A basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) is a protein

Protein

Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...

 structural motif

Structural motif

In a chain-like biological molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid, a structural motif is a supersecondary structure, which appears also in a variety of other molecules...

 that characterizes a family of transcription factors.

Structure

The motif is characterized by two α-helices

Alpha helix

A common motif in the secondary structure of proteins, the alpha helix is a right-handed coiled or spiral conformation, in which every backbone N-H group donates a hydrogen bond to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid four residues earlier...

 connected by a loop

Turn (biochemistry)

A turn is an element of secondary structure in proteins where the polypeptide chain reverses its overall direction.- Definition :According to the most common definition, a turn is a structural motif where the Cα atoms of two residues separated by few peptide bonds are in close approach A turn is...

. In general, transcription factors including this domain are dimeric

Protein dimer

In biochemistry, a dimer is a macromolecular complex formed by two, usually non-covalently bound, macromolecules like proteins or nucleic acids...

, each with one helix containing basic

Base (chemistry)

For the term in genetics, see base A base in chemistry is a substance that can accept hydrogen ions or more generally, donate electron pairs. A soluble base is referred to as an alkali if it contains and releases hydroxide ions quantitatively...

 amino acid

Amino acid

Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side-chain that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen...

 residues that facilitate DNA

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...

 binding. In general, one helix is smaller, and, due to the flexibility of the loop, allows dimerization by folding and packing against another helix. The larger helix typically contains the DNA-binding regions. bHLH proteins typically bind to a consensus sequence

Consensus sequence

In molecular biology and bioinformatics, consensus sequence refers to the most common nucleotide or amino acid at a particular position after multiple sequences are aligned. A consensus sequence is a way of representing the results of a multiple sequence alignment, where related sequences are...

 called an E-box

E-box

An E-box is a DNA sequence which usually lies upstream of a gene in a promoter region. It is a transcription factor binding site where the specific sequence of DNA, CANNTG, is recognized by proteins that can bind to it to help initiate its transcription. Once transcription factors bind to...

, CANNTG. The canonical E-box is CACGTG (palindromic), however some bHLH transcription factors, notably those of the bHLH-PAS

PAS domain

The PAS domain is a protein domain contained in many signaling proteins where it functions as a signal sensor. PAS domains are found in a large number of organisms from bacteria to humans...

 family, bind to related non-palindromic sequences, which are similar to the E-box.

Examples

Examples of transcription factors containing a bHLH include:

• AhR
  Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
  The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a member of the family of basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors. AhR is a cytosolic transcription factor that is normally inactive, bound to several co-chaperones...
  
  
• Beta2/NeuroD1
  NEUROD1
  Neurogenic differentiation 1 , also called β2 is a transcription factor of the NeuroD-type. It is encoded by the human gene NEUROD1.It is a member of the NeuroD family of basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors...
  
  
• BMAL-1
  BMAL
  Bmal is a gene that encodes proteins regulating circadian rhythm. BMAL proteins form part of a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor. BMAL-1 dimerizes with CLOCK in vivo and transactivates gene expression of Period and Timeless in drosophila by binding to E-box elements in their promoters...
  
  -CLOCK
  CLOCK
  Clock is a gene encoding a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor that affects both the persistence and period of circadian rhythms...
  
  
• C-Myc, N-Myc
  N-Myc
  V-myc myelocytomatosis viral related oncogene, neuroblastoma derived , also known as MYCN, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the MYCN gene.- Function :...
  
  
• MyoD
  MyoD
  MyoD is a protein with a key role in regulating muscle differentiation. MyoD belongs to a family of proteins known as myogenic regulatory factors . These bHLH transcription factors act sequentially in myogenic differentiation. MRF family members include MyoD, Myf5, myogenin, and MRF4 .MyoD is one...
  
  
• Myf5
  Myf5
  Myf5 is a protein with a key role in regulating muscle differentiation.Myf5 belongs to a family of proteins known as myogenic regulatory factors . These bHLH transcription factors act sequentially in myogenic differentiation. MRF family members include Myf5, MyoD , myogenin, and MRF4 ....
  
  
• Pho4
  Pho4
  Pho4 is a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor found in S. cerevisiae and other yeasts.The Pho4 homodimer binds to DNA sequences containing the bHLH binding site 5'-CACGTG-3'. This sequence is found in the promoters of genes upregulated in response to phosphate availability such as the...
  
  
• HIF
• NPAS1
  NPAS1
  NPAS1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor....
  
  , NPAS3
  NPAS3
  NPAS3 or Neuronal PAS domain protein 3 is a brain-enriched transcription factor belonging to the bHLH-PAS superfamily of transcription factors, the members of which carry out diverse functions, including circadian oscillations, neurogenesis, toxin metabolism, hypoxia, and tracheal development...
  
  , MOP5
• Scl
  TAL1
  T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAL1 gene.The protein encoded by TAL1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor.-Interactions:...
  
  , also known as Tal1
  TAL1
  T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAL1 gene.The protein encoded by TAL1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor.-Interactions:...
  
  
• proneural bHLH genes like p-CaMKII, and pSer(336)NeuroD
  NeuroD
  NeuroD, also called Beta2, is a basic helix loop helix transcription factor expressed in certain parts of brain, beta pancreatic cells and enteroendocrine cells. It is involved in the differentiation of nervous system and development of pancreas...
  
  .
• Scleraxis
  Scleraxis
  The scleraxis protein is a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix superfamily of transcription factors. Currently two genes have been identified to code for identical scleraxis proteins.-Function:...
  
  
• Neurogenins
  Neurogenins
  Neurogenins are a family of bHLH transcription factors involved in specifying neuronal differentiation. They are related to Drosophila atonal.The neurogenins make up one of these atonal-related gene families...
  
  
• MAX
  MAX (gene)
  Protein max also known as myc-associated factor X is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAX gene.- Function :Protein max is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper family of transcription factors. It is able to form homodimers and heterodimers with other family members, which...
  
  

bHLH transcription factors are often important in development or cell activity. BMAL1-Clock is a core transcription complex in the molecular circadian clock. Other genes, like c-Myc and HIF-1, have been linked to cancer

Cancer

Cancer , known medically as a malignant neoplasm, is a large group of different diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. In cancer, cells divide and grow uncontrollably, forming malignant tumors, and invade nearby parts of the body. The cancer may also spread to more distant parts of the...

 due to their effects on cell growth and metabolism.

Regulation

Since many bHLH transcription factors are heterodimeric, their activity is often highly regulated by the dimerization of the subunits. One subunit's expression or availability is often controlled, whereas the other subunit is constitutively expressed. Many of the known regulatory proteins, such as the Drosophila

Drosophila

Drosophila is a genus of small flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "fruit flies" or more appropriately pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit...

extramacrochaetae

Extramacrochaetae

The gene extramachrochaetae is a Drosophila melanogaster gene that codes for the Emc protein, which has a wide variety of developmental roles...

 protein, have the helix-loop-helix structure but lack the basic region, making them unable to bind to DNA

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...

 on their own. They are, however, able to form heterodimers

Protein dimer

In biochemistry, a dimer is a macromolecular complex formed by two, usually non-covalently bound, macromolecules like proteins or nucleic acids...

 with proteins that have the bHLH structure, and inactivate their abilities as transcription factors.

History

• 1989: Murre et al. showed that dimers of various bHLH proteins bind to a short DNA motif (later called E-Box
  E-box
  An E-box is a DNA sequence which usually lies upstream of a gene in a promoter region. It is a transcription factor binding site where the specific sequence of DNA, CANNTG, is recognized by proteins that can bind to it to help initiate its transcription. Once transcription factors bind to...
  
  ). This E-box consists of the DNA
  DNA
  Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in...
  
   sequence CANNTG, where N can be any nucleotide
  Nucleotide
  Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. In addition, nucleotides participate in cellular signaling , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions...
  
  .

• 1994: Harrison's and Pabo's groups crystallize bHLH proteins bound to E-boxes, demonstrating that the parallel 4-helix bundle motif loop orients the basic sequences to interact with specific nucleotides in the major groove of the E-box.

• 1994: Wharton et al. identified asymmetric E-boxes bound by a subset of bHLH proteins with PAS domains (bHLH-PAS proteins), including Single-minded (Sim) and the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor.

• 1995: Semenza's group identifies hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) as a bHLH-PAS heterodimer that binds a related asymmetric E-box.

• 2009: Grove, De Masi et al., identified novel short DNA motifs, bound by a subset of bHLH proteins, which they defined as "E-box-like sequences". These are in the form of CAYRMK, where Y stands for C or T, R is A or G, M is A or C and K is G or T.

Human proteins with helix-loop-helix DNA-binding domain

AHR

Ahr

Ahr is a river in Germany, a left tributary of the Rhine. Its source is at an elevation of approximately 470 metres above sea level in Blankenheim in the Eifel, in the cellar of a timber-frame house near the castle of Blankenheim...

; AHRR; ARNT; ARNT2

ARNT2

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARNT2 gene.-Further reading:...

; ARNTL

ARNTL

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like, also known as ARNTL, Bmal1, or Mop3, is a gene which is associated with susceptibility to hypertension and type 2 diabetes.-Function:...

; ARNTL2

ARNTL2

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 2, also known as Mop9, Bmal2, CLIF,, or ARNTL2, is a gene.Arntl2 is a mammalian paralog of the Drosophila Cycle gene. Homologs were isolated in fish, birds and mammals such as mice and humans...

; ASCL1

ASCL1

Achaete-scute homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASCL1 gene.-Interactions:ASCL1 has been shown to interact with Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2A....

; ASCL2

ASCL2

Achaete-scute complex homolog 2 , also known as ASCL2, is an imprinted human gene.-Interactions:ASCL2 has been shown to interact with NCOA6 and RBBP5.-Further reading:...

;
ASCL3; ASCL4; ATOH1

ATOH1

Protein atonal homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATOH1 gene.- External links :*...

; ATOH7; ATOH8; BHLHB2

BHLHB2

Class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 40 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BHLHE40 gene....

; BHLHB3

BHLHB3

Class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 41 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BHLHE41 gene.One study has found that genetic variation in the gene may affect sleep time in mice....

; BHLHB4;
BHLHB5; BHLHB8

BHLHB8

Class A basic helix-loop-helix protein 15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BHLHA15 gene.-Further reading:...

; CLOCK

CLOCK

Clock is a gene encoding a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor that affects both the persistence and period of circadian rhythms...

; EPAS1

EPAS1

Endothelial PAS domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPAS1 gene.- Function :This gene encodes a transcription factor involved in the induction of genes regulated by oxygen, which is induced as oxygen levels fall...

; FERD3L; FIGLA

FIGLA

Folliculogenesis-specific basic helix-loop-helix, also known as factor in the germline alpha or transcription factor FIGa, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FIGLA gene.- Function :...

; HAND1

HAND1

Heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAND1 gene....

; HAND2

HAND2

Heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAND2 gene.A progesterone-regulated transcription factor regulates stromal-epithelial communication in early pregnancy....

;
HES1

HES1

Transcription factor HES-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HES1 gene.-Interactions:HES1 has been shown to interact with TLE2 and Sirtuin 1.- External links :...

; HES2; HES3; HES4; HES5

HES5

Transcription factor HES-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HES5 gene.HES5 regulates brain development process. HES5 expression significantly higher in squamous cervical carcinoma than in CIN as well as higher in CIN than normal cervical epithelia...

; HES6

HES6

Transcription cofactor HES-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HES6 gene....

; HES7; HEY1

HEY1

Hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HEY1 gene.-Further reading:...

;
HEY2

HEY2

Hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW motif protein 2 also known as cardiovascular helix-loop-helix factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HEY2 gene.- Function :...

; HIF1A

HIF1A

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit , also known as HIF1A, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIF1A gene...

; ID1

ID1

DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-1 is a protein that in mice and humans is encoded by the ID1 gene.. The protein encoded by this gene is a helix-loop-helix protein that can form heterodimers with members of the basic HLH family of transcription factors...

; ID2

ID2

DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ID2 gene.-Interactions:ID2 has been shown to interact with MyoD and NEDD9....

; ID3

ID3

ID3 is a metadata container most often used in conjunction with the MP3 audio file format. It allows information such as the title, artist, album, track number, and other information about the file to be stored in the file itself....

; ID4

ID4 (gene)

DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ID4 gene....

; KIAA2018; LYL1

LYL1

Protein lyl-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LYL1 gene.-Interactions:LYL1 has been shown to interact with TCF3 and NFKB1....

;
MASH1; MATH2; MAX

MAX (gene)

Protein max also known as myc-associated factor X is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAX gene.- Function :Protein max is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper family of transcription factors. It is able to form homodimers and heterodimers with other family members, which...

; MESP1; MESP2

MESP2

Mesoderm posterior protein 2 , also known as class C basic helix-loop-helix protein 6 , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MESP2 gene.- Function :...

; MIST1; MITF; MLX

MLX (gene)

Max-like protein X is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MLX gene.-Interactions:MLX has been shown to interact with MNT, MXD1 and MLXIPL....

; MLXIP;
MLXIPL

MLXIPL

Williams-Beuren syndrome chromosomal region 14 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MLXIPL gene. The protein is also known as Carbohydrate Response Element Binding Protein for its interaction with carbohydrate response element sequences of DNA.-Interactions:MLXIPL has been shown...

; MNT

MNT (gene)

Max-binding protein MNT is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MNT gene.-Interactions:MNT has been shown to interact with MLX, SIN3A and MAX....

; MSC

MSC (gene)

Musculin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSC gene.-Further reading:...

; MSGN1; MXD1

MXD1

MAD protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MXD1 gene.-Interactions:MXD1 has been shown to interact with Histone deacetylase 2, SMC3, MLX, SIN3A and MAX.-Further reading:...

; MXD3; MXD4

MXD4

Max-interacting transcriptional repressor MAD4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MXD4 gene....

; MXI1

MXI1

MAX-interacting protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MXI1 gene.-Interactions:MXI1 has been shown to interact with SMC3 and MAX....

;
MYC

Myc

Myc is a regulator gene that codes for a transcription factor. In the human genome, Myc is located on chromosome 8 and is believed to regulate expression of 15% of all genes through binding on Enhancer Box sequences and recruiting histone acetyltransferases...

; MYCL1

MYCL1

L-myc-1 proto-oncogene protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYCL1 gene.MYCL1 is a bHLH transcription factor implicated in lung cancer.-Interactions:MYCL1 has been shown to interact with MAX....

; MYCL2; MYCN; MYF5

Myf5

Myf5 is a protein with a key role in regulating muscle differentiation.Myf5 belongs to a family of proteins known as myogenic regulatory factors . These bHLH transcription factors act sequentially in myogenic differentiation. MRF family members include Myf5, MyoD , myogenin, and MRF4 ....

; MYF6

Myf6

Myf6, myogenic factor 6 , is a myogenic regulatory factor .- Function :...

; MYOD1; MYOG;
NCOA1; NCOA3; NEUROD1

NEUROD1

Neurogenic differentiation 1 , also called β2 is a transcription factor of the NeuroD-type. It is encoded by the human gene NEUROD1.It is a member of the NeuroD family of basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors...

; NEUROD2

NEUROD2

Neurogenic differentiation factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NEUROD2 gene.-Interactions:NEUROD2 has been shown to interact with Protein kinase N1.- External links :...

; NEUROD4; NEUROD6; NEUROG1

NEUROG1

Neurogenin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NEUROG1 gene.-Interactions:NEUROG1 has been shown to interact with CREB-binding protein and Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1.-Further reading:...

; NEUROG2

NEUROG2

Neurogenin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NEUROG2 gene.Neurogenin-2 is a member of the neurogenin subfamily of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor genes that play an important role in neurogenesis....

;
NEUROG3

NEUROG3

Neurogenin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NEUROG3 gene.Neurogenin-3 is expressed in endocrine progenitor cells and is required for endocrine cell development in the pancreas and intestine...

; NHLH1

NHLH1

Helix-loop-helix protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NHLH1 gene.-Further reading:...

; NHLH2; NPAS1

NPAS1

NPAS1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor....

; NPAS2

NPAS2

Neuronal PAS domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPAS2 gene.-Interactions:NPAS2 has been shown to interact with Retinoic acid receptor alpha, EP300, ARNTL and Retinoid X receptor alpha....

; NPAS3

NPAS3

NPAS3 or Neuronal PAS domain protein 3 is a brain-enriched transcription factor belonging to the bHLH-PAS superfamily of transcription factors, the members of which carry out diverse functions, including circadian oscillations, neurogenesis, toxin metabolism, hypoxia, and tracheal development...

; OAF1; OLIG1

OLIG1

Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OLIG1 gene....

;
OLIG2

OLIG2

Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OLIG2 gene.- Function :Oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. Its expression is predominantly restricted to the central nervous system...

; OLIG3; PTF1A

PTF1A

Pancreas transcription factor 1 subunit alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTF1A gene.-Further reading:...

; SCL

TAL1

T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAL1 gene.The protein encoded by TAL1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor.-Interactions:...

; SCXB; SIM1

SIM1

Single-minded homolog 1 also known as class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIM1 gene.- Function :...

; SIM2

SIM2

Single-minded homolog 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SIM2 gene.- Function :SIM1 and SIM2 genes are Drosophila single-minded gene homologs. The Drosophila sim gene encodes a transcription factor that is a master regulator of neurogenesis of midline cells in the central nervous...

; SOHLH1;
SOHLH2; SREBF1

SREBF1

Sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 also known as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SREBF1 gene....

; SREBF2

SREBF2

Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 also known as sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SREBF2 gene.- Function :...

; TAL1

TAL1

T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAL1 gene.The protein encoded by TAL1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor.-Interactions:...

; TAL2

TAL2

T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 2, also known as TAL2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TAL2 gene.- Function :TAL2 is a member of the Basic Helix-Loop-Helix family of transcription factors.- Clinical significance :...

; TCF12

TCF12

Transcription factor 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCF12 gene.-External links:...

; TCF15; TCF21

TCF21

TCF21 is a tumor suppressor gene which regulates mesenchymal cell transition into epithelial cells. It is frequently lost in human malignancies and is expressed in normal lung airway epithelial cells...

;
TCF3

TCF3

Transcription factor 3 , also known as TCF3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCF3 gene...

; TCF4

TCF4

Transcription factor 4, also known as immunoglobulin transcription factor 2 and TCF4, is a protein acting as a transcription factor. In humans this protein is encoded by the TCF4 gene.- Function :...

; TCFL5; TFAP4

TFAP4

Transcription factor AP-4 , also known as TFAP4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TFAP4 gene.- Function :...

; TFE3

TFE3

Transcription factor E3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFE3 gene.-Interactions:TFE3 has been shown to interact with E2F3, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 and Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor.-Further reading:...

; TFEB

TFEB

Transcription factor EB is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFEB gene.- Function :TFEB is a master gene for lysosomal biogenesis. This transcription factor coordinates expression of lysosomal genes and genes involved in autophagy...

; TFEC

TFEC

Transcription factor EC is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFEC gene.-Further reading:...

; TWIST1;
TWIST2

TWIST2

Twist-related protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TWIST2 gene....

; USF1

USF1

Upstream stimulatory factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the USF1 gene.-Interactions:USF1 has been shown to interact with USF2, FOSL1 and GTF2I.-External links:...

; USF2

USF2

Upstream stimulatory factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the USF2 gene.-Interactions:USF2 has been shown to interact with USF1 , PPRC1 and BRCA1.- Regulation :The USF2 gene is repressed by the microRNA miR-10a....

;

External links

• PDOC00038 in PROSITE
  PROSITE
  PROSITE is a protein database. It consists of entries describing the protein families, domains and functional sites as well as amino acid patterns, signatures, and profiles in them. These are manually curated by a team of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and tightly integrated into Swiss-Prot...