Tyntchtykbek Tchoroev
Encyclopedia
Tyntchtykbek Tchoroev (in Kyrgyz - Тынчтыкбек Чороев (Чоротегин), a Kyrgyz historian, publicist and journalist. Doctor of History (1998), Professor of the Kyrgyz State National University
(2002).
Dr. Tchoroev is currently an independent researcher. Resently, he has worked as a broadcaster of Radio Azattyk, i.e. Kyrgyz Service of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (he was Director of the Kyrgyz Service between 1 January 2003 and 30 September 2010).
of Echki-Bashy in the On-Archa village government in Naryn district of Naryn
region in Northern Kyrgyzstan
on 28 March 1959.
His grand father Choro (Choro-Hajji) Aity uulu was a wealthy person who made a pilgrimage to Mecca.
Choro-Hajji died a little bit earlier than the launch of the extradition campaign by the Stalinist regime in the last years of the 1920s. Choro Hajji's mausoleum built in the 1927-28, still exists near the village of Echki-Bashy.
Choro-Hajji's older son, Bekbolot, died during the Stalinist purge, due to his connection with a wealthy family.
Choro-Hajji's wife, Suyumkan Malay kyzy, was a daughter of a wealthy person from a neighboring Ming-Bulak village. She was educated, and she could read Koran.
Kadyrmambet Tchoroev (or Choroev), the older son of Choro and Suyumkan, was married to his cousin, Aliya Kydyraaly kyzy, the daughter of Kydyraaly and Seidana Malay kyzy.
Seidana was also a well educated woman, who could read Koran and write in Arabic script.
However, the Arabic script was officially banned in Kyrgyzstan since 1928-29, when the Kyrgyz were transferred to the Latin script (until 1939-40), and, due to that, the grand mothers of Tyntchtykbek were officially recognized as "uneducated" women.
Kadyrmambet and Aliya had five sons and three daughters. Tyntchtykbek was the fourth in the family.
In the early years, he was brought up by both Suyumkan and Seidana, the grand mothers from father's and mother's side.
Tyntchtykbek used to go to the summer-time pasture of Solton-Sary together with the family until the autumn of 1966.
The older brothers and his older sister helped him to learn ABC even before he started to go to a primary school.
He started to go to the Echki-Bashy village school in September 1966.
After finishing the 8th class in the village, he went to the provincial town of Naryn to study the upper classes of the No 1 Toktogul Satylganov secondary school there.
He graduated the school with a silver medal in 1976.
Then he became a student of the history faculty at the Kyrgyz State University (now - the Kyrgyz Natioanl University named after Jusup Balasagyn).
During his student time, he was actively participating in the scholarly and literature circles in the capital city of Frunze (nowadays Bishkek
).
He graduated the university in Bishkek
with the so-called "Red diploma" in 1981.
He is married to Nurgul Dykanalieva, a Kyrgyzstan
citizen (since May 1982).
She graduated the bibliography
and librarian branch of the philology
faculty
at the Kyrgyz women pedagogy university (now - the Kyrgyz State Pedagogy University named after Eshenaly Arabay uulu.)
(then - Frunze), the capital of then Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic in 1981. He studied in Tashkent
at the Oriental Institute named after Abu Reihan Beruni of the Uzbekistan
Academy of Sciences
in 1983-1988 and defended his first doctoral thesis devoted to the Eastern Turkic groups' migrations
in the 9th - 13th centuries according to the medieval Muslim
sources (in Russian language
; Tashkent, December 1988).
He led the Chair of the Ancient and Medieval History
(1989–1991) and the Chair of the Asia
n and African States History (1992–1994) at the Kyrgyz National University. Then he studied at the high doctorate
at the same university (1994–1997) and defended his doctoral thesis devoted to the epoch and life of Mahmud al-Kashghari (al-Barsqani), the Eastern Turkic
scholar lived in the 11th century, and his scientific legacy. It was defended at the Kyrgyzstan National Academy of Sciences
on 10 April 1998 (in Kyrgyz language
).
s and books in Kyrgyz
and Russian languages (since 1990) and several textbooks
devoted to the ancient and medieval history of the Kyrgyz
people and their neighbors in Central
and Inner Asia
.
The first post-Soviet Kyrgyz textbook
s for the secondary schools
in Kyrgyzstan
by him in co-authorship with Professor Toktorbek Omurbekov have been translated from Kyrgyz into Russian and Uzbek languages.
The textbooks for the secondary schools are being officially distributed by the Education Ministry in Kyrgyzstan
since 1996 until now (August 2011).
Some his articles on Kyrgyz history and medieval sources were published by UNESCO
, International Journal of Middle East Studies
, Kyrgyz National Encyclopedia, Soviet Encyclopedia, etc. (in Kyrgyzstan, the USA, Western Europe
, Russia
, Turkey
, China
, Uzbekistan
).
At that time he was not aware that his father’s elder brother was a victim of the Stalinist purge
and died in an unknown part of Soviet Russia
in a camp of the so-called Gulag
. His view of the world was gradually changed in 1980-1986.
In 1987-88, during the era of Perestroika
in the U.S.S.R., he was one of the Kyrgyz intellectuals to fight for the equal statute of the Kyrgyz language
with the official Russian language
in his native republic.
In 1989, during the Perestroika
epoch, he became one of the young Kyrgyz intellectuals to fight for a national identity
of the Kyrgyz people. He was a founding member and one of the leaders of the Kyrgyzstan’s Young Historians Association, the first nongovernmental organization of the Kyrgyz historians to challenge the official Soviet Kyrgyz historiography
.
First, he was deputy chairman, then the chairman of the Kyrgyzstan’s Young Historians Association which was established despite the obstacles from then Communist leadership in Kyrgyzstan, on 3 June 1989. It was the first nongovernmental organization to hold its founding conference in the Kyrgyz language
with a simultaneous Russian translation.
The Kyrgyzstan Writers Union, led by a prominent writer and statesman Chyngyz Aitmatov
, supported the young Kyrgyz historians by allowing them to hold their conference in the Union's hall (free of charge).
He was a co-author of the new program of the Kyrgyz history for the secondary schools published in September 1989 in both Kyrgyz and Russian languages in the Mugalimder Gazetasy (The Teachers’ Newspaper), the official media outlet of the Kyrgyz Education Ministry, where the previous Kyrgyz historiography
views were challenged by the new ideas.
. Then he was one of the main organizers of the round tables with participation of the young Kyrgyz scholars, students and young workers and the Kyrgyz Soviet officials (February – April 1990).
In April, Tchoroev (Chorotegin) became a member of the underground political party of Asaba (Flag), and participated at the first ever anti-Communist rally organized by the party on the 1st May 1990 in Bishkek
. The columns of the rally participants followed by the officially allowed Communist-run columns through the Central Ala-Too square
in Bishkek.
The difference of the Asaba Party’s column was in their slogans written on the blue placards demanding to build democracy and to stop the one-party-ruling system in Soviet Kyrgyzstan
.
Tchoroev (Chorotegin) was one of the organizers of the Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement (Kyrgyzstan Demokratialyk Kyimyly, KDK), the first umbrella bloc for several opposition parties, movements and nongovernment organizations in Kyrgyzstan. (See: Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan
.)
The founding Congress of the KDK was held in Bishkek on 25–26 May 1990. At the Congress, he presented a report on the Regulations of the KDK (he was the author of the draft of the Regulations. The core ideas of the KDK’s Regulations were based upon similar documents of the anti-Communist movements of the Baltic states).
In October 1990, he participated at the international conference of the anti-Communist organizations from several Soviet republics, including some separatist republics, in Kiev
. He witnessed the anti-Communist hunger strike of the Ukrainian
students there.
In October 19–27, 1990, Tchoroev (Chorotegin) also was amongst organizers and active participants of the similar hunger strike
action in Frunze (nowadays Bishkek
), the capital city of Kyrgyzstan
, organized by the KDK.
The protest action with demands to democratize then the Soviet Central Asia
n republic, ended with the victory of the democracy-oriented politicians: Askar Akayev
, a Kyrgyz
academician
who started to criticize the ruling Communist regime, was elected by the parliament as the first ever Kyrgyzstan President.
In 1992, he was one of the co-authors of the alternate draft of the post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan
Constitution
(published in both Kyrgyz and Russian). He was a member of the Free Kyrgyzstan (Erkin Kyrgyzstan) Democratic Party at that time.
Since the beginning of 1993, Tchoroev (Chorotegin) ceased all the political activities (including the party membership) due to his journalism
duties and scholarly career.
was published by the monthly satirical and humorous magazine
of “Chalkan” (Stinging-Nettle) in October 1974, when he was still a school boy. It was written under influence of the Soviet propaganda
machine about the Western world.
Tchoroev (Chorotegin) published several humorous short stories in Kyrgyz in several newspaper
s, magazine
s, almanac
s and a small book (1974–1986).
He published a lot of reports and publicist articles on cultural and social life of Kyrgyzstani
s, people of Central Asia
and China
in Kyrgyz
and Russian language
s.
Tchoroev (Chorotegin) translated two books from English
into Kyrgyz: The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, 1988, by Friedrich August von Hayek, published in Bishkek in 1998 (ISBN 9967-11-025-2) and The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
: With a Retrospective Essay, 1991, by William H. McNeill
(its ancient and early medieval ages’ part), published in Bishkek
in 2002 (ISBN 9967-11-133-X). The both translations were published by the Soros-Kyrgyzstan Foundation
.
He edited several books in Kyrgyz and Russian
, including monographs by a Kyrgyz orientalist
Omurkul Kara uulu (Karaev), a Russian archeology professor Yuliy Khudiakov, the Kyrgyz historians Arslan Koichiev, Akylbek Kylychev, Oljobay Karatayev, a lawyer Sabyrbek Kojonaliev, some English-Kyrgyz dictionaries for children, etc.
In 1991 April Tchoroev (Chorotegin) became the second freelancer
to work for the Kyrgyz Service of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty inside the country.
He was the first chief of the Bishkek Bureau of the Radio Azattyk (the Kyrgyz Service of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty) in 1992–1995, 1996–1998).
Tchoroev (Chorotegin) worked as a producer
of the BBC
Kyrgyz Service (based in London) in April 1998 – July 2000.
He became a broadcaster
of the Radio Azattyk (the Kyrgyz Service of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, based in Prague) since 25 July 2000. He was the director of the Service between 1 January 2003 and 30 September 2010.
On 16 August 2011, he ceased his broadcaster's position at the Prague headquarters of the Radio Azattyk.
Currently, he is an independent researcher based in Prague and Bishkek.
1. Historiography of Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan, in: International Journal for Middle East Studies
, 2002, Vol. 34, p. 351-374 (USA); (2002 Cambridge Un-ty Press 0020-7438/02 )
2. The Kyrgyz Republic, in: The Turks (English language edition) / Edited by Hasan Celal Güzel, C. Cem Oguz, and Osman Karatay; Published by Yeni Turkiye Research & Publishing Center. Ankara, 2002. Hard cover, 6 volumes, 6000 pages, ISBN 975-6782-55-2. (this chapter is in the 6th vol.).
3. Etnicheskiye situatsii v tyurkskikh regionakh Tsentral'noi Azii domongol'skogo vremeni: Po musul'manskim istochnikam IX-XIII vv., edited by Professor Bori Ahmedov. - Bishkek, 1995. – 208 p., ill., map. (in Russian);
4. Makhmud Kashghari (Barskani) jana anyn "Divanu lughati t-turk" söz jyinaghy: (1072–1077), edited by Omurkul Kara-uulu. Bishkek, 1997. – 160 p., ill., map. (in Kyrgyz); (ISBN 5-655-01222-7)
5. ‘The Kyrgyz’; in: The History of Civilisations of Central Asia, Vol. 5, Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century /Editors: Ch. Adle and Irfan Habib. Co-editor: Karl M. Baipakov. – UNESCO Publishing. Multiple History Series. Paris. 2003. - Chapter 4, p. 109 – 125. (ISBN 92-3-103876-1) See: http://www.unesco.org/culture/asia/
b) books published in collaboration:
with B.Urstanbekov: Kyrgyz tarykhy: Kyskacha entsiklopediyalyk sözdük, Frunze, Kyrgyz Sovet Entsiklopediyasynyn Bashky redaktsiyasy, 1990. – 288 pages. (in Kyrgyz); (ISBN 5-89750-028-2)
with T.Omurbekov: "Tündük Kyrgyzstandyn Orusiiaga karatylyshy (1855–1868), Bishkek, 1992 (in Kyrgyz);
with T.Omurbekov: Kyrgyzdardyn jana Kyrgyzstandyn tarykhy: Ezelki zamandan VII k. bashyna cheyin: 6-klass, Bishkek, 1997 (in Kyrgyz); (re-published in new version in 2002. Bishkek.)
with T.Omurbekov: Kyrgyzdardyn jana Kyrgyzstandyn tarykhy: VII k. bashy - XVIII k. ayaghy: 7-klass, Bishkek, 1998 (in Kyrgyz); (re-published in new version in 2002. – Edited by Oskon Osmonov. Bishkek. 2002. – 202 pages, ill., map. ISBN 5-655-01416-5)
with T.Omurbekov: Kyrgyzdardyn jana Kyrgyzstandyn tarykhy: (XIX k. bashy - 1917-jyl): 8-klass, Bishkek, 1998 (in Kyrgyz); (re-published in new version in 2003. – Bishkek.)
with Omurbekov Toktorbek, Marchenko Larisa. Istoriya Kyrgyzstana: (S drevneishih vremion do nachala IX v. n. e.): Nachal’niy kurs. 6-y klass. / Spets. Redactor Murat Imankulov. Translated from Kyrgyz into Russian by J.Judemisheva and J.Alymkulov. – Bishkek: Pedagogika Printing House. 2001. – 152 pages, ill. Map. (ISBN 9967-415-41-X)
with Omurbekov Toktorbek. Istoriya Kyrgyzstana: (IX – XVIII vv. ). 7-y klass. / Spets. Redactor Oskon Osmonov. Translated from Kyrgyz into Russian by J.Judemisheva. – Bishkek: Izdatel’skiy tsentr Ministerstva obrazovaniya I kul’tury “Tekhnologiya”. 2003. – 184 pages, ill., map. (ISBN 5-85580-007-5)
with Omurbekov Toktorbek. Istoriya Kyrgyzstana: (XIX v. – 1917 g.). 8-y klass. / Spets. Redactor Oskon Osmonov. Translated from Kyrgyz into Russian by M. Nurtumova. – Bishkek: Izdatel’skiy tsentr Ministerstva obrazovaniya I kul’tury “Tekhnologiya”. 2003. – 192 pages, ill. (ISBN 5-85580-007-5)
with T.Omurbekov: Kyrgyzdardyn jana Kyrgyzstandyn tarykhy: XVII - XX k. bashy, Bishkek, 1995 (in Kyrgyz);
with K.Moldokasymov: Kyrgyzdardyn jana Kyrgyzstandyn kyskacha taryhy, Bishkek, 2000 (in Kyrgyz);
with K.Moldokasymov: Istoriya Kyrgyzstana; in: Kyrgyzstan: Entsiklopediya, Bishkek, 2001 (in the separate Kyrgyz and Russian editions);
with U.A.Asanov, A.Z.Jumanazarova: Kto est' kto v kyrgyzskoi nauke: Bio-bibliograficheskiy spravochnik, Bishkek, 1997 (in Russian);
with U.A.Asanov, A.Z.Jumanazarova: Kyrgyzskaia nauka v litsah: Kratkiy istoricheskiy I bio- bibliograficheskiy svod / Otv. Red. U.A.Asanov. – Bishkek: Tsentr gosyazyka I entsiklopedii. 2002. – 544 pages, ill., map. (ISBN 5-89750-142-4)
with T.Turgunaly, K.Asanaliev, M.Kerimbaev: Kyrgyz Jumuriyatynyn Konstitutsiyasynyn dolbooru: Al'ternativdik dolboor. Proyekt Konstitutsii Respubliki Kyrgyzstan: Al'ternativnyi proekt, Bishkek, 1992 ( An Alternative Draft of the Kyrgyz Republic’s Constitution; in Kyrgyz and Russian); etc.
Kyrgyz State National University
The Kyrgyz National University is a national university of Kyrgyzstan. It is based in Bishkek.-External links:*http://www.university.kg/ - Website of the Kyrgyz National University...
(2002).
Dr. Tchoroev is currently an independent researcher. Resently, he has worked as a broadcaster of Radio Azattyk, i.e. Kyrgyz Service of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (he was Director of the Kyrgyz Service between 1 January 2003 and 30 September 2010).
A short biography
He was born in the villageVillage
A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet with the population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand , Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods, such as the West Village in Manhattan, New...
of Echki-Bashy in the On-Archa village government in Naryn district of Naryn
Naryn
Naryn is the provincial administrative center of the Naryn Province in central Kyrgyzstan, with a population of 34,822 . It is situated on both banks of the Naryn River, , which cuts a picturesque gorge through the town...
region in Northern Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan , officially the Kyrgyz Republic is one of the world's six independent Turkic states . Located in Central Asia, landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east...
on 28 March 1959.
His grand father Choro (Choro-Hajji) Aity uulu was a wealthy person who made a pilgrimage to Mecca.
Choro-Hajji died a little bit earlier than the launch of the extradition campaign by the Stalinist regime in the last years of the 1920s. Choro Hajji's mausoleum built in the 1927-28, still exists near the village of Echki-Bashy.
Choro-Hajji's older son, Bekbolot, died during the Stalinist purge, due to his connection with a wealthy family.
Choro-Hajji's wife, Suyumkan Malay kyzy, was a daughter of a wealthy person from a neighboring Ming-Bulak village. She was educated, and she could read Koran.
Kadyrmambet Tchoroev (or Choroev), the older son of Choro and Suyumkan, was married to his cousin, Aliya Kydyraaly kyzy, the daughter of Kydyraaly and Seidana Malay kyzy.
Seidana was also a well educated woman, who could read Koran and write in Arabic script.
However, the Arabic script was officially banned in Kyrgyzstan since 1928-29, when the Kyrgyz were transferred to the Latin script (until 1939-40), and, due to that, the grand mothers of Tyntchtykbek were officially recognized as "uneducated" women.
Kadyrmambet and Aliya had five sons and three daughters. Tyntchtykbek was the fourth in the family.
In the early years, he was brought up by both Suyumkan and Seidana, the grand mothers from father's and mother's side.
Tyntchtykbek used to go to the summer-time pasture of Solton-Sary together with the family until the autumn of 1966.
The older brothers and his older sister helped him to learn ABC even before he started to go to a primary school.
He started to go to the Echki-Bashy village school in September 1966.
After finishing the 8th class in the village, he went to the provincial town of Naryn to study the upper classes of the No 1 Toktogul Satylganov secondary school there.
He graduated the school with a silver medal in 1976.
Then he became a student of the history faculty at the Kyrgyz State University (now - the Kyrgyz Natioanl University named after Jusup Balasagyn).
During his student time, he was actively participating in the scholarly and literature circles in the capital city of Frunze (nowadays Bishkek
Bishkek
Bishkek , formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan.Bishkek is also the administrative centre of Chuy Province which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the province but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan.The name is thought to...
).
He graduated the university in Bishkek
Bishkek
Bishkek , formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan.Bishkek is also the administrative centre of Chuy Province which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the province but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan.The name is thought to...
with the so-called "Red diploma" in 1981.
He is married to Nurgul Dykanalieva, a Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan , officially the Kyrgyz Republic is one of the world's six independent Turkic states . Located in Central Asia, landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east...
citizen (since May 1982).
She graduated the bibliography
Bibliography
Bibliography , as a practice, is the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology...
and librarian branch of the philology
Philology
Philology is the study of language in written historical sources; it is a combination of literary studies, history and linguistics.Classical philology is the philology of Greek and Classical Latin...
faculty
Faculty
Faculty may refer to:In education:* Faculty , a division of a university* Faculty , academic staff of a university or collegeIn other uses:...
at the Kyrgyz women pedagogy university (now - the Kyrgyz State Pedagogy University named after Eshenaly Arabay uulu.)
Education and scholarly background
He graduated at the History Faculty of the Kyrgyz State University (now - the Kyrgyz National University) in BishkekBishkek
Bishkek , formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan.Bishkek is also the administrative centre of Chuy Province which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the province but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan.The name is thought to...
(then - Frunze), the capital of then Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic in 1981. He studied in Tashkent
Tashkent
Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan and of the Tashkent Province. The officially registered population of the city in 2008 was about 2.2 million. Unofficial sources estimate the actual population may be as much as 4.45 million.-Early Islamic History:...
at the Oriental Institute named after Abu Reihan Beruni of the Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan , officially the Republic of Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of the six independent Turkic states. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south....
Academy of Sciences
Academy of Sciences
An Academy of Sciences is a national academy or another learned society dedicated to sciences.In non-English speaking countries, the range of academic fields of the members of a national Academy of Science often includes fields which would not normally be classed as "science" in English...
in 1983-1988 and defended his first doctoral thesis devoted to the Eastern Turkic groups' migrations
Human migration
Human migration is physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups. Historically this movement was nomadic, often causing significant conflict with the indigenous population and their displacement or cultural assimilation. Only a few nomadic...
in the 9th - 13th centuries according to the medieval Muslim
Muslim
A Muslim, also spelled Moslem, is an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion based on the Quran, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God as revealed to prophet Muhammad. "Muslim" is the Arabic term for "submitter" .Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable...
sources (in Russian language
Russian language
Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
; Tashkent, December 1988).
He led the Chair of the Ancient and Medieval History
History
History is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented. Scholars who write about history are called historians...
(1989–1991) and the Chair of the Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
n and African States History (1992–1994) at the Kyrgyz National University. Then he studied at the high doctorate
Doctorate
A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder to teach in a specific field, A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder...
at the same university (1994–1997) and defended his doctoral thesis devoted to the epoch and life of Mahmud al-Kashghari (al-Barsqani), the Eastern Turkic
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...
scholar lived in the 11th century, and his scientific legacy. It was defended at the Kyrgyzstan National Academy of Sciences
Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences
Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences , originally part of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, was established as an independent entity by government decree in December 1993...
on 10 April 1998 (in Kyrgyz language
Kyrgyz language
Kyrgyz or Kirgiz, also Kirghiz, Kyrghiz, Qyrghiz is a Turkic language and, together with Russian, an official language of Kyrgyzstan...
).
Textbooks and Turkology Publications
Tchoroev (Chorotegin) has published several monographMonograph
A monograph is a work of writing upon a single subject, usually by a single author.It is often a scholarly essay or learned treatise, and may be released in the manner of a book or journal article. It is by definition a single document that forms a complete text in itself...
s and books in Kyrgyz
Kyrgyz language
Kyrgyz or Kirgiz, also Kirghiz, Kyrghiz, Qyrghiz is a Turkic language and, together with Russian, an official language of Kyrgyzstan...
and Russian languages (since 1990) and several textbooks
Textbook
A textbook or coursebook is a manual of instruction in any branch of study. Textbooks are produced according to the demands of educational institutions...
devoted to the ancient and medieval history of the Kyrgyz
Kyrgyz
The Kyrgyz are a Turkic ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan.-Etymology:There are several etymological theories on the ethnonym "Kyrgyz."...
people and their neighbors in Central
Central Asia
Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
and Inner Asia
Inner Asia
Inner Asia has a range of meanings among different researchers and in different countries. Denis Sinor defined Inner Asia broadly as the homelands of the Altaic peoples and the Uralic peoples .German makes a distinction between "Zentralasien", meaning Mongolia, Tibet, Xinjiang, and...
.
The first post-Soviet Kyrgyz textbook
Textbook
A textbook or coursebook is a manual of instruction in any branch of study. Textbooks are produced according to the demands of educational institutions...
s for the secondary schools
Secondary school
Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational institution where the final stage of schooling, known as secondary education and usually compulsory up to a specified age, takes place...
in Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan , officially the Kyrgyz Republic is one of the world's six independent Turkic states . Located in Central Asia, landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east...
by him in co-authorship with Professor Toktorbek Omurbekov have been translated from Kyrgyz into Russian and Uzbek languages.
The textbooks for the secondary schools are being officially distributed by the Education Ministry in Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan , officially the Kyrgyz Republic is one of the world's six independent Turkic states . Located in Central Asia, landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east...
since 1996 until now (August 2011).
Some his articles on Kyrgyz history and medieval sources were published by UNESCO
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations...
, International Journal of Middle East Studies
International Journal of Middle East Studies
The International Journal of Middle East Studies is a scholarly journal published by the Middle East Studies Association of North America , a learned society.-See also:* Edinburgh Middle East Report* Middle East Research and Information Project...
, Kyrgyz National Encyclopedia, Soviet Encyclopedia, etc. (in Kyrgyzstan, the USA, Western Europe
Western Europe
Western Europe is a loose term for the collection of countries in the western most region of the European continents, though this definition is context-dependent and carries cultural and political connotations. One definition describes Western Europe as a geographic entity—the region lying in the...
, Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, Turkey
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
, China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan , officially the Republic of Uzbekistan is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia and one of the six independent Turkic states. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south....
).
Public activities
Tchoroev (Chorotegin) was a pioneer and a member of the Kyrgyzstan Comsomol during his childhood time as an ordinary child of his country.At that time he was not aware that his father’s elder brother was a victim of the Stalinist purge
Purge
In history, religion, and political science, a purge is the removal of people who are considered undesirable by those in power from a government, from another organization, or from society as a whole. Purges can be peaceful or violent; many will end with the imprisonment or exile of those purged,...
and died in an unknown part of Soviet Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
in a camp of the so-called Gulag
Gulag
The Gulag was the government agency that administered the main Soviet forced labor camp systems. While the camps housed a wide range of convicts, from petty criminals to political prisoners, large numbers were convicted by simplified procedures, such as NKVD troikas and other instruments of...
. His view of the world was gradually changed in 1980-1986.
In 1987-88, during the era of Perestroika
Perestroika
Perestroika was a political movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during 1980s, widely associated with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev...
in the U.S.S.R., he was one of the Kyrgyz intellectuals to fight for the equal statute of the Kyrgyz language
Kyrgyz language
Kyrgyz or Kirgiz, also Kirghiz, Kyrghiz, Qyrghiz is a Turkic language and, together with Russian, an official language of Kyrgyzstan...
with the official Russian language
Russian language
Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
in his native republic.
In 1989, during the Perestroika
Perestroika
Perestroika was a political movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during 1980s, widely associated with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev...
epoch, he became one of the young Kyrgyz intellectuals to fight for a national identity
National identity
National identity is the person's identity and sense of belonging to one state or to one nation, a feeling one shares with a group of people, regardless of one's citizenship status....
of the Kyrgyz people. He was a founding member and one of the leaders of the Kyrgyzstan’s Young Historians Association, the first nongovernmental organization of the Kyrgyz historians to challenge the official Soviet Kyrgyz historiography
Historiography
Historiography refers either to the study of the history and methodology of history as a discipline, or to a body of historical work on a specialized topic...
.
First, he was deputy chairman, then the chairman of the Kyrgyzstan’s Young Historians Association which was established despite the obstacles from then Communist leadership in Kyrgyzstan, on 3 June 1989. It was the first nongovernmental organization to hold its founding conference in the Kyrgyz language
Kyrgyz language
Kyrgyz or Kirgiz, also Kirghiz, Kyrghiz, Qyrghiz is a Turkic language and, together with Russian, an official language of Kyrgyzstan...
with a simultaneous Russian translation.
The Kyrgyzstan Writers Union, led by a prominent writer and statesman Chyngyz Aitmatov
Aitmatov
Aitmatov is a Kyrgyz surname, and may refer to:* Chinghiz Aitmatov , Kirghiz writer* Askar Aitmatov , Kirghiz politician, son of Chinghiz Aitmatov...
, supported the young Kyrgyz historians by allowing them to hold their conference in the Union's hall (free of charge).
He was a co-author of the new program of the Kyrgyz history for the secondary schools published in September 1989 in both Kyrgyz and Russian languages in the Mugalimder Gazetasy (The Teachers’ Newspaper), the official media outlet of the Kyrgyz Education Ministry, where the previous Kyrgyz historiography
Historiography
Historiography refers either to the study of the history and methodology of history as a discipline, or to a body of historical work on a specialized topic...
views were challenged by the new ideas.
Political activities
In 1990 January and February, Tchoroev (Chorotegin) participated at the protest rally of the democracy-oriented Kyrgyz youth in BishkekBishkek
Bishkek , formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan.Bishkek is also the administrative centre of Chuy Province which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the province but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan.The name is thought to...
. Then he was one of the main organizers of the round tables with participation of the young Kyrgyz scholars, students and young workers and the Kyrgyz Soviet officials (February – April 1990).
In April, Tchoroev (Chorotegin) became a member of the underground political party of Asaba (Flag), and participated at the first ever anti-Communist rally organized by the party on the 1st May 1990 in Bishkek
Bishkek
Bishkek , formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan.Bishkek is also the administrative centre of Chuy Province which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the province but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan.The name is thought to...
. The columns of the rally participants followed by the officially allowed Communist-run columns through the Central Ala-Too square
Ala-Too Square
Ala-Too Square is the central square in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The square was built in 1984 to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Kyrgyz SSR, at which time a massive statue of Lenin was placed in the square's center...
in Bishkek.
The difference of the Asaba Party’s column was in their slogans written on the blue placards demanding to build democracy and to stop the one-party-ruling system in Soviet Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan , officially the Kyrgyz Republic is one of the world's six independent Turkic states . Located in Central Asia, landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east...
.
Tchoroev (Chorotegin) was one of the organizers of the Kyrgyzstan Democratic Movement (Kyrgyzstan Demokratialyk Kyimyly, KDK), the first umbrella bloc for several opposition parties, movements and nongovernment organizations in Kyrgyzstan. (See: Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan
Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan
Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan is a political party currently active in Kyrgyzstan. The party's current Chairman is Jypar Jeksheev , who is also the founder of the movement...
.)
The founding Congress of the KDK was held in Bishkek on 25–26 May 1990. At the Congress, he presented a report on the Regulations of the KDK (he was the author of the draft of the Regulations. The core ideas of the KDK’s Regulations were based upon similar documents of the anti-Communist movements of the Baltic states).
In October 1990, he participated at the international conference of the anti-Communist organizations from several Soviet republics, including some separatist republics, in Kiev
Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press....
. He witnessed the anti-Communist hunger strike of the Ukrainian
Ukrainians
Ukrainians are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens...
students there.
In October 19–27, 1990, Tchoroev (Chorotegin) also was amongst organizers and active participants of the similar hunger strike
Hunger strike
A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance or pressure in which participants fast as an act of political protest, or to provoke feelings of guilt in others, usually with the objective to achieve a specific goal, such as a policy change. Most hunger strikers will take liquids but not...
action in Frunze (nowadays Bishkek
Bishkek
Bishkek , formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan.Bishkek is also the administrative centre of Chuy Province which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the province but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan.The name is thought to...
), the capital city of Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan , officially the Kyrgyz Republic is one of the world's six independent Turkic states . Located in Central Asia, landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east...
, organized by the KDK.
The protest action with demands to democratize then the Soviet Central Asia
Central Asia
Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
n republic, ended with the victory of the democracy-oriented politicians: Askar Akayev
Askar Akayev
Askar Akayevich Akayev served as the President of Kyrgyzstan from 1990 until his overthrow in the March 2005 Tulip Revolution....
, a Kyrgyz
Kyrgyz
The Kyrgyz are a Turkic ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan.-Etymology:There are several etymological theories on the ethnonym "Kyrgyz."...
academician
Academician
The title Academician denotes a Full Member of an art, literary, or scientific academy.In many countries, it is an honorary title. There also exists a lower-rank title, variously translated Corresponding Member or Associate Member, .-Eastern Europe and China:"Academician" may also be a functional...
who started to criticize the ruling Communist regime, was elected by the parliament as the first ever Kyrgyzstan President.
In 1992, he was one of the co-authors of the alternate draft of the post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan , officially the Kyrgyz Republic is one of the world's six independent Turkic states . Located in Central Asia, landlocked and mountainous, Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the southwest and China to the east...
Constitution
Constitution
A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed. These rules together make up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is...
(published in both Kyrgyz and Russian). He was a member of the Free Kyrgyzstan (Erkin Kyrgyzstan) Democratic Party at that time.
Since the beginning of 1993, Tchoroev (Chorotegin) ceased all the political activities (including the party membership) due to his journalism
Journalism
Journalism is the practice of investigation and reporting of events, issues and trends to a broad audience in a timely fashion. Though there are many variations of journalism, the ideal is to inform the intended audience. Along with covering organizations and institutions such as government and...
duties and scholarly career.
Journalism. Literature. Reporting
His first ever political pamphletPamphlet
A pamphlet is an unbound booklet . It may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths , or it may consist of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle stapled at the crease to make a simple book...
was published by the monthly satirical and humorous magazine
Magazine
Magazines, periodicals, glossies or serials are publications, generally published on a regular schedule, containing a variety of articles. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by pre-paid magazine subscriptions, or all three...
of “Chalkan” (Stinging-Nettle) in October 1974, when he was still a school boy. It was written under influence of the Soviet propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position so as to benefit oneself or one's group....
machine about the Western world.
Tchoroev (Chorotegin) published several humorous short stories in Kyrgyz in several newspaper
Newspaper
A newspaper is a scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features and advertising. It usually is printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint. By 2007, there were 6580 daily newspapers in the world selling 395 million copies a...
s, magazine
Magazine
Magazines, periodicals, glossies or serials are publications, generally published on a regular schedule, containing a variety of articles. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by pre-paid magazine subscriptions, or all three...
s, almanac
Almanac
An almanac is an annual publication that includes information such as weather forecasts, farmers' planting dates, and tide tables, containing tabular information in a particular field or fields often arranged according to the calendar etc...
s and a small book (1974–1986).
He published a lot of reports and publicist articles on cultural and social life of Kyrgyzstani
Kyrgyzstani
Kyrgyzstani may refer to:* Something of, from, or related to the country of Kyrgyzstan* A person from Kyrgyzstan, or of Kyrgyzstani descent. For information about the Kyrgyzstani people, see Demographics of Kyrgyzstan, Culture of Kyrgyzstan and Kyrgyz people. For specific persons, see List of...
s, people of Central Asia
Central Asia
Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...
and China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
in Kyrgyz
Kyrgyz language
Kyrgyz or Kirgiz, also Kirghiz, Kyrghiz, Qyrghiz is a Turkic language and, together with Russian, an official language of Kyrgyzstan...
and Russian language
Russian language
Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
s.
Tchoroev (Chorotegin) translated two books from English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
into Kyrgyz: The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, 1988, by Friedrich August von Hayek, published in Bishkek in 1998 (ISBN 9967-11-025-2) and The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community
The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community is a popular work by Canadian historian William H. McNeill...
: With a Retrospective Essay, 1991, by William H. McNeill
William H. McNeill
William Hardy McNeill is an American world historian and author and is Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Chicago, where he has taught since 1947.-Biography:...
(its ancient and early medieval ages’ part), published in Bishkek
Bishkek
Bishkek , formerly Pishpek and Frunze, is the capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan.Bishkek is also the administrative centre of Chuy Province which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the province but rather a province-level unit of Kyrgyzstan.The name is thought to...
in 2002 (ISBN 9967-11-133-X). The both translations were published by the Soros-Kyrgyzstan Foundation
Soros Foundation
A Soros Foundation is one of a network of national foundations, mostly in Central and Eastern Europe, which fund volunteer socio-political activity, created by George Soros, international financier and self-proclaimed philanthropist, and coordinated since early 1994 by a management team called the...
.
He edited several books in Kyrgyz and Russian
Russian language
Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
, including monographs by a Kyrgyz orientalist
Oriental studies
Oriental studies is the academic field of study that embraces Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, peoples, history and archaeology; in recent years the subject has often been turned into the newer terms of Asian studies and Middle Eastern studies...
Omurkul Kara uulu (Karaev), a Russian archeology professor Yuliy Khudiakov, the Kyrgyz historians Arslan Koichiev, Akylbek Kylychev, Oljobay Karatayev, a lawyer Sabyrbek Kojonaliev, some English-Kyrgyz dictionaries for children, etc.
In 1991 April Tchoroev (Chorotegin) became the second freelancer
Freelancer
A freelancer, freelance worker, or freelance is somebody who is self-employed and is not committed to a particular employer long term. These workers are often represented by a company or an agency that resells their labor and that of others to its clients with or without project management and...
to work for the Kyrgyz Service of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty inside the country.
He was the first chief of the Bishkek Bureau of the Radio Azattyk (the Kyrgyz Service of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty) in 1992–1995, 1996–1998).
Tchoroev (Chorotegin) worked as a producer
Radio producer
A radio producer oversees the making of a radio show. There are two main types of producer. An audio or creative producer and a content producer. Audio producers create sounds and audio specifically, content producers oversee and orchestrate a radio show or feature...
of the BBC
BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. Its headquarters is at Broadcasting House in the City of Westminster, London. It is the largest broadcaster in the world, with about 23,000 staff...
Kyrgyz Service (based in London) in April 1998 – July 2000.
He became a broadcaster
Presenter
A presenter, or host , is a person or organization responsible for running an event. A museum or university, for example, may be the presenter or host of an exhibit. Likewise, a master of ceremonies is a person that hosts or presents a show...
of the Radio Azattyk (the Kyrgyz Service of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, based in Prague) since 25 July 2000. He was the director of the Service between 1 January 2003 and 30 September 2010.
On 16 August 2011, he ceased his broadcaster's position at the Prague headquarters of the Radio Azattyk.
Currently, he is an independent researcher based in Prague and Bishkek.
Selected bibliography
a) As a sole author:1. Historiography of Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan, in: International Journal for Middle East Studies
International Journal of Middle East Studies
The International Journal of Middle East Studies is a scholarly journal published by the Middle East Studies Association of North America , a learned society.-See also:* Edinburgh Middle East Report* Middle East Research and Information Project...
, 2002, Vol. 34, p. 351-374 (USA); (2002 Cambridge Un-ty Press 0020-7438/02 )
2. The Kyrgyz Republic, in: The Turks (English language edition) / Edited by Hasan Celal Güzel, C. Cem Oguz, and Osman Karatay; Published by Yeni Turkiye Research & Publishing Center. Ankara, 2002. Hard cover, 6 volumes, 6000 pages, ISBN 975-6782-55-2. (this chapter is in the 6th vol.).
3. Etnicheskiye situatsii v tyurkskikh regionakh Tsentral'noi Azii domongol'skogo vremeni: Po musul'manskim istochnikam IX-XIII vv., edited by Professor Bori Ahmedov. - Bishkek, 1995. – 208 p., ill., map. (in Russian);
4. Makhmud Kashghari (Barskani) jana anyn "Divanu lughati t-turk" söz jyinaghy: (1072–1077), edited by Omurkul Kara-uulu. Bishkek, 1997. – 160 p., ill., map. (in Kyrgyz); (ISBN 5-655-01222-7)
5. ‘The Kyrgyz’; in: The History of Civilisations of Central Asia, Vol. 5, Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century /Editors: Ch. Adle and Irfan Habib. Co-editor: Karl M. Baipakov. – UNESCO Publishing. Multiple History Series. Paris. 2003. - Chapter 4, p. 109 – 125. (ISBN 92-3-103876-1) See: http://www.unesco.org/culture/asia/
b) books published in collaboration:
with B.Urstanbekov: Kyrgyz tarykhy: Kyskacha entsiklopediyalyk sözdük, Frunze, Kyrgyz Sovet Entsiklopediyasynyn Bashky redaktsiyasy, 1990. – 288 pages. (in Kyrgyz); (ISBN 5-89750-028-2)
with T.Omurbekov: "Tündük Kyrgyzstandyn Orusiiaga karatylyshy (1855–1868), Bishkek, 1992 (in Kyrgyz);
with T.Omurbekov: Kyrgyzdardyn jana Kyrgyzstandyn tarykhy: Ezelki zamandan VII k. bashyna cheyin: 6-klass, Bishkek, 1997 (in Kyrgyz); (re-published in new version in 2002. Bishkek.)
with T.Omurbekov: Kyrgyzdardyn jana Kyrgyzstandyn tarykhy: VII k. bashy - XVIII k. ayaghy: 7-klass, Bishkek, 1998 (in Kyrgyz); (re-published in new version in 2002. – Edited by Oskon Osmonov. Bishkek. 2002. – 202 pages, ill., map. ISBN 5-655-01416-5)
with T.Omurbekov: Kyrgyzdardyn jana Kyrgyzstandyn tarykhy: (XIX k. bashy - 1917-jyl): 8-klass, Bishkek, 1998 (in Kyrgyz); (re-published in new version in 2003. – Bishkek.)
with Omurbekov Toktorbek, Marchenko Larisa. Istoriya Kyrgyzstana: (S drevneishih vremion do nachala IX v. n. e.): Nachal’niy kurs. 6-y klass. / Spets. Redactor Murat Imankulov. Translated from Kyrgyz into Russian by J.Judemisheva and J.Alymkulov. – Bishkek: Pedagogika Printing House. 2001. – 152 pages, ill. Map. (ISBN 9967-415-41-X)
with Omurbekov Toktorbek. Istoriya Kyrgyzstana: (IX – XVIII vv. ). 7-y klass. / Spets. Redactor Oskon Osmonov. Translated from Kyrgyz into Russian by J.Judemisheva. – Bishkek: Izdatel’skiy tsentr Ministerstva obrazovaniya I kul’tury “Tekhnologiya”. 2003. – 184 pages, ill., map. (ISBN 5-85580-007-5)
with Omurbekov Toktorbek. Istoriya Kyrgyzstana: (XIX v. – 1917 g.). 8-y klass. / Spets. Redactor Oskon Osmonov. Translated from Kyrgyz into Russian by M. Nurtumova. – Bishkek: Izdatel’skiy tsentr Ministerstva obrazovaniya I kul’tury “Tekhnologiya”. 2003. – 192 pages, ill. (ISBN 5-85580-007-5)
with T.Omurbekov: Kyrgyzdardyn jana Kyrgyzstandyn tarykhy: XVII - XX k. bashy, Bishkek, 1995 (in Kyrgyz);
with K.Moldokasymov: Kyrgyzdardyn jana Kyrgyzstandyn kyskacha taryhy, Bishkek, 2000 (in Kyrgyz);
with K.Moldokasymov: Istoriya Kyrgyzstana; in: Kyrgyzstan: Entsiklopediya, Bishkek, 2001 (in the separate Kyrgyz and Russian editions);
with U.A.Asanov, A.Z.Jumanazarova: Kto est' kto v kyrgyzskoi nauke: Bio-bibliograficheskiy spravochnik, Bishkek, 1997 (in Russian);
with U.A.Asanov, A.Z.Jumanazarova: Kyrgyzskaia nauka v litsah: Kratkiy istoricheskiy I bio- bibliograficheskiy svod / Otv. Red. U.A.Asanov. – Bishkek: Tsentr gosyazyka I entsiklopedii. 2002. – 544 pages, ill., map. (ISBN 5-89750-142-4)
with T.Turgunaly, K.Asanaliev, M.Kerimbaev: Kyrgyz Jumuriyatynyn Konstitutsiyasynyn dolbooru: Al'ternativdik dolboor. Proyekt Konstitutsii Respubliki Kyrgyzstan: Al'ternativnyi proekt, Bishkek, 1992 ( An Alternative Draft of the Kyrgyz Republic’s Constitution; in Kyrgyz and Russian); etc.
Sources
- Asanov U.A., Jumanazarova A.Z., Chorotegin T. Kyrgyzskaya nauka v litsakh (The Kyrgyz Science In Faces). - Bishkek, Main Editorial Board of the Kyrgyz Encyclopedy, 2002. P. 499. - ISBN 5-89750-142-4
- Gundula Salk. Die Sanjira Des Togolok Moldo (1860–1942). Wiesbaden. Harrassowitz Verlag. 2009. - S. 2-3. - ISBN 978-3-447-06161-2