Csaba Zvekan
Encyclopedia
Csaba Zvekan is a musician and better known as the singer for Raven Lord, Sardonyx, Emergency and Warpdrive and was also the singer and songwriter for Killing Machine
Killing Machine (band)
Killing Machine is an American Metal band found by Peter Scheithauer that has released three albums, the self-titled effort in 2000 via Candlelight Records , Metalmorphis in 2006, via Mausoleum Records and Chapter One in 2010, via Axe Killer....

 during (2008–2011) . Csaba Zvekan also played and/or recorded with members of Kiss
KISS (band)
Kiss is an American rock band formed in New York City in January 1973. Well-known for its members' face paint and flamboyant stage outfits, the group rose to prominence in the mid to late 1970s on the basis of their elaborate live performances, which featured fire breathing, blood spitting,...

, Black Sabbath
Black Sabbath
Black Sabbath are an English heavy metal band, formed in Aston, Birmingham in 1969 by Ozzy Osbourne , Tony Iommi , Geezer Butler , and Bill Ward . The band has since experienced multiple line-up changes, with Tony Iommi the only constant presence in the band through the years. A total of 22...

, Ozzy Osbourne
Ozzy Osbourne
John Michael "Ozzy" Osbourne is an English vocalist, whose musical career has spanned over 40 years. Osbourne rose to prominence as lead singer of the pioneering English heavy metal band Black Sabbath, whose radically different, intentionally dark, harder sound helped spawn the heavy metal...

, W.A.S.P., Anthrax
Anthrax (band)
Anthrax is an American heavy metal band from New York City, formed in 1981. Founded by guitarists Scott Ian and Danny Lilker, the band has since released ten studio albums and 20 singles, and an EP featuring Public Enemy. The band was one of the most popular of the 1980s thrash metal scene...

, Great White, Steve Vai
Steve Vai
Steven Siro "Steve" Vai is a three time Grammy Award-winning American guitarist, songwriter and producer who has sold over 15 million albums. Steve Vai is widely known as a flamboyant guitar virtuoso....

 and The Black Crowes
The Black Crowes
The Black Crowes are an American rock band formed in 1989. Their discography includes nine studio albums, four live albums and several charting singles. The band was signed to Def American Recordings in 1989 by producer George Drakoulias and released their debut album, Shake Your Money Maker, the...

 among others.

Early life

Csaba Zvekan was born March 30, 1968 in Subotica
Subotica
Subotica is a city and municipality in northern Serbia, in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina...

 formerly Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia refers to three political entities that existed successively on the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century....

 now Serbia
Serbia
Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans...

.The son of Ernest Zvekan a bel canto
Bel canto
Bel canto , along with a number of similar constructions , is an Italian opera term...

 singer from croatia
Croatia
Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ...

 and Susanna Zvekan - Müller
Müller
The German word Müller means "miller" . It is the most common family surname in Germany and Switzerland and the fifth most common surname in Austria . Other forms are "Miller" and "Möller"...

. By the age of 4 the family eventually moved to Basel
Basel
Basel or Basle In the national languages of Switzerland the city is also known as Bâle , Basilea and Basilea is Switzerland's third most populous city with about 166,000 inhabitants. Located where the Swiss, French and German borders meet, Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany...

, Switzerland where the parents found work and Csaba Zvekan was raised.
The musical ambitious parents sent Csaba Zvekan to the musical academy
City of Basel Music Academy
The City of Basel Music Academy is an institution for music education, located in Basel, Switzerland. It comprises a music school, college of music, and a center for early music research and performance...

 to tutor him in violin
Violin
The violin is a string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It is the smallest, highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which includes the viola and cello....

, flute
Flute
The flute is a musical instrument of the woodwind family. Unlike woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is an aerophone or reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air across an opening...

 and classical guitar
Classical guitar
The classical guitar is a 6-stringed plucked string instrument from the family of instruments called chordophones...

.In the age of 7 Csaba Zvekan played classical
Classical music
Classical music is the art music produced in, or rooted in, the traditions of Western liturgical and secular music, encompassing a broad period from roughly the 11th century to present times...

 concertos and solos
Solo (music)
In music, a solo is a piece or a section of a piece played or sung by a single performer...

 in front of an audience.

First steps

Influenced early by bands like Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin were an English rock band, active in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s. Formed in 1968, they consisted of guitarist Jimmy Page, singer Robert Plant, bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham...

, Black Sabbath, Judas Priest
Judas Priest
Judas Priest are an English heavy metal band from Birmingham, England, formed in 1969. The current line-up consists of lead vocalist Rob Halford, guitarists Glenn Tipton and Richie Faulkner, bassist Ian Hill, and drummer Scott Travis. The band has gone through several drummers over the years,...

 and Manfred Mann's Earth Band
Manfred Mann's Earth Band
Manfred Mann's Earth Band is a British progressive rock group formed in 1971 by Manfred Mann.-Formation:Having started in the 1960s with a British band that had such hits as "Do Wah Diddy Diddy" and "The Mighty Quinn", then moving on to Jazz Fusion with Manfred Mann's Chapter Three, Manfred's third...

 Csaba Zvekan soon switched from acoustic guitar
Acoustic guitar
An acoustic guitar is a guitar that uses only an acoustic sound board. The air in this cavity resonates with the vibrational modes of the string and at low frequencies, which depend on the size of the box, the chamber acts like a Helmholtz resonator, increasing or decreasing the volume of the sound...

 to an electric guitar
Electric guitar
An electric guitar is a guitar that uses the principle of direct electromagnetic induction to convert vibrations of its metal strings into electric audio signals. The signal generated by an electric guitar is too weak to drive a loudspeaker, so it is amplified before sending it to a loudspeaker...

 with distortion
Distortion (guitar)
Distortion effects create "warm", "dirty" and "fuzzy" sounds by compressing the peaks of a musical instrument's sound wave and adding overtones. The three principal types of distortion effects are overdrive, distortion and fuzz. Distortion effects are sometimes called “gain” effects, as distorted...

.
It was probably around 1980 when the first garage band was formed.
Just a couple of years later Csaba Zvekan has made new experiences in a recording studio
Recording studio
A recording studio is a facility for sound recording and mixing. Ideally both the recording and monitoring spaces are specially designed by an acoustician to achieve optimum acoustic properties...

 by recording some originals on a 4 track machine.On these early recordings Csaba Zvekan would be playing most of the instruments by himself.
After the demo tape was circulating for a while the band Emergency was highly interested in hiring Csaba Zvekan to be their singer.

Emergency (1986-1989)

Csaba Zvekan joined the band Emergency around 1986. Several shows have been played locally . One to mention was the opening act for guitar hero Angi Schiliro former guitarist for ZeroP, Kingdom Come
Kingdom Come (band)
Kingdom Come is a hard rock band fronted by Hamburg-born vocalist Lenny Wolf. The group's first album, Kingdom Come was that band's only international hit. It currently consists of an entirely German line-up.-History:...

 for whom he is still good friends with.
The first record contract came for Emergency in 1988 when the German
Germans
The Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages....

 record company Big MAXX records offered a production deal to them.
It was Raymond Bacharach a relative to the famous composer Burt Bacharach
Burt Bacharach
Burt F. Bacharach is an American pianist, composer and music producer. He is known for his popular hit songs and compositions from the mid-1950s through the 1980s, with lyrics written by Hal David. Many of their hits were produced specifically for, and performed by, Dionne Warwick...

 who produced and released the record "Turn Around" a year later.
Unhappy with the performance of some of the band members of Emergency Csaba Zvekan has lined up a new band to come.

Sardonyx (1988-1990)

The three piece band Sardonyx with the members Csaba Zvekan on the vocals, Walther Sarbach on Guitars and Manuel Montañana playing the drums was formed probably around 1988. All though earlier jam
Jam session
Jam sessions are often used by musicians to develop new material, find suitable arrangements, or simply as a social gathering and communal practice session. Jam sessions may be based upon existing songs or forms, may be loosely based on an agreed chord progression or chart suggested by one...

 formations have been spotted.
The independent record label Dream records has produced their first album "Open Gates" and was distributed all over Europe and later imported into the US market.
The record has been distributed by the German company Semaphore and SPV
SPV GmbH
SPV GmbH is an independent German record label.Founded on January 1, 1984, it has slowly grown to be one of the largest independent distributors and record labels worldwide....

.
Since the record was limited in press the today's price is over $40 and goes under rarity .

The Hollywood years

Csaba Zvekan moved to Hollywood, CA
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...

 in 1990. It started out as visit to his dear friend Manuel Montañana who attended Percussion Institute of Technology (PIT)
Musicians Institute
Musicians Institute is a privately owned for-profit music vocational school located in Hollywood, California. Although not a regionally accredited school, the school offers a variety of unaccredited Bachelor Degree, Associate Degree and Certificate programs in fields including contemporary music...

. Then later Walther Sarbach joined Guitar Institute of Technology (GIT)
Musicians Institute
Musicians Institute is a privately owned for-profit music vocational school located in Hollywood, California. Although not a regionally accredited school, the school offers a variety of unaccredited Bachelor Degree, Associate Degree and Certificate programs in fields including contemporary music...

 and the three would be united again.
All though Sardonyx would never perform or record in these days again. Ideas and interests would be shared by them. Csaba Zvekan was always on the look out for new bands and it just happened that one day he would meet Adam St. James .
Adam St. James was a former member of the band Bible black
Bible Black (band)
Bible Black was an American band, formed by two ex-Elf/Rainbow musicians: drummer Gary Driscoll and bassist Craig Gruber with guitarist Duck McDonald and singer Jeff Fenholt...

 . With his entirely new formed band he was looking for some power metal
Power metal
Power metal is a style of heavy metal combining characteristics of traditional metal with speed metal, often within symphonic context. The term refers to two different but related styles: the first pioneered and largely practiced in North America with a harder sound similar to speed metal, and a...

 vocals. It was around 1992 when Adam met Csaba Zvekan and hired him to join his band Calling toy.
Csaba Zvekan recorded new material with Calling toy in the same year. That was the time when he meet important people from Paramount Recording Studios .
Calling toy eventually replaced their drummer with Derrick Pontier who now days plays in bands like Great White
Great White
Great White is an American hard rock band, formed in Los Angeles in 1978. The band gained popularity during the 1980s and early 1990s. The band released several albums in the late 1980s and gained airplay on MTV with music videos for songs like "Once Bitten, Twice Shy"...

 and with Paul Shortino
Paul Shortino
Paul Shortino is a singer who has sung for several bands, including Rough Cutt/The Cutt, Quiet Riot, Bad Boyz, and Shortino. He's recorded with JK Northrup as Shortino/Northrup. He's also recorded as a solo artist. He also did the theme song for Dr...

.Adam St. James still continues playing in bands, teaching guitar and wrote many guitar books.

Sound engineering

The fascination with technology
Technology
Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. The word technology comes ;...

 has always been big with Csaba Zvekan. Demo tapes and song ideas would be a constant way of life. In fact the first Sardonyx demo tape in 1988 was entirely recorded and mixed by Csaba Zvekan alone in his living room on an 8-track tape recorder.
With special mix and bounce (ping pong)
Ping pong recording technique
The Ping Pong recording technique is used in sound recording, to condense program material by dubbing multiple parts to just one or two tracks, allowing more room for overdubbing or to simplify mixdowns.The two most common methods consist of A)Dubbing tracks between two tape recorders The Ping...

 techniques he would make the recording sound as it was made on a 24 - multitrack recorder.
1989 Csaba Zvekan had his first commercial recording studio named "Crystal Studios" . Containing 24-Track analog Otari MKII and a 24 Track inline analog console. The whole studio inventory was sold prior to moving to Los Angeles to Angi Schiliro.
Csaba Zvekan then worked later for Paramount Recording Studios in and around 1992–1993 doing second and first engineering.
This is where he would meet and work with influential people like Steve Vai
Steve Vai
Steven Siro "Steve" Vai is a three time Grammy Award-winning American guitarist, songwriter and producer who has sold over 15 million albums. Steve Vai is widely known as a flamboyant guitar virtuoso....

, The Black Crowes
The Black Crowes
The Black Crowes are an American rock band formed in 1989. Their discography includes nine studio albums, four live albums and several charting singles. The band was signed to Def American Recordings in 1989 by producer George Drakoulias and released their debut album, Shake Your Money Maker, the...

, Randy Castillo
Randy Castillo
Randolpho Francisco Castillo was best known as Ozzy Osbourne's drummer during the mid 1980s to the early 1990s, and later as drummer for Mötley Crüe, from 1999-2002.-Early years:...

 just to mention a few.

Rough Angel

It was around 1993 when Csaba Zvekan met Jimmy Z. the lead guitar player and founder of Rough Angel.Rough Angel played a few shows around Hollywood and were opening act at the "Country Club" in Reseda
Reseda, Los Angeles, California
Reseda is a San Fernando Valley district in the city of Los Angeles, California.-History:The area now known as Reseda was originally inhabited by Native Americans of the Tongva tribe that lived close to the Los Angeles River....

, CA
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...

 . Due to their popularity a sponsor was found to finance some new recordings. This work was done again at Paramount Recording Studios.
The players were Csaba Zvekan vocals, Jimmy Z. lead guitar
Guitar
The guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with...

, Mike Mougavero guitar, Ross Manzo Bass, Dave Kappos drums.
On September 1, 1993 Csaba Zvekan and Molly Mee Wren are getting married in Las Vegas, Nevada
Las Vegas, Nevada
Las Vegas is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Nevada and is also the county seat of Clark County, Nevada. Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city for gambling, shopping, and fine dining. The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World, and is famous...

 at "the little chapel of the flowers". But the happy days would not last long as the relationship takes a turn. Rough Angel bass player Ross Manzo would get involved in a relationship with Csaba Zvekan's wife Molly Mee Wren and the two would soon take off to Florida
Florida
Florida is a state in the southeastern United States, located on the nation's Atlantic and Gulf coasts. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. With a population of 18,801,310 as measured by the 2010 census, it...

.
But this was also breaking the band and Rough Angel would be silent from then on.

Stream

Just when Csaba Zvekan moved back to Switzerland in 1994 he receives a call from Peter Scheithauer
Peter Scheithauer
Peter Scheithauer is the guitar player and founder of Temple of Brutality, Stream, Killing Machine and also played for Joey Belladonna on the Spells of Fear album...

 a long time friend he used to work with during 1989 on a couple of Peter's bands : Lazily and later Stream .Peter Scheithauer
Peter Scheithauer
Peter Scheithauer is the guitar player and founder of Temple of Brutality, Stream, Killing Machine and also played for Joey Belladonna on the Spells of Fear album...

 was asking Csaba Zvekan to sing on a new record with Stet Howland
Stet Howland
Stet Howland is a Professional drummer, was born August 14, 1958 is from Plymouth, Massachusetts graduated high school in 1978 from Duxbury High School. Started playing drums at age 7, he has been teaching and playing for a living since age 13...

 drums and Dave Spitz
Dave Spitz
Dave "The Beast" Spitz is a musician best known for having played bass guitar for the heavy metal group Black Sabbath from 1985 to 1987, appearing on the albums Seventh Star and being credited for The Eternal Idol...

 on Bass guitar. They recorded some 4 Songs but the record company replaced the vocals with David Reece
David Reece
David L. Reece is an American vocalist best known for his time with Accept and contribution to their 1989 album Eat the Heat.-Before Accept:...

 a better known singer. "Take it or leave it" was released 1994.
On a later date 1996 Peter Scheithauer
Peter Scheithauer
Peter Scheithauer is the guitar player and founder of Temple of Brutality, Stream, Killing Machine and also played for Joey Belladonna on the Spells of Fear album...

 wanted to do more demos for an upcoming record he was scheduled. Csaba Zvekan and Peter Scheithauer
Peter Scheithauer
Peter Scheithauer is the guitar player and founder of Temple of Brutality, Stream, Killing Machine and also played for Joey Belladonna on the Spells of Fear album...

 went to the studio and did some pre-production demo work. Unfortunately these recordings were abandoned cause a new singer for Stream was found . It was David Glen Eisley
David Glen Eisley
David Glen Eisley is an American actor and musician.Eisley was born in Los Angeles, California. He is the son of Anthony Eisley. While in high school, he played drums for the band Mammoth, an Iron Butterfly cover band. He has been in the AOR bands Giuffria and Dirty White Boy...

 that finished the " Nothing is Sacred" album that was released in 1997.

Resurrection of Dream Records

When Csaba Zvekan moved back to Switzerland in 1998 so did Dream Records. The company may had been inactive for several years. But the publishing part with SUISA
SUISA
SUISA is the collecting society for Swiss songwriters, composers and music publishers. It undertakes collective rights management for its members in order to collect license fees when their musical works are performed in public, broadcast or transmitted, and to pay out performing royalties.It was...

 very similar to the American counterpart ASCAP was still active. Csaba Zvekan has been a member of SUISA
SUISA
SUISA is the collecting society for Swiss songwriters, composers and music publishers. It undertakes collective rights management for its members in order to collect license fees when their musical works are performed in public, broadcast or transmitted, and to pay out performing royalties.It was...

 since early compositions like 1986. Soon the publishing label received a recording studio called "dream studio" and followed with "dream media" to produce the music video
Music video
A music video or song video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are primarily made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings...

. Maurice Bettle and Csaba Zvekan created "Dream Entertainment" which merged all the sub companies together in one production label.

Passion for Synthesizers

Csaba Zvekan's passion for computers and electronics goes back to the eighties. But when he got his hands on a silent and defective Yamaha CS-80
Yamaha CS-80
The Yamaha CS-80 was a polyphonic analog synthesizer released in 1977. It supports true 8-voice polyphony as well as a primitive settings memory based on a bank of micropotentiometers , and exceptionally complete performer expression features, such...

 it was a challenge to make this collectors item work again. He spent several month restoring this old vintage synthesizer from the 70's. Videos can be watched on youtube
YouTube
YouTube is a video-sharing website, created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005, on which users can upload, view and share videos....

 to demonstrate how it sounds.

The Killing Machine

Csaba Zvekan is a full member and part of the composer
Composer
A composer is a person who creates music, either by musical notation or oral tradition, for interpretation and performance, or through direct manipulation of sonic material through electronic media...

/songwriter for the band Killing Machine
Killing Machine (band)
Killing Machine is an American Metal band found by Peter Scheithauer that has released three albums, the self-titled effort in 2000 via Candlelight Records , Metalmorphis in 2006, via Mausoleum Records and Chapter One in 2010, via Axe Killer....

. He is replacing Mike Vescera and James Rivera
James Rivera
James Rivera is a heavy metal singer; he was the singer for Seven Witches between 2002 and 2005. As of May 2007, he has been a metal frontman for twenty-four years and has recorded fourteen albums. He sang with Power/Speed Metal act Helstar, a band established in the early 1980s in Houston, Texas...

. The complete line up is Peter Scheithauer
Peter Scheithauer
Peter Scheithauer is the guitar player and founder of Temple of Brutality, Stream, Killing Machine and also played for Joey Belladonna on the Spells of Fear album...

 on guitar, Jari Kainulainen
Jari Kainulainen
Jari Kainulainen is a Finnish born bassist of the metal band called Devil´s Train. He was previously a member of, Stratovarius and the progressive power metal band Evergrey.Kainulainen plays Ibanez 6 string basses and uses Ampeg amplifiers...

 bass and Jon Dette
Jon Dette
Jon Dette is the heavy metal drummer of Killing Machine. He has previously played for Apocalypse, Evildead, Testament and Slayer. Dette joined Slayer in 1996, when Paul Bostaph left to work on his side project, The Truth about Seafood in L.A.. Dette attended the 1996 Ozzfest to promote the band's...

 on drums. The band was the supporting act for AC/DC's Black Ice World Tour
Black Ice World Tour
Black Ice World Tour was a 2008/2009/2010 concert tour by Australian rock band AC/DC in support of the group's 15th studio album, Black Ice, which was released in October 2008. The tour was the band's first since the Stiff Upper Lip World Tour in 2000/2001.The jaunt began in Wilkes-Barre,...

 on the French leg. They played in front of 130'000 spectators in Nice
Nice
Nice is the fifth most populous city in France, after Paris, Marseille, Lyon and Toulouse, with a population of 348,721 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of more than 955,000 on an area of...

, Stade Charles Ehrman
Stade Charles-Ehrmann
Stade Charles-Ehrmann is a football stadium, located in Nice, France. For sporting events, it seats 8,000 spectators....

 and Paris, Stade de France
Stade de France
The Stade de France is the national stadium of France, situated just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. It has an all-seater capacity of 80,000, making it the fifth largest stadium in Europe, and is used by both the France national football team and French rugby union team for...

. Later started their summer festivals with Graspop Metal Meeting 2010 with another 80'000 heavy metal fans.
Jari Kainulainen
Jari Kainulainen
Jari Kainulainen is a Finnish born bassist of the metal band called Devil´s Train. He was previously a member of, Stratovarius and the progressive power metal band Evergrey.Kainulainen plays Ibanez 6 string basses and uses Ampeg amplifiers...

 was replaced by Jochen Mayer for the Wacken Open Air
Wacken Open Air
Wacken Open Air is a summer open air heavy metal music festival. It takes place annually in the small town of Wacken in Schleswig-Holstein, northern Germany...

 and Foire aux vins
Colmar
Colmar is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.It is the capital of the department. Colmar is also the seat of the highest jurisdiction in Alsace, the appellate court....

, Colmar
Colmar
Colmar is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.It is the capital of the department. Colmar is also the seat of the highest jurisdiction in Alsace, the appellate court....

. After no real interest from the industry and a lack of funds for production Csaba has decided to leave the band . The unpublished demo songs have been made available for fans and friends as a free download.

Raven Lord

In March 2011 Csaba Zvekan has signed a promotion and management contract with Rock N Growl Records
Rock N Growl Records
Rock N Growl Records is a record label founded in 2009 by Axel Wiesenauer based in Berglen, Germany. They focus on the rock and metal genre. Distributor for CD's is Cargo Records, England and digital distribution by iMusicianDigital, Switzerland...

, Germany. Shortly after that the band Raven Lord was announced.

1990s

  • Sardonyx - Open Gates
  • Thyron - Thunder & Lightning
  • Danger - Danger
  • ODD - Growing
  • Rain'N Steel - Hell and Damnation
  • Lazily - Dirty and Wild
  • Calling Toy - Behind the eight ball
  • Rough Angel - Hear the Angels Rock
  • Stream - Take it or leave it

2000s

  • Warpdrive - God save the queen
  • Warpdrive - Get ready to trance
  • Marcos del Sol - Psalm 23
  • Warpdrive feat. Enya - May it be
  • Maurice Armand - Never Ever
  • Two 4 you - My Love is not enough

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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