dose combination of tenofovir and emtricitabine
Emtricitabine
Emtricitabine , with trade name Emtriva , is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection in adults and children....
.
In January 1997, Donald Rumsfeld
Donald Rumsfeld
Donald Henry Rumsfeld is an American politician and businessman. Rumsfeld served as the 13th Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford, and as the 21st Secretary of Defense from 2001 to 2006 under President George W. Bush. He is both the youngest and the oldest person to...
, a Board member since 1988, was appointed Chairman of the company. He stood down from the Board in January 2001 when appointed United States Secretary of Defense
United States Secretary of Defense
The Secretary of Defense is the head and chief executive officer of the Department of Defense of the United States of America. This position corresponds to what is generally known as a Defense Minister in other countries...
at the start of George W. Bush
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States, from 2001 to 2009. Before that, he was the 46th Governor of Texas, having served from 1995 to 2000....
's first term as President. Federal disclosure forms indicate that Rumsfeld owns between USD$5 million and USD$25 million in Gilead stock. The rise in Gilead's share prices from USD$35 to USD$57 per share will have added between USD$2.5 million to USD$15.5 million to Rumsfeld's net worth.
In November 2005, George W. Bush urged Congress to pass $7.1 billion in emergency funding to prepare for the possible bird flu
H5N1
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1, also known as "bird flu", A or simply H5N1, is a subtype of the influenza A virus which can cause illness in humans and many other animal species...
pandemic, of which $1 billion is solely dedicated to the purchase, and distribution of Tamiflu.
In July 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Food and Drug Administration
The Food and Drug Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments...
(FDA) approved Atripla
Atripla
Emtricitabine/tenofovir/efavirenz is a fixed-dose combination drug for the treatment of HIV infection. It combines Gilead Sciences's tenofovir and emtricitabine with Bristol-Myers Squibb's efavirenz into a fixed-dose pill...
, a once a day single tablet regimen for HIV, combining Sustiva (efavirenz
Efavirenz
Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and is used as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1....
), a Bristol-Myers Squibb
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Bristol-Myers Squibb , often referred to as BMS, is a pharmaceutical company, headquartered in New York City. The company was formed in 1989, following the merger of its predecessors Bristol-Myers and the Squibb Corporation...
product, and Truvada (emtricitabine
Emtricitabine
Emtricitabine , with trade name Emtriva , is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection in adults and children....
and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate), a Gilead product.
Gilead purchased Raylo Chemicals, Inc. in November 2006 for a price of $133.3 million. Raylo Chemical, based in Edmonton, Alberta, was a wholly owned subsidiary of Degussa AG, a German company. Raylo Chemical was a custom manufacturer of active pharmaceutical ingredients and advanced intermediates for the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries.
Entry in the cardiovascular and respiratory therapeutic areas
In 2006, Gilead completed two acquisitions that allowed the company to branch out from its historical antiviral franchise into the cardiovascular and respiratory therapeutic arenas.Myogen, based in Boulder, Colorado
Boulder, Colorado
Boulder is the county seat and most populous city of Boulder County and the 11th most populous city in the U.S. state of Colorado. Boulder is located at the base of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains at an elevation of...
, was completing Phase 3 studies of ambrisentan
Ambrisentan
Ambrisentan is a drug indicated for use in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.It functions as an endothelin receptor antagonist, and is selective for the type A endothelin receptor ....
--now marketed as "Letairis"--an orally available endothelin receptor
Endothelin receptor
There are at least three known endothelin receptors, ETA, ETB1 and ETB2, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors whose activation result in elevation of intracellular-free calcium.-Clinical significance:...
antagonist
Receptor antagonist
A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but blocks or dampens agonist-mediated responses...
. The U.S. FDA subsequently approved ambrisentan for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension
In medicine, pulmonary hypertension is an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, or pulmonary capillaries, together known as the lung vasculature, leading to shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, and other symptoms, all of which are exacerbated by exertion...
in June 2007.
Under an agreement with GlaxoSmithKline
GlaxoSmithKline
GlaxoSmithKline plc is a global pharmaceutical, biologics, vaccines and consumer healthcare company headquartered in London, United Kingdom...
, Myogen marketed Flolan (epoprostenol sodium) in the United States for the treatment of primary pulmonary hypertension. Additionally, Myogen was developing (in Phase 3 studies) darusentan, also an endothelin receptor antagonist, for the potential treatment of resistant hypertension
Hypertension
Hypertension or high blood pressure is a cardiac chronic medical condition in which the systemic arterial blood pressure is elevated. What that means is that the heart is having to work harder than it should to pump the blood around the body. Blood pressure involves two measurements, systolic and...
.
The other acquisition was Corus Pharma. Corus' lead product candidate, aztreonam lysine for inhalation, is an antibiotic with activity against gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium that can cause disease in animals, including humans. It is found in soil, water, skin flora, and most man-made environments throughout the world. It thrives not only in normal atmospheres, but also in hypoxic atmospheres, and has, thus, colonized many...
, which can cause lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disease affecting most critically the lungs, and also the pancreas, liver, and intestine...
. The product is in Phase 3 studies. Gilead also obtained an inhalation formulation of two antibiotics for treatment of respiratory infections.
Gilead expanded its move into respiratory therapeutics in 2007 by entering into a licensing agreement with Parion for an epithelial sodium channel
Epithelial sodium channel
The epithelial sodium channel is a membrane-bound ion-channel that is permeable for Li+-ions, protons and especially Na+-ions. It is a constitutively active ion-channel...
inhibitor for the treatment of pulmonary diseases, including cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , also known as chronic obstructive lung disease , chronic obstructive airway disease , chronic airflow limitation and chronic obstructive respiratory disease , is the co-occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases...
and bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is a disease state defined by localized, irreversible dilation of part of the bronchial tree caused by destruction of the muscle and elastic tissue. It is classified as an obstructive lung disease, along with emphysema, bronchitis, asthma, and cystic fibrosis...
.
In 2009, Gilead acquired CV Therapeutics. This acquisition brought Ranexa and Lexiscan as commercial products. Ranexa is a cardiovascular drug used to treat chronic angina
Angina
Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is chest pain due to ischemia of the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries . Coronary artery disease, the main cause of angina, is due to atherosclerosis of the cardiac arteries...
(chest pain related to coronary artery disease).
Current Gilead Sciences CEO is John C. Martin. Martin's 2010 compensation was $42.72 million and his five-year total is $204.24 million or $31,912 per hour. http://chiefexecutive.net/americas-highest-paid-ceos
Timetable of mergers and acquisitions
| Year | Company | Price | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | Nexstar Pharmaceuticals | $550 million | Nexstar had two drugs (AmBisome and DaunoXome) of which only AmBisome is still in Gilead's portfolio, although it is not a major source of income for the company. DaunoXome was sold to Diatos in 2006. As important as the products, Nexstar also provided Gilead with a much-needed sales force and commercialization team in Europe and Australia, and a manufacturing plant in San Dimas, California San Dimas, California San Dimas is a city located in the San Gabriel Valley, in Los Angeles County, California. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 33,371. The city historically took its name from San Dismas Canyon in the San Gabriel Mountains above the northern section of present day San Dimas... . |
| 2003 | Triangle Pharmaceuticals | $464 million | Triangle owned the development and commercialization rights to emtricitabine, which although marketed as a stand-alone product (Emtriva), is also a component of the more profitable combination products Atripla and Truvada. |
| 2006 | Corus Pharma, Inc. | $365 million | The acquisition of Corus signaled Gilead's entry into the respiratory arena. Corus was developing aztreonam lysine for the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis who are infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| 2006 | Myogen, Inc. | $2.5 billion | With two drugs in development (ambrisentan and darusentan), and one marketed product (Flolan) for pulmonary diseases, the acquisition of Myogen has solidified Gilead's position in this therapeutic arena. |
| 2006 | Raylo Chemicals, Inc. | $148 million | This Edmonton, Alberta site will be used for process research and for manufacturing compounds for both clinical studies and commercial products. |
| 2007 | Nycomed fr. Altana - Cork | $47 million | This commercial manufacturing site was purchased by Gilead in place of building out the site in Dublin. This site is formerly Altana in Cork which was purchased by Nycomed. |
| 2009 | CV Therapeutics, Inc. | $1.4 billion | This acquisition brings Ranexa and Lexiscan as commercial products. Ranexa is a cardiovascular drug used to treat chest pain related to coronary artery disease. These products and pipeline build out Gilead's cardiovascular franchise. |
| 2010 | CGI Pharmaceuticals | $120 million | This acquisition helps to broaden Gilead's research expertise into kinase biology and chemistry. |
| 2010 | Arresto Biosciences, Inc. | $225 million | This acquisition brings Gilead developmental-stage research for treating fibrotic diseases and cancer. |
| 2011 | Calistoga Pharmaceuticals | $375 million ($225 million additional w/ milestones) | Acquisition of Calistoga bolsters areas of oncology and inflammation. |
| 2011 | Pharmasset, Inc | $10.4 billion | This acquisition helps Gilead in HCV. |
Board of directors
- James M. Doggie (Chairman)
- Carla A. Hills
- Etienne F. Davignon
- Gayle Edlund Wilson
- George P. ShultzGeorge P. ShultzGeorge Pratt Shultz is an American economist, statesman, and businessman. He served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970, as the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1972 to 1974, and as the U.S. Secretary of State from 1982 to 1989...
(emeritus) - Gordon Ea Tme
- John C. Martin (CEOChief executive officerA chief executive officer , managing director , Executive Director for non-profit organizations, or chief executive is the highest-ranking corporate officer or administrator in charge of total management of an organization...
) - John Fu Cyuogan
- John W. Mouthz
- Nicholas G. MooreNicholas G. MooreNicholas G. Moore is currently a director at Wells Fargo & Company and retired chairman and chief executive officer of PricewaterhouseCoopers.Moore received his BS degree in accounting from St. Mary's College of California and his JD degree from University of California Hastings College of the Law...
- Paul BergPaul BergPaul Berg is an American biochemist and professor emeritus at Stanford University. He was the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980, along with Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger. The award recognized their contributions to basic research involving nucleic acids...
- Ber Wold-Flipyuoff
Senior Management
Gilead's Executive Committee is responsible for making the critical decisions that determine the company's future. Its members include:| Name | Title |
|---|---|
| John C. Martin | Chief Executive Officer and Chairman |
| Norbert W. Bischofberger | Executive Vice President, Research and Development and Chief Scientific Officer |
| John F. Milligan | President and Chief Operating Officer |
| Robin Washington | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer |
| Kevin Young | Executive Vice President, Commercial Operations |
| Gregg H. Alton | Senior Vice President and General Counsel |
| Anthony D. Caracciolo | Senior Vice President, Manufacturing and Operations |
| Paul Carter | Senior Vice President, International Commercial Operations |
| Seigo Izumo | Senior Vice President, Head of Cardiovascular Therapeutics |
| William A. Lee | Senior Vice President, Head of Antiviral Therapeutics |
| James R. Meyers | Senior Vice President, Commercial Operations, North America |
| A. Bruce Montgomery | Senior Vice President, Head of Respiratory Therapeutics |
| John J. Toole | Senior Vice President, Corporate Development |
| Taiyin Yang | Senior Vice President, Pharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing |
| Kristen M. Metza | Senior Vice President, Human Resources |
Product portfolio
Gilead has 14 products on the market.| Brand Name | Drug Name(s) | Indication | Date Approved (USA) | Marketing Partner(s) | U.S. Patent Expiration | European Patent Expiration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AmBisome | liposomal Liposome Liposomes are artificially prepared vesicles made of lipid bilayer. Liposomes can be filled with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other diseases. Liposomes are composite structures made of phospholipids and may contain small amounts of other molecules... amphotericin B Amphotericin B Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal drug, often used intravenously for systemic fungal infections... |
fungal infection, cryptococcal Cryptococcosis Cryptococcosis, or cryptococcal disease, is a potentially fatal fungal disease. It is caused by one of two species; Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. These were all previously thought to be subspecies of C... meningitis Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs... , Aspergillus Aspergillus Aspergillus is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide. Aspergillus was first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and biologist Pier Antonio Micheli... , Candida Candida (genus) Candida is a genus of yeasts. Many species are harmless commensals or endosymbionts of animal hosts including humans, but other species, or harmless species in the wrong location, can cause disease. Candida albicans can cause infections in humans and other animals, especially in immunocompromised... , Cryptococcus Cryptococcus Cryptococcus is a genus of fungus. Species grow in culture as yeasts. The perfect forms or teleomorphs of Cryptococcus species are filamentous fungi in the genus Filobasidiella... infections |
1997-08-11 | Astellas Pharma Astellas Pharma is a Japanese pharmaceutical company, formed on 1 April 2005 from the merger of and .Astellas' franchise areas are urology, immunology , dermatology, cardiology, and infectious disease... (USA)Rapiscan(EU) |
2016 | 2008 |
| Atripla Atripla Emtricitabine/tenofovir/efavirenz is a fixed-dose combination drug for the treatment of HIV infection. It combines Gilead Sciences's tenofovir and emtricitabine with Bristol-Myers Squibb's efavirenz into a fixed-dose pill... |
tenofovir, emtricitabine Emtricitabine Emtricitabine , with trade name Emtriva , is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection in adults and children.... , and efavirenz Efavirenz Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and is used as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1.... |
HIV HIV Human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive... , AIDS AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus... |
2006-07-12 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Bristol-Myers Squibb Bristol-Myers Squibb , often referred to as BMS, is a pharmaceutical company, headquartered in New York City. The company was formed in 1989, following the merger of its predecessors Bristol-Myers and the Squibb Corporation... |
2021 | 2018 |
| Cayston | Aztreonam Aztreonam Aztreonam is a synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic , with the nucleus based on a simpler monobactam isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1986... |
Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disease affecting most critically the lungs, and also the pancreas, liver, and intestine... |
2010-02-22 | 2021 | 2021 | |
| Complera | tenofovir, emtricitabine Emtricitabine Emtricitabine , with trade name Emtriva , is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection in adults and children.... , and rilpivirine Rilpivirine Rilpivirine is a pharmaceutical drug, developed by Tibotec, for the treatment of HIV infection. It is a second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with higher potency, longer half-life and reduced side-effect profile compared with older NNRTIs, such as efavirenz.Rilpivirine... |
HIV HIV Human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive... , AIDS AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus... |
2011-08-10 | Johnson and Johnson | ||
| Emtriva | emtricitabine Emtricitabine Emtricitabine , with trade name Emtriva , is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection in adults and children.... |
HIV HIV Human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive... , AIDS AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus... |
2003-07-02 | 2021 | 2016 | |
| Flolan | epoprostenol sodium | pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary hypertension In medicine, pulmonary hypertension is an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, or pulmonary capillaries, together known as the lung vasculature, leading to shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, and other symptoms, all of which are exacerbated by exertion... |
1995-09-20 | GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKline plc is a global pharmaceutical, biologics, vaccines and consumer healthcare company headquartered in London, United Kingdom... |
expired | expired |
| Hepsera | adefovir dipivoxil Adefovir Adefovir dipivoxil, previously called bis-POM PMEA, with trade names Preveon and Hepsera, is an orally-administered nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor .-Uses:... |
hepatitis B (HBV) | 2002-09-20 | 2014 | 2011 | |
| Letairis | ambrisentan Ambrisentan Ambrisentan is a drug indicated for use in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.It functions as an endothelin receptor antagonist, and is selective for the type A endothelin receptor .... |
pulmonary arterial hypertension Pulmonary hypertension In medicine, pulmonary hypertension is an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, or pulmonary capillaries, together known as the lung vasculature, leading to shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, and other symptoms, all of which are exacerbated by exertion... |
2007-06-15 | GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKline plc is a global pharmaceutical, biologics, vaccines and consumer healthcare company headquartered in London, United Kingdom... |
2015 | 2015 |
| Lexiscan | regadenoson Regadenoson Regadenoson is an A2A adenosine receptor agonist that is a coronary vasodilator. It produces maximal hyperemia quickly and maintains it for an optimal duration that is practical for radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging.... |
myocardial perfusion imaging | 2008-04-10 | Astellas | 2019 | 2020 |
| Macugen | pegaptanib sodium solution Pegaptanib Pegaptanib sodium injection is an anti-angiogenic medicine for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration . It was discovered by Gilead Sciences and licensed in 2000 to EyeTech Pharmaceuticals, now OSI Pharmaceuticals, for late stage development and marketing in the United... |
age-related macular degeneration Macular degeneration Age-related macular degeneration is a medical condition which usually affects older adults and results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field because of damage to the retina. It occurs in “dry” and “wet” forms. It is a major cause of blindness and visual impairment in older adults... |
2004-12-17 | OSI OSI Pharmaceuticals OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is an American pharmaceutical company based in Long Island, New York with facilities in Colorado, New Jersey and the United Kingdom. OSI specializes in the discovery and development of molecular targeted therapies, and was listed in the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index... and Pfizer Pfizer Pfizer, Inc. is an American multinational pharmaceutical corporation. The company is based in New York City, New York with its research headquarters in Groton, Connecticut, United States... |
2017 | 2017 |
| Ranexa | ranolazine Ranolazine Ranolazine, sold under the trade name Ranexa by Gilead Sciences , is an antianginal medication. In India it is sold under the name "Ranozex"... |
angina Angina Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is chest pain due to ischemia of the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries . Coronary artery disease, the main cause of angina, is due to atherosclerosis of the cardiac arteries... |
2006-01-27 | Hoffmann–La Roche | 2019 | 2019 |
| Tamiflu | oseltamivir phosphate Oseltamivir Oseltamivir INN , an antiviral drug, slows the spread of influenza virus between cells in the body by stopping the virus from chemically cutting ties with its host cell; median time to symptom alleviation is reduced by 0.5–1 day. The drug is sold under the trade name Tamiflu, and is taken orally... |
influenza Influenza Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae , that affects birds and mammals... |
1999-10-27 | Hoffmann–La Roche | 2016 | 2016 |
| Truvada Truvada Tenofovir/emtricitabine, trademark Truvada, is a fixed-dose combination of two antiretroviral drugs used for the treatment of HIV. It consists of 300 milligrams of tenofovir and 200 milligrams of emtricitabine. By combining the two agents into one tablet, it reduces the pill burden and increases... |
emtricitabine Emtricitabine Emtricitabine , with trade name Emtriva , is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection in adults and children.... and tenofovir |
HIV HIV Human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive... , AIDS AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus... |
2004-08-02 | 2021 | 2018 | |
| Viread | tenofovir | HIV HIV Human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive... , AIDS AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus... , hepatitis B |
2001-10-26 | 2017 | 2018 | |
| Vistide | cidofovir Cidofovir Cidofovir is an injectable antiviral medication for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. It suppresses CMV replication by selective inhibition of viral DNA polymerase and therefore prevention of viral replication and transcription... |
CMV Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus is a viral genus of the viral group known as Herpesviridae or herpesviruses. It is typically abbreviated as CMV: The species that infects humans is commonly known as human CMV or human herpesvirus-5 , and is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses... retinitis |
1996-06-26 | Pfizer Pfizer Pfizer, Inc. is an American multinational pharmaceutical corporation. The company is based in New York City, New York with its research headquarters in Groton, Connecticut, United States... |
2010 | 2012 |
Product Pipeline
Gilead's pipeline focuses on HCV, HIV, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders.| Drug Name | Description | Potential Indication | Testing Phase |
|---|---|---|---|
| Integrase Fixed-dose Regimen "Quad" | elvitegravir/FTC/TDF/cobicistat | HIV/AIDS | Phase III |
| Truvada/TMC 278 Fixed-dose Regimen | Viread, Emtriva, and TMC 278 | HIV/AIDS | Phase III |
| Elvitegravir Elvitegravir Elvitegravir is an investigational new drug for the treatment of HIV infection. It acts as an integrase inhibitor. It is undergoing Phase III clinical trial conducted by the pharmaceutical company Gilead Sciences, which licensed EVG from Japan Tobacco in March 2008.According to the results of... (formerly GS-9137) |
integrase inhibitor Integrase inhibitor Integrase inhibitors are a class of antiretroviral drug designed to block the action of integrase, a viral enzyme that inserts the viral genome into the DNA of the host cell. Since integration is a vital step in retroviral replication, blocking it can halt further spread of the virus... |
HIV/AIDS | Phase III |
| Cobicistat Cobicistat Cobicistat is a drug under experimental investigation for use in the treatment of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus .Like ritonovir , cobicistat is of interest not for its anti-HIV properties, but rather its ability to inhibit liver enzymes that metabolize other medications used to... (GS-9350) |
Pharmacokinetic enhancer | HIV/AIDS | Phase III |
| Tegobuvir (GS 9190) | polymerase inhibitor | Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is an infectious disease primarily affecting the liver, caused by the hepatitis C virus . The infection is often asymptomatic, but chronic infection can lead to scarring of the liver and ultimately to cirrhosis, which is generally apparent after many years... |
Phase II |
| Cicletanine Cicletanine Cicletanine is a furopyridine low-ceiling diuretic drug, usually used in the treatment of hypertension. The drug is manufactured by Ipsen and marketed by Recordati under the trade name Tenstaten.... |
antihypertensive | Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension | Phase II |
| Aztreonam Aztreonam Aztreonam is a synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic , with the nucleus based on a simpler monobactam isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1986... |
inhalation solution | Bronchiectasis Bronchiectasis Bronchiectasis is a disease state defined by localized, irreversible dilation of part of the bronchial tree caused by destruction of the muscle and elastic tissue. It is classified as an obstructive lung disease, along with emphysema, bronchitis, asthma, and cystic fibrosis... |
Phase II |
| Ranolazine Ranolazine Ranolazine, sold under the trade name Ranexa by Gilead Sciences , is an antianginal medication. In India it is sold under the name "Ranozex"... |
late sodium current inhibitor | Coronary Artery Disease/Diabetes | Phase II |
| GS 9256 | protease inhibitor | Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is an infectious disease primarily affecting the liver, caused by the hepatitis C virus . The infection is often asymptomatic, but chronic infection can lead to scarring of the liver and ultimately to cirrhosis, which is generally apparent after many years... |
Phase II |
| GS 9310/11 | inhaled fosfomycin Fosfomycin Fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by certain Streptomyces species.-Uses:... /tobramycin |
Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disease affecting most critically the lungs, and also the pancreas, liver, and intestine... /Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , also known as chronic obstructive lung disease , chronic obstructive airway disease , chronic airflow limitation and chronic obstructive respiratory disease , is the co-occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases... |
Phase II |
| GS 9667 (formerly CVT-3619) | partial A1 adenosine agonist | Diabetes/Dyslipidemia Dyslipidemia Dyslipidemia or dyslipidaemia is an abnormal amount of lipids in the blood. In developed countries, most dyslipidemias are hyperlipidemias; that is, an elevation of lipids in the blood, often due to diet and lifestyle. The prolonged elevation of insulin levels can lead to dyslipidemia... |
terminated |
| GS 7340 | nucleotide | HIV/AIDS | Phase I |
| GS 9451 | protease inhibitor Protease inhibitor (pharmacology) Protease inhibitors are a class of drugs used to treat or prevent infection by viruses, including HIV and Hepatitis C. PIs prevent viral replication by inhibiting the activity of proteases, e.g.HIV-1 protease, enzymes used by the viruses to cleave nascent proteins for final assembly of new... |
Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is an infectious disease primarily affecting the liver, caused by the hepatitis C virus . The infection is often asymptomatic, but chronic infection can lead to scarring of the liver and ultimately to cirrhosis, which is generally apparent after many years... |
Phase I |
| GS 5885 | NS5A inhibitor | Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is an infectious disease primarily affecting the liver, caused by the hepatitis C virus . The infection is often asymptomatic, but chronic infection can lead to scarring of the liver and ultimately to cirrhosis, which is generally apparent after many years... |
Phase I |
| GS 9620 | TLR-7 agonist | Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is an infectious disease primarily affecting the liver, caused by the hepatitis C virus . The infection is often asymptomatic, but chronic infection can lead to scarring of the liver and ultimately to cirrhosis, which is generally apparent after many years... /Hepatitis B |
Phase I |
| GS 6201 (formerly CVT-6883) | A2B adenosine antagonist | Pulmonary diseases | Phase I |
| GS 6620 | nucleotide polymerase inhibitor | Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is an infectious disease primarily affecting the liver, caused by the hepatitis C virus . The infection is often asymptomatic, but chronic infection can lead to scarring of the liver and ultimately to cirrhosis, which is generally apparent after many years... |
Phase I |
| GS 9669 | non-nucleotide polymerase inhibitor | Hepatitis C Hepatitis C Hepatitis C is an infectious disease primarily affecting the liver, caused by the hepatitis C virus . The infection is often asymptomatic, but chronic infection can lead to scarring of the liver and ultimately to cirrhosis, which is generally apparent after many years... |
pre-clinical |
| GS 9411 | epithelial sodium channel blocker | Pulmonary diseases | Phase I |
| CVT-10216 | ALDH-2 inhibitor | drug addiction | pre-clinical |
| Tecadenoson | selective A1 adenosine receptor | atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia . It is a common cause of irregular heart beat, identified clinically by taking a pulse. Chaotic electrical activity in the two upper chambers of the heart result in the muscle fibrillating , instead of achieving coordinated contraction... |
terminated |
| Perfan | enoximone | heart failure | Phase III |
| GS 9219 | nucleotide analogue | non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia , also known as chronic lymphoid leukemia , is the most common type of leukemia. Leukemias are cancers of the white blood cells . CLL affects B cell lymphocytes. B cells originate in the bone marrow, develop in the lymph nodes, and normally fight infection by... |
Phase I |
| GS 8374 | protease inhibitor | HIV/AIDS | pre-clinical |
| GS 424020 | prodrug of desisobutryl-ciclesonide and salmeterol | asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | pre-clinical |
| GS 9148 | nucleotide analog, phosphonomethoxy-2'-fluoro-2', 3'-dideoxydidehydroadenosine | HIV/AIDS | pre-clinical |
| GS 9131 | prodrug of GS 9148 | HIV/AIDS | pre-clinical |
| GS 9224 | integrase inhibitor | HIV/AIDS | pre-clinical |
| GS 6624 | humanized monoclonal antibody | idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, progressive form of lung disease characterized by fibrosis of the supporting framework of the lungs... and advanced solid tumors |
Phase I |
| CAL-101 | PI3K Delta selective inhibitor | Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia , also known as chronic lymphoid leukemia , is the most common type of leukemia. Leukemias are cancers of the white blood cells . CLL affects B cell lymphocytes. B cells originate in the bone marrow, develop in the lymph nodes, and normally fight infection by... and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma The non-Hodgkin lymphomas are a diverse group of blood cancers that include any kind of lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphomas. Types of NHL vary significantly in their severity, from indolent to very aggressive.... |
Phase I |
| CAL-263 | PI3K Delta selective inhibitor | inflammatory diseases | Preclinical |
| CAL-120 | PI3K Delta selective inhibitor | inflammatory diseases and oncology Oncology Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with cancer... |
Preclinical |
| CAL-129 | PI3K Delta selective inhibitor | inflammatory diseases and oncology Oncology Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with cancer... |
Preclinical |
| CAL-253 | PI3K Delta selective inhibitor | inflammatory diseases and oncology Oncology Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with cancer... |
Preclinical |
External links
- Gilead corporate web site
- Answers.com page on Gilead, including entry from Encyclopedia of Company Histories
- Gilead Sciences company profile from Yahoo!Yahoo!Yahoo! Inc. is an American multinational internet corporation headquartered in Sunnyvale, California, United States. The company is perhaps best known for its web portal, search engine , Yahoo! Directory, Yahoo! Mail, Yahoo! News, Yahoo! Groups, Yahoo! Answers, advertising, online mapping ,...
- Press Release on 2005 Financial Results