Calostoma
Encyclopedia
Calostoma is a genus
of 29 species in the Sclerodermataceae
family
of fungi. Like the other Sclerodermatacae species, Calostoma do not have the spore
discharge mechanism associated with typical gilled fungi (ballistospory
), and instead have enclosed spore-bearing structures. Resembling round, orange to red gelatinous puffball
s on thick stalks
, species have been collected in regions of deciduous
, temperate
, tropical or subtropical forests. They have a worldwide distribution, including eastern North America, Asia, and Australasia
. The common name
given to some species, "prettymouth", alludes to the bright red fruiting bodies with openings that may somewhat resemble lips. The unusual fruiting body structure has historically led mycologists to suggest various classification schemes based on presumed relationships to other puffball
or "stomach mushrooms". Phylogenetic analyses performed in the 2000s show the genus to be evolutionarily related to the Bolete
mushrooms; Calostoma is classified in the Sclerodermatineae suborder of the Boletales
. Calostoma species are ectomycorrhizal, forming symbiotic associations with trees from various families. The type species
, Calostoma cinnabarinum, is ectomycorrhizal with Oak
.
Calostoma cinnabarinum (synonymous with cinnabarina), was published by French botanist Nicaise Auguste Desvaux
in 1809. Before the advent of modern genetic analysis, the Calostoma was considered to be part of the Gasteromycetes, a grouping of fungi with enclosed spore
-bearing structures. Specifically, it was classified in the order
of stalked puffballs, although some mycologists have suggested that the genus Calostoma should be merged with Tulostoma
(xerophilic stalked puffballs), Scleroderma
(hard puffballs), Geastrum
(earthstars), or Pseudocolus
(stinkhorns). Some authors have placed Calostoma in its own family
, the Calostomataceae.
In the 2000s, a phylogenetic analyses using nuclear
and mitochondrial ribosomal gene sequences helped to clarify the phylogeny
of Calostoma. Using the species C. cinnabarinum and C. ravenelli as representative examples, the research showed the genus evolutionarily related to the monophyletic Boletales clade
, and separate from clades containing most of the gilled mushrooms, puffballs, stalked puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns and non-bolete Gasteromycetes. Calostoma belongs to the suborder Sclerodermatineae in the Boletales order. The Boletales comprise the following genera: Boletinellus
, Calostoma, Gyroporus
, Phaeogyroporus, Phlebopus
, Pisolithus
, Scleroderma
, and Veligaster. Calostoma is thought to have diverged evolutionarily from the other Boletales between 52–115 million years ago.
The genus name Calostoma is derived from the Greek
kallos or "beauty", and stoma (στóμα) or "mouth"; similarly, several species are referred to in the vernacular
as "prettymouths". In Korea
, it is called Yongi, or "red cheeks".
Fruiting bodies, technically known as gasterocarps, form spherical spore-bearing heads with a peridium
(outer tissue layer) made of two to four clearly defined layers of tissue. The outermost peridial layer is a thick gelatinous or shiny cuticle, which during maturity peels away to reveal the brightly-colored that has a star-shaped through which spores
may escape. The innermost layer of the peridium is papery and membranous, and remains attached to the outer layers only at the apex of the star-shaped apical pore or slit. The fruiting bodies may either have no stalk (sessile
), or be atop a stalk
. The stalk, made of thick, intertwined and fused cords of hypha
e, is hygroscopic, and will expand upon absorbing moisture. The spore mass in the head, the gleba
, is pale, and initially has thick-walled skeletal hyphae called capillitia. Clamp connection
s are present in the fungal hyphae.
are spherical to elliptical in shape, and typically have surfaces that are reticulate (with interconnected grooves resembling a net) or pitted. The variations in the elaborate pitted-spore reticulations have inspired investigation with techniques such as scanning probe microscopy
and atomic force microscopy. The latter technique was used to distinguish subtle details (at the nanometer scale) and differences in the fine structure of the spores of various Calostoma species. The spore reticulations have purpose: they become entangled and interwoven with nurse cells and scaly hyphae, the net effect of which is to prevent the spores from being blown away simultaneously.
deciduous forest, Calostoma species develop a thicker, more gelatinous exoperidium (the outermost peridial layer). As the stalk expands, the exoperidium becomes sloughed off, exposing the endoperidum and a raised peristome
—the ridge of tissue around the opening suggestive of the common name
, "prettymouth". The exoperidium may help to protect the maturing gleba
of late-fruiting species from harmful variations in temperature or humidity, or from insect predation.
, temperate
, tropical or subtropical forests, containing tree species from the families Fagaceae
, Nothofagaceae, Myrtaceae
, and Dipterocarpaceae
. The type species
C. cinnabarinum was shown using isotopic labeling
, molecular
and morphological
analyses to form ectomycorrhizae with Quercus species; the ectomycorrhizal mode of nutrition is predominant in the Sclerodermatineae suborder. Historically, it had been assumed to be saprobic, due to its taxonomic uncertainly, and presumed relatedness to other saprobic fungi like the stalked puffballs and the earthstars.
The genus has a worldwide distribution, and species have been found in Indonesia
(Borneo
, Java
, Sumatra
, New Guinea
), Ceylon, Himalaya, Nepal
, Taiwan, China, New Zealand, North America, and Latin America
. Australian species include C. fuhreri, C. fuscum, C. insigne, C. rodwayi, and C. viride. David Arora
mentions a preference for humid forests in eastern North America, particularly in the southern Appalachian Mountains
.
; because they typically begin their development underground, by the time fruit bodies appear they are too tough for consumption. However, a 2009 study reported that in the community of Tenango de Doria
(Hidalgo state, Mexico), Calostoma cinnabarinum used to be collected by children and consumed "like a tidbit", although the tradition seems to have been abandoned in recent years. Locals called the young fruit bodies "yemitas".
named calostomal that is responsible for its red color. The chemical structure is all-trans-16-oxohexadeca-2,4,6,8,10,12,14-heptaenoic acid.
as well as species published in the literature, but missing in Fungorum, specifically C. formosanum, C. junghuhnii, and C. sarasinii. The name listed under the species binomial is the authority—the author of the original description of that species, followed by the year of publication.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of 29 species in the Sclerodermataceae
Sclerodermataceae
The Sclerodermataceae are a family of fungi in the order Boletales, containing several genera of unusual fungi that little resemble boletes. Taxa, which include species commonly known as the ‘hard-skinned puffballs’, ‘earthballs’, or 'earthstars', are widespread in both temperate and tropical regions...
family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
of fungi. Like the other Sclerodermatacae species, Calostoma do not have the spore
Basidiospore
A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia. In grills under a cap of one common species in the phylum of...
discharge mechanism associated with typical gilled fungi (ballistospory
Ballistospore
A spore that is shot off. In fungi most types of basidiospores, formed on basidia are discharged into the air from the tips of sterigmata. These actively discharged spores are a type of ballistospore....
), and instead have enclosed spore-bearing structures. Resembling round, orange to red gelatinous puffball
Puffball
A puffball is a member of any of several groups of fungus in the division Basidiomycota. The puffballs were previously treated as a taxonomic group called the Gasteromycetes or Gasteromycetidae, but they are now known to be a polyphyletic assemblage. The distinguishing feature of all puffballs is...
s on thick stalks
Stipe (mycology)
thumb|150px|right|Diagram of a [[basidiomycete]] stipe with an [[annulus |annulus]] and [[volva |volva]]In mycology a stipe refers to the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. Like all tissues of the mushroom other than the hymenium, the stipe is composed of sterile hyphal...
, species have been collected in regions of deciduous
Deciduous
Deciduous means "falling off at maturity" or "tending to fall off", and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally, and to the shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe...
, temperate
Temperate
In geography, temperate or tepid latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. The changes in these regions between summer and winter are generally relatively moderate, rather than extreme hot or cold...
, tropical or subtropical forests. They have a worldwide distribution, including eastern North America, Asia, and Australasia
Australasia
Australasia is a region of Oceania comprising Australia, New Zealand, the island of New Guinea, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. The term was coined by Charles de Brosses in Histoire des navigations aux terres australes...
. The common name
Common name
A common name of a taxon or organism is a name in general use within a community; it is often contrasted with the scientific name for the same organism...
given to some species, "prettymouth", alludes to the bright red fruiting bodies with openings that may somewhat resemble lips. The unusual fruiting body structure has historically led mycologists to suggest various classification schemes based on presumed relationships to other puffball
Puffball
A puffball is a member of any of several groups of fungus in the division Basidiomycota. The puffballs were previously treated as a taxonomic group called the Gasteromycetes or Gasteromycetidae, but they are now known to be a polyphyletic assemblage. The distinguishing feature of all puffballs is...
or "stomach mushrooms". Phylogenetic analyses performed in the 2000s show the genus to be evolutionarily related to the Bolete
Bolete
A bolete is a type of fungal fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus that is clearly differentiated from the stipe, with a spongy surface of pores on the underside of the pileus...
mushrooms; Calostoma is classified in the Sclerodermatineae suborder of the Boletales
Boletales
The Boletales are an order of Agaricomycetes, containing over 1300 species with a diverse array of fruiting body types. The boletes are the best known members of this group, and until recently, the Boletales were thought to only contain boletes...
. Calostoma species are ectomycorrhizal, forming symbiotic associations with trees from various families. The type species
Type species
In biological nomenclature, a type species is both a concept and a practical system which is used in the classification and nomenclature of animals and plants. The value of a "type species" lies in the fact that it makes clear what is meant by a particular genus name. A type species is the species...
, Calostoma cinnabarinum, is ectomycorrhizal with Oak
Oak
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus , of which about 600 species exist. "Oak" may also appear in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus...
.
Taxonomy
The original genus description, based on the type speciesType species
In biological nomenclature, a type species is both a concept and a practical system which is used in the classification and nomenclature of animals and plants. The value of a "type species" lies in the fact that it makes clear what is meant by a particular genus name. A type species is the species...
Calostoma cinnabarinum (synonymous with cinnabarina), was published by French botanist Nicaise Auguste Desvaux
Nicaise Auguste Desvaux
-Works:*Journal de Botanique, appliquée à l'Agriculture, à la Pharmacie, à la Médecine et aux Arts .*Observations sur les plantes des environs d'Angers ....
in 1809. Before the advent of modern genetic analysis, the Calostoma was considered to be part of the Gasteromycetes, a grouping of fungi with enclosed spore
Spore
In biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many bacteria, plants, algae, fungi and some protozoa. According to scientist Dr...
-bearing structures. Specifically, it was classified in the order
Order (biology)
In scientific classification used in biology, the order is# a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus, and species, with order fitting in between class and family...
of stalked puffballs, although some mycologists have suggested that the genus Calostoma should be merged with Tulostoma
Tulostoma
Tulostoma is a genus of fungi in the family Agaricaceae.-External links:* at Index Fungorum...
(xerophilic stalked puffballs), Scleroderma
Scleroderma (genus)
Scleroderma is a genus of fungi, commonly known as earth balls, now known to belong to the Boletales order, in suborder Sclerodermatineae.. The best known species are S. citrinum and S. verrucosum...
(hard puffballs), Geastrum
Geastrum
Geastrum is a genus of mushroom in the family Geastraceae. Many species are known commonly as earthstars.The name comes from geo meaning earth and aster meaning star....
(earthstars), or Pseudocolus
Pseudocolus
Pseudocolus is a genus of fungi in the Phallaceae family....
(stinkhorns). Some authors have placed Calostoma in its own family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
, the Calostomataceae.
In the 2000s, a phylogenetic analyses using nuclear
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these...
and mitochondrial ribosomal gene sequences helped to clarify the phylogeny
Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms , which is discovered through molecular sequencing data and morphological data matrices...
of Calostoma. Using the species C. cinnabarinum and C. ravenelli as representative examples, the research showed the genus evolutionarily related to the monophyletic Boletales clade
Clade
A clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...
, and separate from clades containing most of the gilled mushrooms, puffballs, stalked puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns and non-bolete Gasteromycetes. Calostoma belongs to the suborder Sclerodermatineae in the Boletales order. The Boletales comprise the following genera: Boletinellus
Boletinellus
Boletinellus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletaceae . The genus was first described by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1909....
, Calostoma, Gyroporus
Gyroporus
The Gyroporaceae are a family of fungi in the order Boletales. The family is monotypic, containing the single genus Gyroporus, which, according to a 2008 estimate, contains ten widely distributed species....
, Phaeogyroporus, Phlebopus
Phlebopus
Phlebopus is a genus of fungi in the family Boletinellaceae . The genus has a widespread distribution in subtropical and pantropical regions, and contains 12 species. The species are saprobic, with some possibly able to form mycorrhizae with exotic trees in certain conditions...
, Pisolithus
Pisolithus
Pisolithus is a genus of fungi within the Sclerodermataceae family . The type species, P. arenarius, is now known to be synonymous with P. arhizus.-Species:*Pisolithus abditus*Pisolithus albus...
, Scleroderma
Scleroderma
Systemic sclerosis or systemic scleroderma is a systemic autoimmune disease or systemic connective tissue disease that is a subtype of scleroderma.-Skin symptoms:...
, and Veligaster. Calostoma is thought to have diverged evolutionarily from the other Boletales between 52–115 million years ago.
The genus name Calostoma is derived from the Greek
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
kallos or "beauty", and stoma (στóμα) or "mouth"; similarly, several species are referred to in the vernacular
Common name
A common name of a taxon or organism is a name in general use within a community; it is often contrasted with the scientific name for the same organism...
as "prettymouths". In Korea
Korea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...
, it is called Yongi, or "red cheeks".
Description
Peridium
The peridium is the protective layer that encloses a mass of spores in fungi. This outer covering is a distinctive feature of the Gasteromycetes.-Description:...
(outer tissue layer) made of two to four clearly defined layers of tissue. The outermost peridial layer is a thick gelatinous or shiny cuticle, which during maturity peels away to reveal the brightly-colored that has a star-shaped through which spores
Basidiospore
A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia. In grills under a cap of one common species in the phylum of...
may escape. The innermost layer of the peridium is papery and membranous, and remains attached to the outer layers only at the apex of the star-shaped apical pore or slit. The fruiting bodies may either have no stalk (sessile
Sessility (botany)
In botany, sessility is a characteristic of plants whose flowers or leaves are borne directly from the stem or peduncle, and thus lack a petiole or pedicel...
), or be atop a stalk
Stipe (mycology)
thumb|150px|right|Diagram of a [[basidiomycete]] stipe with an [[annulus |annulus]] and [[volva |volva]]In mycology a stipe refers to the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. Like all tissues of the mushroom other than the hymenium, the stipe is composed of sterile hyphal...
. The stalk, made of thick, intertwined and fused cords of hypha
Hypha
A hypha is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium; yeasts are unicellular fungi that do not grow as hyphae.-Structure:A hypha consists of one or...
e, is hygroscopic, and will expand upon absorbing moisture. The spore mass in the head, the gleba
Gleba
Gleba is the fleshy spore-bearing inner mass of fungi such as the puffball or stinkhorn.The gleba is a solid mass of spores, generated within an enclosed area within the sporocarp. The continuous maturity of the sporogenous cells leave the spores behind as a powdery mass that can be easily blown away...
, is pale, and initially has thick-walled skeletal hyphae called capillitia. Clamp connection
Clamp connection
A clamp connection is a structure formed by growing hyphal cells of certain fungi. It is created to ensure each septum, or segment of hypha separated by crossed walls, receives a set of differing nuclei, which are obtained through mating of hyphae of differing sexual types...
s are present in the fungal hyphae.
Spores
The sporesBasidiospore
A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by Basidiomycete fungi. Basidiospores typically each contain one haploid nucleus that is the product of meiosis, and they are produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia. In grills under a cap of one common species in the phylum of...
are spherical to elliptical in shape, and typically have surfaces that are reticulate (with interconnected grooves resembling a net) or pitted. The variations in the elaborate pitted-spore reticulations have inspired investigation with techniques such as scanning probe microscopy
Scanning probe microscopy
Scanning Probe Microscopy is a branch of microscopy that forms images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen. An image of the surface is obtained by mechanically moving the probe in a raster scan of the specimen, line by line, and recording the probe-surface interaction as a...
and atomic force microscopy. The latter technique was used to distinguish subtle details (at the nanometer scale) and differences in the fine structure of the spores of various Calostoma species. The spore reticulations have purpose: they become entangled and interwoven with nurse cells and scaly hyphae, the net effect of which is to prevent the spores from being blown away simultaneously.
Development
When grown in humid conditions, such as might typically be found in a temperateTemperate
In geography, temperate or tepid latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. The changes in these regions between summer and winter are generally relatively moderate, rather than extreme hot or cold...
deciduous forest, Calostoma species develop a thicker, more gelatinous exoperidium (the outermost peridial layer). As the stalk expands, the exoperidium becomes sloughed off, exposing the endoperidum and a raised peristome
Peristome
The word peristome is derived from the Greek peri, meaning 'around' or 'about', and stoma, 'mouth'. It is a term used to describe various anatomical features that surround an opening to an organ or structure. The term is used in plants and invertebrate animals, such as in describing the shells of...
—the ridge of tissue around the opening suggestive of the common name
Common name
A common name of a taxon or organism is a name in general use within a community; it is often contrasted with the scientific name for the same organism...
, "prettymouth". The exoperidium may help to protect the maturing gleba
Gleba
Gleba is the fleshy spore-bearing inner mass of fungi such as the puffball or stinkhorn.The gleba is a solid mass of spores, generated within an enclosed area within the sporocarp. The continuous maturity of the sporogenous cells leave the spores behind as a powdery mass that can be easily blown away...
of late-fruiting species from harmful variations in temperature or humidity, or from insect predation.
Habitat and distribution
The species in Calostoma have been collected in regions of deciduousDeciduous
Deciduous means "falling off at maturity" or "tending to fall off", and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally, and to the shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe...
, temperate
Temperate
In geography, temperate or tepid latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. The changes in these regions between summer and winter are generally relatively moderate, rather than extreme hot or cold...
, tropical or subtropical forests, containing tree species from the families Fagaceae
Fagaceae
The family Fagaceae, or beech family, comprises about 900 species of both evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, which are characterized by alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of cup-like nuts. Fagaceous leaves are often...
, Nothofagaceae, Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae
The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtle, clove, guava, feijoa, allspice, and eucalyptus belong here. All species are woody, with essential oils, and flower parts in multiples of four or five...
, and Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpaceae is a family of 17 genera and approximately 500 species of mainly tropical lowland rainforest trees. The family name, from the type genus Dipterocarpus, is derived from Greek and refers to the two-winged fruit...
. The type species
Type species
In biological nomenclature, a type species is both a concept and a practical system which is used in the classification and nomenclature of animals and plants. The value of a "type species" lies in the fact that it makes clear what is meant by a particular genus name. A type species is the species...
C. cinnabarinum was shown using isotopic labeling
Isotopic labeling
Isotopic labeling is a technique for tracking the passage of a sample of substance through a system. The substance is 'labeled' by including unusual isotopes in its chemical composition...
, molecular
Sequence analysis
In bioinformatics, the term sequence analysis refers to the process of subjecting a DNA, RNA or peptide sequence to any of a wide range of analytical methods to understand its features, function, structure, or evolution. Methodologies used include sequence alignment, searches against biological...
and morphological
Morphology (biology)
In biology, morphology is a branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features....
analyses to form ectomycorrhizae with Quercus species; the ectomycorrhizal mode of nutrition is predominant in the Sclerodermatineae suborder. Historically, it had been assumed to be saprobic, due to its taxonomic uncertainly, and presumed relatedness to other saprobic fungi like the stalked puffballs and the earthstars.
The genus has a worldwide distribution, and species have been found in Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
(Borneo
Borneo
Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located north of Java Island, Indonesia, at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia....
, Java
Java
Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java...
, Sumatra
Sumatra
Sumatra is an island in western Indonesia, westernmost of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island entirely in Indonesia , and the sixth largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 with a population of 50,365,538...
, New Guinea
New Guinea
New Guinea is the world's second largest island, after Greenland, covering a land area of 786,000 km2. Located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, it lies geographically to the east of the Malay Archipelago, with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago...
), Ceylon, Himalaya, Nepal
Nepal
Nepal , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India...
, Taiwan, China, New Zealand, North America, and Latin America
Latin America
Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages – particularly Spanish and Portuguese, and variably French – are primarily spoken. Latin America has an area of approximately 21,069,500 km² , almost 3.9% of the Earth's surface or 14.1% of its land surface area...
. Australian species include C. fuhreri, C. fuscum, C. insigne, C. rodwayi, and C. viride. David Arora
David Arora
David Arora is an American mycologist, naturalist, and writer. He is the author of two popular books on mushroom identification, Mushrooms Demystified and All That the Rain Promises and More.......
mentions a preference for humid forests in eastern North America, particularly in the southern Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Mountains
The Appalachian Mountains #Whether the stressed vowel is or ,#Whether the "ch" is pronounced as a fricative or an affricate , and#Whether the final vowel is the monophthong or the diphthong .), often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians...
.
Edibility
In general, Calostoma species are not considered edibleEdible mushroom
Edible mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruiting bodies of several species of fungi. Mushrooms belong to the macrofungi, because their fruiting structures are large enough to be seen with the naked eye. They can appear either below ground or above ground where they may be picked by hand...
; because they typically begin their development underground, by the time fruit bodies appear they are too tough for consumption. However, a 2009 study reported that in the community of Tenango de Doria
Tenango de Doria
Tenango de Doria is a town and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 210.7 km².As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 15,793....
(Hidalgo state, Mexico), Calostoma cinnabarinum used to be collected by children and consumed "like a tidbit", although the tradition seems to have been abandoned in recent years. Locals called the young fruit bodies "yemitas".
Bioactive compounds
Calostoma cinnabarinum contains a pigmentPigment
A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which a material emits light.Many materials selectively absorb...
named calostomal that is responsible for its red color. The chemical structure is all-trans-16-oxohexadeca-2,4,6,8,10,12,14-heptaenoic acid.
Species list
The following species list is compiled from Index FungorumIndex Fungorum
Index Fungorum, an international project to index all formal names in the Fungi Kingdom. Somewhat comparable to the IPNI, but with more contributing institutions....
as well as species published in the literature, but missing in Fungorum, specifically C. formosanum, C. junghuhnii, and C. sarasinii. The name listed under the species binomial is the authority—the author of the original description of that species, followed by the year of publication.
| Binomial Authority |
Year | Distribution | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| C. aeruginosum Massee |
1891 | ||
| C. berkeleyi Massee |
1888 | On the islands south of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent. Known until 1972 as Ceylon , Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the... |
|
| C. brookei L. Fan & B. Liu |
1995 | In a Malaysian forest | |
| C. cinnabarinum Corda August Carl Joseph Corda August Carl Joseph Corda was a Czech physician and mycologist.-Early life and education:Corda was born in Reichenberg , Bohemia on November 15, 1809. Corda's father was a textile seller... |
1809 | China, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Mexico, Taiwan, and the United States | |
| C. formosanum Sawada |
1931 | Asia | This is a form of C. junghuhnii with a very short rooting stem. |
| C. fuhreri Crichton & J.H. Willis |
1986 | In damp depressions on sand ridges in Victoria, Australia | It has dark grey to brown fruiting bodies made of a short gelatinous stalk, up to 2 cm (0.78740157480315 in) long, and a spherical head up to 0.8 cm (0.31496062992126 in) wide. The outer layer of the peridium does not fall off in one piece (as in C. fuscum) but persists as small black granules. The spores are elliptical, white, and smooth-walled, with dimensions of 22–25 by 10–11.5 µm Micrometre A micrometer , is by definition 1×10-6 of a meter .In plain English, it means one-millionth of a meter . Its unit symbol in the International System of Units is μm... . |
| C. fuscum (Berk.) Massee |
1888 | Tasmania Tasmania Tasmania is an Australian island and state. It is south of the continent, separated by Bass Strait. The state includes the island of Tasmania—the 26th largest island in the world—and the surrounding islands. The state has a population of 507,626 , of whom almost half reside in the greater Hobart... and south Australia |
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| C. guizhouense B. Liu & S.Z. Jiang |
1985 | In a montane Montane In biogeography, montane is the highland area located below the subalpine zone. Montane regions generally have cooler temperatures and often have higher rainfall than the adjacent lowland regions, and are frequently home to distinct communities of plants and animals.The term "montane" means "of the... forest in Guizhou Guizhou ' is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country. Its provincial capital city is Guiyang.- History :... , China |
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| C. hunanense B. Liu & Y.B. Peng |
1979 | In the soil in the woods of Hunan, China | |
| C. insigne (Berk.) Massee |
1888 | Sri Lanka | |
| C. japonica Henn. |
1902 | Japan | |
| C. jiangii B. Liu & Yin H. Liu |
1985 | In a montane forest, in Guizhou, China | |
| C. junghuhnii (Schlect. & Müll.) Massee |
Collected in the Himalayas Himalayas The Himalaya Range or Himalaya Mountains Sanskrit: Devanagari: हिमालय, literally "abode of snow"), usually called the Himalayas or Himalaya for short, is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau... , southeast Tibet Tibet Tibet is a plateau region in Asia, north-east of the Himalayas. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpas, Qiang, and Lhobas, and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han and Hui people... and Bhutan Bhutan Bhutan , officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked state in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China... , several times in Nepal, Japan, and Taiwan. |
Originally described as Mitremyces junghuhnii by Schlechtendal and Müller in 1844, this species was discovered in 1842 on an expedition to collect biota in the forest of Batta-Lauder, near Tapoilang, Java Java Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java... . It has bright orange to red fruiting bodies made of a stalk 1.5 to 2.5 cm (0.590551181102362 to 0.984251968503937 in) long and 1.5 to 2 cm (0.590551181102362 to 0.78740157480315 ) thick. The spores are spherical, covered with rounded to pyramid-shaped warts 1–2 µm long, with diameters of 12.5–15 µm Micrometre A micrometer , is by definition 1×10-6 of a meter .In plain English, it means one-millionth of a meter . Its unit symbol in the International System of Units is μm... ; the spore surface ornamentation appears to be unique in the genus. |
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| C. luridum (Berk.) Massee |
1888 | Near the Swan river Swan River (Western Australia) The Swan River estuary flows through the city of Perth, in the south west of Western Australia. Its lower reaches are relatively wide and deep, with few constrictions, while the upper reaches are usually quite narrow and shallow.... in western Australia |
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| C. lutescens (Schw.) Burnap |
North America | This species is commonly known as the "lattice puffball". | |
| C. miniata M. Zang |
1987 | Growing with moss in Sichuan Sichuan ' , known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu... , China |
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| C. oriruber Massee |
1888 | Larut, Perak Perak Perak , one of the 13 states of Malaysia, is the second largest state in the Peninsular Malaysia bordering Kedah and Yala Province of Thailand to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, Selangor the Strait of Malacca to the south and west.Perak means silver in Malay... , and the Malay Peninsula Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia , also known as West Malaysia , is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula. Its area is . It shares a land border with Thailand in the north. To the south is the island of Singapore. Across the Strait of Malacca to the west lies the island of Sumatra... |
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| C. pengii B. Liu & Yin H. Liu |
1984 | In a forest in Hunan, China | |
| C. ravenelii (Berk.) Massee |
1888 | In the mountains of South Carolina South Carolina South Carolina is a state in the Deep South of the United States that borders Georgia to the south, North Carolina to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence... , and Japan |
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| C. ravenelii var. microsporum (G.F. Atk.) Castro-Mend. & O.K. Mill. (1983) | This variant was first described by George Atkinson in 1903, who noticed a close resemblance to C. ravenelii, but believed that an often longer stalk and smaller, oblong spores (measuring 6–9 by 3.5–4.5 µm) were sufficient to warrant naming it a new species. | ||
| C. ravenelii var. ravenelii (Berk.) Massee | 1988 | ||
| C. retisporum Boedijn |
1938 | ||
| C. rodwayi Lloyd Curtis Gates Lloyd Curtis Gates Lloyd was an American mycologist known for both his research on the Gasteromycetes, as well as his controversial views on naming conventions in taxonomy. He had a herbarium with over 59,000 fungal specimens, and published over a thousand new species of fungi... |
1925 | ||
| C. sarasinii | 1969 | Singapore Singapore Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the... |
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| C. singaporense L. Fan & B. Liu |
1995 | Singapore | |
| C. variispora B. Liu, Z.Y. Li & Du |
1975 | China | Characterized by its variable sized elliptical spores, which range from 9–18.9 by 5.7–8.6 µm. |
| C. viride (Berk.) Massee |
1988 | Tonglu Tonglu Tonglu is the one of the higher peaks of the Singalila Ridge and a small settlement inside the Singalila National Park in the Darjeeling subdivision, Darjeeling district in the state of West Bengal in India near the India - Nepal border. It is a roadside halt along the trekking route from... and Sinchal, in the Sikkim Sikkim Sikkim is a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayan mountains... Himalayas at an elevation of 7000 – |
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| C. yunnanense L.J. Li & B. Liu |
1984 | Yunnan Yunnan Yunnan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country spanning approximately and with a population of 45.7 million . The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Burma, Laos, and Vietnam.Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with... , China |
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| C. zanchianum (Rick) Baseia & Calonge |
2006 | First studied by Brazilian mycologist Johann Rick, the species was published posthumously, 15 years after his death in 1946. Initially named Myremyces zanchianus, only a single specimen is known. The species has an egg-shaped head, 1.3 cm (0.511811023622047 in) long by 1 cm (0.393700787401575 in) wide, atop a stalk. The "mouth" is star-shaped and made of 4 long slits that open at maturity. The spores are 30–35 by 15–20 µm, spindle-shaped to elliptical, smooth, and have a prominent longitudinal groove. |
External links
- Calostoma at Index FungorumIndex FungorumIndex Fungorum, an international project to index all formal names in the Fungi Kingdom. Somewhat comparable to the IPNI, but with more contributing institutions....