Day-year principle
Encyclopedia
The day-year principle, year-day principle or year-for-a-day principle is a method of interpretation of Bible prophecy
in which the word day in apocalyptic prophecy
is symbolic for a year of actual time. It is used principally by the historicist
school of prophetic interpretation. This view is held by groups such as Baha'i
s, the Seventh-day Adventist Church
, and Jehovah's Witnesses
today.
by Tychonius, who interpreted the three and a half days of Revelation
11:9 as three and a half years, writing 'three days and a half; that is, three years and six months' ('dies tres et dimidium; id est annos tres et menses sex'). In the 5th century Faustus of Riez
gave the same interpretation of Revelation 11:9, writing 'three and a half days which correspond to three years and six months' ('Tres et dimidius dies tribus annis et sex mensibus respondent), and in c. 550 Primasius also gave the same interpretation, writing 'it is possible to understand the three days and a half as three years and six months' ('Tres dies et dimidium possumus intelligere tres annos et sex menses'). The same interpretation of Revelation
11:9 was given by the later Christian expositors Bede
(730 AD), as well as Anspert, Arethas
, Haymo
, and Berengaud (all of the ninth century).
Primasius
appears to have been the first to appeal directly to previous Biblical passages in order to substantiate the principle, referring to Numbers
14:34 in support of his interpretation of the three and a half days of Revelation 11:9. Haymo and Bruno Astensis "justify it by the parallel case of Ezekiel lying on his side 390 days, to signify 390 years ; — i. e. a day for a year. — ".
and concluded within the early modern or modern era. Although many dates have been proposed for the start and finish of the "1,260 days", three time spans have proven popular according to a survey by Leroy Froom. The majority of historicists throughout history have identified the "1,260 days" as being fulfilled by one or more of the following three time spans:
There is also a fourth held by some. Some say Jesus uses the day for a year principle in these verses. He said 'I will drive out demons and heal people today and tomorrow, and on the third day I will reach my goal.' Jesus did not say this 3 days before the crucifixion, but earlier. Therefore, the days here can only mean years. The first, second and third year Jesus was going to continue his ministry and on the same third year he was going to be perfected (i.e.: crucified).
Jon Paulien
has defended the principle from a systematic theology
perspective, not strictly just from the Bible.
The Millerites, like the earlier Bible students of the Reformation and post-Reformation eras, were historicists and the immediate spiritual forebears of Seventh-day Adventists. Seventh-day Adventists use the historicist method of interpretation and understand the 'three and a half days' is further reinforced as a "time, times, and half-a-time, (TIME=1 year/360 days, TIMES=2 years/720 days, HALF-TIME=½-year/180 days, or a total of 1260 days) and correspond to three and a half years, and these years correspond to 1260 days, which, after again applying the day-year principle, corresponds to 1260 years. Adventists hold that the expressions “time, times, and half a time” (Dan. 7:25; 12:7; Rev. 12:14), “forty-two months” (Rev. 11:2; 13:5), and “one thousand two hundred and sixty days” (Rev. 11:3; 12:6) all apply to the same time period. Adventists have traditionally understood it to apply to the vast middle period of 1260 years of papal supremacy in the Middle Ages, and ending during the era of the French Revolution.
and Revelation
to be references to represent a period of 1260 years. These time periods occur seven times in scripture, in , , , , , and .
Seventh-day Adventists understand them to have taken place during the period from AD 538 to 1798 which they believe to be the “1260 days”, “42 months” or “time, times and dividing of time” of apocalyptic prophecy given in scripture. In Adventist thought, the 1260 days were a time of papal supremacy and oppression as prophesied in Revelation 12:6, 14-16. This period began with the defeat of the Ostrogoths by the general Belisarius
and ended with the successes of Napoleon
of France
; specifically, the capture of Pope Pius VI
by general Louis Alexandre Berthier
in 1798.
The distinctly Seventh-day Adventist doctrine of the divine investigative judgment
beginning in 1844, based on the 2300 day prophecy of , relies on the day-year principle. The 2300 days are understood to represent 2300 years stretching from 457 BC, the calculated starting date of the 70 weeks prophecy based on the 3rd decree found in Ezra, to 1844. The prophecy of 2300 days in Verse 14 plays an important role in Seventh-day Adventist eschatology. The Seventh-day Adventist Church traces its origins to the William Miller
, who predicted that the second coming
of Jesus would occur in 1844 by assuming that the cleansing of the Sanctuary of Daniel 8:14 meant the destruction of the earth and applying the day-year principle. The 2300 days are interpreted as 2300 years, starting at the same time as the Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
found in Chapter 9, on the grounds that the 70 weeks were "decreed" (actually "cut off") for the Jewish people from the 2300-day prophecy. This beginning year is calculated to be 457 BC (see details here), so that the end of the 2300 years would have been in 1844. Although the Millerites originally thought that 1844 represented the end of the world, those who later became Seventh-day Adventist reached the conclusion that 1844 marked the beginning of a divine pre-advent judgment
called "the cleansing of the sanctuary"
. It is intimately related to the history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
and was described by the church's prophet and pioneer Ellen G. White
as one of the pillars of Adventist belief
.
of Muhammad and his followers, which corresponds to the year 1844 AD, the year the Báb
pronounced himself to be a Messenger of God (see also below).
`Abdu'l-Bahá in the book, Some Answered Questions
, outlines a similar calculation as stated above. By applying the day-year principle, he demonstrates that the fulfillment of the vision of Daniel occurred in the year 1844, which is the year of the Báb
's manifestation. However the prophecy states "For two thousand three hundred days; then the sanctuary shall be cleansed." (Daniel 8:14)
challenges the use of the day-year principle in his critique of the investigative judgment
doctrine.
Undetermined:
Bible prophecy
Bible prophecy or biblical prophecy is the prediction of future events based on the action, function, or faculty of a prophet. Such passages are widely distributed throughout the Bible, but those most often cited are from Ezekiel, Daniel, Matthew 24, Matthew 25, and Revelation.Believers in biblical...
in which the word day in apocalyptic prophecy
Apocalyptic literature
Apocalyptic literature is a genre of prophetical writing that developed in post-Exilic Jewish culture and was popular among millennialist early Christians....
is symbolic for a year of actual time. It is used principally by the historicist
Historicism (Christian eschatology)
Historicism is a method of interpretation, in Christian eschatology, by associating biblical prophecies with actual historical events as well as identifying symbolic beings with historical persons or societies. In prophetic theology, the main texts of interest are apocalyptic literature such as the...
school of prophetic interpretation. This view is held by groups such as Baha'i
Bahá'í Faith
The Bahá'í Faith is a monotheistic religion founded by Bahá'u'lláh in 19th-century Persia, emphasizing the spiritual unity of all humankind. There are an estimated five to six million Bahá'ís around the world in more than 200 countries and territories....
s, the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Seventh-day Adventist Church
The Seventh-day Adventist Church is a Protestant Christian denomination distinguished by its observance of Saturday, the original seventh day of the Judeo-Christian week, as the Sabbath, and by its emphasis on the imminent second coming of Jesus Christ...
, and Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The religion reports worldwide membership of over 7 million adherents involved in evangelism, convention attendance of over 12 million, and annual...
today.
Application to three-and-a-half-days
The day-year principle was first used in Christian exposition in 380 ADAnno Domini
and Before Christ are designations used to label or number years used with the Julian and Gregorian calendars....
by Tychonius, who interpreted the three and a half days of Revelation
Book of Revelation
The Book of Revelation is the final book of the New Testament. The title came into usage from the first word of the book in Koine Greek: apokalupsis, meaning "unveiling" or "revelation"...
11:9 as three and a half years, writing 'three days and a half; that is, three years and six months' ('dies tres et dimidium; id est annos tres et menses sex'). In the 5th century Faustus of Riez
Faustus of Riez
Saint Faustus of Riez was an early Bishop of Riez in Southern Gaul , the best known and most distinguished defender of Semipelagianism.-Biography:...
gave the same interpretation of Revelation 11:9, writing 'three and a half days which correspond to three years and six months' ('Tres et dimidius dies tribus annis et sex mensibus respondent), and in c. 550 Primasius also gave the same interpretation, writing 'it is possible to understand the three days and a half as three years and six months' ('Tres dies et dimidium possumus intelligere tres annos et sex menses'). The same interpretation of Revelation
Book of Revelation
The Book of Revelation is the final book of the New Testament. The title came into usage from the first word of the book in Koine Greek: apokalupsis, meaning "unveiling" or "revelation"...
11:9 was given by the later Christian expositors Bede
Bede
Bede , also referred to as Saint Bede or the Venerable Bede , was a monk at the Northumbrian monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth, today part of Sunderland, England, and of its companion monastery, Saint Paul's, in modern Jarrow , both in the Kingdom of Northumbria...
(730 AD), as well as Anspert, Arethas
Arethas
Arethas is the Greek form of the Arab name Al-Harith. It can refer to:* Arethas , Arab Christian martyr in Yemen* Arethas the Kindite , ruler of the Kindite Arabs* Al-Harith ibn Jabalah, Ghassanid king...
, Haymo
Haymo
Haymo was a German Benedictine monk who served as bishop of Halberstadt, and was a noted author.-Biography:The exact date and place of his birth are unknown. Haymo entered the Order of St. Benedict at Fulda as a youth, where the celebrated Rabanus Maurus was one of his fellow-students. He went...
, and Berengaud (all of the ninth century).
Primasius
Primasius of Hadrumetum
Primasius was bishop of Hadrumetum and primate of Byzacena, in Africa. One of the participants in the Three Chapters Controversy, his commentary on the Book of Revelation is of interest to modern scholars for its use of the lost commentary of Ticonius on the same book of the New Testament....
appears to have been the first to appeal directly to previous Biblical passages in order to substantiate the principle, referring to Numbers
Book of Numbers
The Book of Numbers is the fourth book of the Hebrew Bible, and the fourth of five books of the Jewish Torah/Pentateuch....
14:34 in support of his interpretation of the three and a half days of Revelation 11:9. Haymo and Bruno Astensis "justify it by the parallel case of Ezekiel lying on his side 390 days, to signify 390 years ; — i. e. a day for a year. — ".
1260 day period
Historicists usually believe the "1,260 days" spanned the Middle AgesMiddle Ages
The Middle Ages is a periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern...
and concluded within the early modern or modern era. Although many dates have been proposed for the start and finish of the "1,260 days", three time spans have proven popular according to a survey by Leroy Froom. The majority of historicists throughout history have identified the "1,260 days" as being fulfilled by one or more of the following three time spans:
- 312 AD to 1572
- 606 AD to 1870
- 538 AD to 1798
Biblical basis
Proponents of the principle, such as the Seventh-day Adventists, claim that it has three primary precedents in Scripture:- . The Israelites will wander for 40 years in the wilderness, one year for every day spent by the spies in CanaanCanaanCanaan is a historical region roughly corresponding to modern-day Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, and the western parts of Jordan...
. - . The prophet Ezekiel is commanded to lie on his left side for 390 days, followed by his right side for 40 days, to symbolize the equivalent number of years of punishment on Israel and Judah respectively.
- . This is known as the Prophecy of Seventy WeeksProphecy of Seventy WeeksThe Prophecy of Seventy Septets appears in the angel Gabriel's reply to Daniel, beginning with verse 22 and ending with verse 27 in the ninth chapter of the Book of Daniel, a work included in both the Jewish Tanakh and the Christian Bible; as well as the Septuagint...
. The majority of scholars do understand the passage to refer to 70 "sevens" or "septets" of years—that is, a total of 490 years. However, many non-historicist scholars do not see the day-year principle as being necessary for this interpretation, as "septet" is not the ordinary Hebrew word for the time period "week".
There is also a fourth held by some. Some say Jesus uses the day for a year principle in these verses. He said 'I will drive out demons and heal people today and tomorrow, and on the third day I will reach my goal.' Jesus did not say this 3 days before the crucifixion, but earlier. Therefore, the days here can only mean years. The first, second and third year Jesus was going to continue his ministry and on the same third year he was going to be perfected (i.e.: crucified).
Jon Paulien
Jon Paulien
Jonathan K. Paulien is a Seventh-day Adventist theologian specializing in the study of books by John in the New Testament . He was the professor of New Testament Interpretation at Andrews University...
has defended the principle from a systematic theology
Systematic theology
In the context of Christianity, systematic theology is a discipline of Christian theology that attempts to formulate an orderly, rational, and coherent account of the Christian faith and beliefs...
perspective, not strictly just from the Bible.
Three and a half day prophecy
Historicist and futurist interpreters typically understand the 'three and a half days' of as three and a half years.The Millerites, like the earlier Bible students of the Reformation and post-Reformation eras, were historicists and the immediate spiritual forebears of Seventh-day Adventists. Seventh-day Adventists use the historicist method of interpretation and understand the 'three and a half days' is further reinforced as a "time, times, and half-a-time, (TIME=1 year/360 days, TIMES=2 years/720 days, HALF-TIME=½-year/180 days, or a total of 1260 days) and correspond to three and a half years, and these years correspond to 1260 days, which, after again applying the day-year principle, corresponds to 1260 years. Adventists hold that the expressions “time, times, and half a time” (Dan. 7:25; 12:7; Rev. 12:14), “forty-two months” (Rev. 11:2; 13:5), and “one thousand two hundred and sixty days” (Rev. 11:3; 12:6) all apply to the same time period. Adventists have traditionally understood it to apply to the vast middle period of 1260 years of papal supremacy in the Middle Ages, and ending during the era of the French Revolution.
1260 day prophecy
Historicist interpreters have usually understood the "time, times and half a time", "1,260 days" and "42 months" mentioned in DanielBook of Daniel
The Book of Daniel is a book in the Hebrew Bible. The book tells of how Daniel, and his Judean companions, were inducted into Babylon during Jewish exile, and how their positions elevated in the court of Nebuchadnezzar. The court tales span events that occur during the reigns of Nebuchadnezzar,...
and Revelation
Book of Revelation
The Book of Revelation is the final book of the New Testament. The title came into usage from the first word of the book in Koine Greek: apokalupsis, meaning "unveiling" or "revelation"...
to be references to represent a period of 1260 years. These time periods occur seven times in scripture, in , , , , , and .
Seventh-day Adventists understand them to have taken place during the period from AD 538 to 1798 which they believe to be the “1260 days”, “42 months” or “time, times and dividing of time” of apocalyptic prophecy given in scripture. In Adventist thought, the 1260 days were a time of papal supremacy and oppression as prophesied in Revelation 12:6, 14-16. This period began with the defeat of the Ostrogoths by the general Belisarius
Belisarius
Flavius Belisarius was a general of the Byzantine Empire. He was instrumental to Emperor Justinian's ambitious project of reconquering much of the Mediterranean territory of the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost less than a century previously....
and ended with the successes of Napoleon
Napoleon I of France
Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader during the latter stages of the French Revolution.As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815...
of France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
; specifically, the capture of Pope Pius VI
Pope Pius VI
Pope Pius VI , born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, was Pope from 1775 to 1799.-Early years:Braschi was born in Cesena...
by general Louis Alexandre Berthier
Louis Alexandre Berthier
Louis Alexandre Berthier, 1st Prince de Wagram, 1st Duc de Valangin, 1st Sovereign Prince de Neuchâtel , was a Marshal of France, Vice-Constable of France beginning in 1808, and Chief of Staff under Napoleon.-Early life:Alexandre was born at Versailles to Lieutenant-Colonel Jean Baptiste Berthier ,...
in 1798.
2300 day prophecy
Investigative judgment
The investigative judgment is a unique Seventh-day Adventist doctrine, which asserts that a divine judgment of professed Christians has been in progress since 1844. It is intimately related to the history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and was described by the church's prophet and pioneer...
beginning in 1844, based on the 2300 day prophecy of , relies on the day-year principle. The 2300 days are understood to represent 2300 years stretching from 457 BC, the calculated starting date of the 70 weeks prophecy based on the 3rd decree found in Ezra, to 1844. The prophecy of 2300 days in Verse 14 plays an important role in Seventh-day Adventist eschatology. The Seventh-day Adventist Church traces its origins to the William Miller
William Miller (preacher)
William Miller was an American Baptist preacher who is credited with beginning the mid-nineteenth century North American religious movement now known as Adventism. Among his direct spiritual heirs are several major religious denominations, including Seventh-day Adventists and Advent Christians...
, who predicted that the second coming
Second Coming
In Christian doctrine, the Second Coming of Christ, the Second Advent, or the Parousia, is the anticipated return of Jesus Christ from Heaven, where he sits at the Right Hand of God, to Earth. This prophecy is found in the canonical gospels and in most Christian and Islamic eschatologies...
of Jesus would occur in 1844 by assuming that the cleansing of the Sanctuary of Daniel 8:14 meant the destruction of the earth and applying the day-year principle. The 2300 days are interpreted as 2300 years, starting at the same time as the Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
The Prophecy of Seventy Septets appears in the angel Gabriel's reply to Daniel, beginning with verse 22 and ending with verse 27 in the ninth chapter of the Book of Daniel, a work included in both the Jewish Tanakh and the Christian Bible; as well as the Septuagint...
found in Chapter 9, on the grounds that the 70 weeks were "decreed" (actually "cut off") for the Jewish people from the 2300-day prophecy. This beginning year is calculated to be 457 BC (see details here), so that the end of the 2300 years would have been in 1844. Although the Millerites originally thought that 1844 represented the end of the world, those who later became Seventh-day Adventist reached the conclusion that 1844 marked the beginning of a divine pre-advent judgment
Investigative judgment
The investigative judgment is a unique Seventh-day Adventist doctrine, which asserts that a divine judgment of professed Christians has been in progress since 1844. It is intimately related to the history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and was described by the church's prophet and pioneer...
called "the cleansing of the sanctuary"
Heavenly sanctuary
In Seventh-day Adventist theology, the heavenly sanctuary teaching asserts that many aspects of the Hebrew tabernacle or sanctuary are representative of heavenly realities. In particular, Jesus is regarded as a High Priest who provides cleansing for human sins by the sacrificial shedding of his...
. It is intimately related to the history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
The Seventh-day Adventist Church had its roots in the Millerite movement of the 1830s and 1840s, during the period of the Second Great Awakening, and was officially founded in 1863. Prominent figures in the early church included Hiram Edson, James Springer White and his wife Ellen G. White, Joseph...
and was described by the church's prophet and pioneer Ellen G. White
Ellen G. White
Ellen Gould White was a prolific author and an American Christian pioneer. She, along with other Sabbatarian Adventist leaders, such as Joseph Bates and her husband James White, would form what is now known as the Seventh-day Adventist Church.Ellen White reported to her fellow believers her...
as one of the pillars of Adventist belief
The Pillars of Adventism
The Pillars of Adventism are landmark doctrines for Seventh-Day Adventists; Bible doctrines that define who they are as a people of faith; doctrines that are "non-negotiables" in Adventist theology.-The Pillars of Adventism:...
.
Baha'is
Baha'is believe that the 1260-day prophecy points to the year 1260 of the migrationHijra (Islam)
The Hijra is the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE. Alternate spellings of this Arabic word are Hijrah, Hijrat or Hegira, the latter following the spelling rules of Latin.- Hijra of Muhammad :In September 622, warned of a plot to...
of Muhammad and his followers, which corresponds to the year 1844 AD, the year the Báb
Báb
Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad Shírází was the founder of Bábism, and one of three central figures of the Bahá'í Faith. He was a merchant from Shíráz, Persia, who at the age of twenty-four claimed to be the promised Qá'im . After his declaration he took the title of Báb meaning "Gate"...
pronounced himself to be a Messenger of God (see also below).
`Abdu'l-Bahá in the book, Some Answered Questions
Some Answered Questions
Some Answered Questions was first published in 1908. It contains questions asked to `Abdu'l-Bahá, son of the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, by Laura Clifford Barney, during several of her visits to Haifa between 1904 and 1906, and `Abdu'l-Bahá's answers to these questions.Prominent among the topics...
, outlines a similar calculation as stated above. By applying the day-year principle, he demonstrates that the fulfillment of the vision of Daniel occurred in the year 1844, which is the year of the Báb
Báb
Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad Shírází was the founder of Bábism, and one of three central figures of the Bahá'í Faith. He was a merchant from Shíráz, Persia, who at the age of twenty-four claimed to be the promised Qá'im . After his declaration he took the title of Báb meaning "Gate"...
's manifestation. However the prophecy states "For two thousand three hundred days; then the sanctuary shall be cleansed." (Daniel 8:14)
Interpretation and criticism
Ex-Adventist Desmond FordDesmond Ford
Desmond "Des" Ford is an evangelical Christian and an Australian theologian. He is the father of pornography gossip columnist Luke Ford....
challenges the use of the day-year principle in his critique of the investigative judgment
Investigative judgment
The investigative judgment is a unique Seventh-day Adventist doctrine, which asserts that a divine judgment of professed Christians has been in progress since 1844. It is intimately related to the history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and was described by the church's prophet and pioneer...
doctrine.
See also
- Abomination of DesolationAbomination of DesolationThe abomination of desolation is a term found in the Hebrew Bible, in the book of Daniel. It also occurs in the book of 1 Maccabees and in the New Testament gospels....
- Bible prophecyBible prophecyBible prophecy or biblical prophecy is the prediction of future events based on the action, function, or faculty of a prophet. Such passages are widely distributed throughout the Bible, but those most often cited are from Ezekiel, Daniel, Matthew 24, Matthew 25, and Revelation.Believers in biblical...
- Historicism - The school of prophetic interpretation which uses the day-year principle.
- Summary of Christian eschatological differences
- Investigative judgmentInvestigative judgmentThe investigative judgment is a unique Seventh-day Adventist doctrine, which asserts that a divine judgment of professed Christians has been in progress since 1844. It is intimately related to the history of the Seventh-day Adventist Church and was described by the church's prophet and pioneer...
- Daniel's Vision of Chapter 7Daniel's Vision of Chapter 7Daniel 7 is the seventh chapter of the Book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible. It is the last chapter written in Aramaic before it continues again in the Hebraic Masoretic text of the next chapter...
- Daniel's Vision of Chapter 8Daniel's Vision of Chapter 8Daniel 8 is the eighth chapter of the Book of Daniel of the Hebrew Bible. This chapter concerns Daniel’s second vision. According to the text, Daniel received his vision in the third year of king Belshazzar. In his vision, he saw himself at Susa , the capital near the river Ulai...
- PremillennialismPremillennialismPremillennialism in Christian end-times theology is the belief that Jesus will literally and physically be on the earth for his millennial reign, at his second coming. The doctrine is called premillennialism because it holds that Jesus’ physical return to earth will occur prior to the inauguration...
- PrewrathPrewrathThe Prewrath rapture is one of several premillennial views on the end-times events among evangelical Christians, and states that Christians will be raptured at the end of the great tribulation, and before the day of the Lord's wrath , sometime during the second half of the seventieth week of Daniel...
- Prophetic YearProphetic YearIn Biblical eschatology a Prophetic Year or Prophetical Year is sometimes regarded as being different to an ordinary year, namely* A 360-day period of "time"* A 360-year period of "time", or* A 360-year period of "time" composed of 360-day "years"....
- Post Tribulation RapturePost Tribulation RaptureIn Christian eschatology, the Post-Tribulation Rapture doctrine is the belief in a combined Resurrection and Rapture of all believers coming after the Great Tribulation.-Doctrine and implications:...
- Prophecy of Seventy WeeksProphecy of Seventy WeeksThe Prophecy of Seventy Septets appears in the angel Gabriel's reply to Daniel, beginning with verse 22 and ending with verse 27 in the ninth chapter of the Book of Daniel, a work included in both the Jewish Tanakh and the Christian Bible; as well as the Septuagint...
- RaptureRaptureThe rapture is a reference to the "being caught up" referred to in 1 Thessalonians 4:17, when the "dead in Christ" and "we who are alive and remain" will be caught up in the clouds to meet "the Lord"....
- Seventh-day Adventist eschatology
- The Two Witnesses
Further reading
Supportive:- William H. Shea, "Year-Day Principle – Part 1" (p67–104) and Part 2 (p105–110) in Selected Studies in Prophetic Interpretation; Daniel and Revelation Committee Series, vol 1. Maryland: Biblical Research InstituteBiblical Research InstituteThe Biblical Research Institute is a service department of the Seventh-day Adventist Church with the three stated functions of research, apologetics , and service to the church. It serves as a theological consultant to the General Conference...
/Review and Herald, rev edn, 1982. Part 1 has been called "arguably the [Adventist] church’s best scholarly defense of the day-year principle."http://www.atoday.com/content/review-references-des-ford%E2%80%99s-new-book - Desmond Ford, Daniel appendix (note the author has since changed his position – see below)
Undetermined:
- Kai Arasola, The End of Historicism (PhD thesis). This is a history, which includes the decline of use of the day-year principle