3rd Century BC

• 236 BC
  236 BC
  Year 236 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caudinus and Varus...
  
   - The Carthaginian General Hamilcar Barca
  Hamilcar Barca
  Hamilcar Barca or Barcas was a Carthaginian general and statesman, leader of the Barcid family, and father of Hannibal, Hasdrubal and Mago. He was also father-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair....
  
   enters Iberia with his armies through Gadir.
• 228 BC
  228 BC
  Year 228 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ruga and Verrucosus...
  
   - Hamilcar Barca dies in battle. He is succeeded in command of the Carthaginian armies in Iberia by his son-in-law Hasdrubal
  Hasdrubal the Fair
  Hasdrubal the Fair was a Carthaginian military leader.He was the brother-in-law of Hannibal and son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca...
  
  , who extends the newly acquired empire by skillful diplomacy, and consolidates it by the foundation of Carthago Nova (Cartagena
  Cartagena, Spain
  Cartagena is a Spanish city and a major naval station located in the Region of Murcia, by the Mediterranean coast, south-eastern Spain. As of January 2011, it has a population of 218,210 inhabitants being the Region’s second largest municipality and the country’s 6th non-Province capital...
  
  ) as the capital of the new province.
• 226 BC
  226 BC
  Year 226 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Fullo...
  
   - Hasdrubal the Fair, who rule relatively independently of Carthage
  Carthage
  Carthage , implying it was a 'new Tyre') is a major urban centre that has existed for nearly 3,000 years on the Gulf of Tunis, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC...
  
  , sign the Ebro treaty
  Ebro Treaty
  The Ebro Treaty was a treaty signed in 226 BC by Hasdrubal the Fair of Carthage and the Roman Republic, which fixed the river Ebro in Iberia as the boundary between the two powers. Under the terms of the treaty, Carthage would not expand north of the Ebro, as long as Rome likewise did not expand to...
  
   with Rome, which fix the river Ebro
  Ebro
  The Ebro or Ebre is one of the most important rivers in the Iberian Peninsula. It is the biggest river by discharge volume in Spain.The Ebro flows through the following cities:*Reinosa in Cantabria.*Miranda de Ebro in Castile and León....
  
   as the boundary between the two powers. Under the terms of the treaty, Carthage may not expand north of the Ebro, as long as Rome likewise may not expand to the south of the river.

• 221 BC
  221 BC
  Year 221 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Asina and Rufus/Lepidus...
  
   - Hasdrubal is killed by a Celtic assassin. Hannibal Barca
  Hannibal Barca
  Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barca Hannibal's date of death is most commonly given as 183 BC, but there is a possibility it could have taken place in 182 BC. was a Carthaginian military commander and tactician. He is generally considered one of the greatest military commanders in history...
  
  , Hamilcar Barca's older son, is acclaimed commander-in-chief by the army and confirmed in his appointment by the Carthaginian Senate.
• 220 BC
  220 BC
  Year 220 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Laevinus/Catulus and Scaevola/Philo...
  
   - Hannibal capture the Vaccean cities of Helmantica (Salamanca
  Salamanca
  Salamanca is a city in western Spain, in the community of Castile and León. Because it is known for its beautiful buildings and urban environment, the Old City was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. It is the most important university city in Spain and is known for its contributions to...
  
  ) and Arbucala (Zamora
  Zamora, Spain
  Zamora is a city in Castile and León, Spain, the capital of the province of Zamora. It lies on a rocky hill in the northwest, near the frontier with Portugal and crossed by the Duero river, which is some 50 km downstream as it reaches the Portuguese frontier...
  
  ).
• 219 BC
  219 BC
  Year 219 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Paullus and Salinator...
  
  
  • Hannibal defeate a combined force of Vaccaei, Olcades
    Olcades
    The Olcades were an ancient stock-raising pre-Roman people from Hispania that lived to the west of the Turboletae in the southeastern fringe of the Iberian system mountains.- Origins :...
    
     and Carpetani
    Carpetani
    The Carpetani were one of the Celtic pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula , akin to the Celtiberians, dwelling in the central part of the meseta - the high central upland plain of the Iberian peninsula.-Location:They inhabited since the 5th Century BC the Toledo and Alcaraz highland ranges...
    
    , thus completing his conquest of Hispania south of the Ebro with the exception of Saguntum.
  • Beginning of the siege of Saguntum. The city call for Roman aid and the Roman Senate sends envoys to declare the city under Roman protection, which is disregarded by Hannibal.
• 218 BC
  218 BC
  Year 218 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scipio and Longus...
  
  
  • Hannibal Barca takes Saguntum with the aid of the Turboletae and departs for the Italian peninsula in order to attack the Romans in their own territory. His younger brother Hasdrubal Barca
    Hasdrubal Barca
    Hasdrubal was Hamilcar Barca's second son and a Carthaginian general in the Second Punic War. He was a younger brother of the much more famous Hannibal.-Youth and Iberian leadership:...
    
     is left in the command of the Carthaginian armies in Iberia.
  • Beginning of the Second Punic War
    Second Punic War
    The Second Punic War, also referred to as The Hannibalic War and The War Against Hannibal, lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western and eastern Mediterranean. This was the second major war between Carthage and the Roman Republic, with the participation of the Berbers on...
    
     between Carthage and Rome.
  • A Roman army under Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus
    Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus
    Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus was a Roman general and statesman.His father was Lucius Cornelius Scipio, son of the patrician censor of 280, Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus. His younger brother was Publius Cornelius Scipio, father of the most famous Scipio – Scipio Africanus...
    
     defeat an outnumbered Carthaginian army near Cissa
    Battle of Cissa
    The Battle of Cissa was part of the Second Punic War. It was fought in the fall of 218 BC south of the Greek town of Tarraco in north-eastern Iberia...
    
    , thus gaining control of the territory north of the Ebro River that Hannibal had just subdued a few months prior in the summer. This is the first battle the Romans ever fought in Iberia.
  • Scipio and the Roman army winter at Tarraco
    Tarraco
    Tarraco is the ancient name of the current city of Tarragona . During the Roman Empire was one of the major cities of the Iberian Peninsula and capital of the Roman province called Hispania Citerior or Hispania Tarraconensis. The full name of the city at the time of the Roman Republic was Colonia...
    
    . Hasdrubal retire to Cartagena after garrisoning allied towns south of the Ebro.
• 217 BC
  217 BC
  Year 217 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Geminus and Flaminius/Regulus...
  
  
  • Hasdrubal Barca launch a joint expedition to destroy the Roman base north of the Ebro River, but is defeated after a surprise attack by the Roman ships, who completely annihilate the Carthaginian naval contingent.
  • After the battle of Ebro River
    Battle of Ebro River
    Battle of Ebro River was a naval battle fought between a Carthaginian fleet of approximately 40 quinqueremes under the command of Himilco and a Roman fleet of 55 ships under Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus near the mouth of Ebro River in the spring of 217 BC...
    
    , Hasdrubal dismiss the Iberian crews, sparking a rebellion in the Trudetani tribe.
  • During the fall, Publius Cornelius Scipio
    Publius Cornelius Scipio
    Publius Cornelius Scipio was a general and statesman of the Roman Republic.A member of the Corneliagens, Scipio served as consul in 218 BC, the first year of the Second Punic War, and sailed with an army from Pisa to Massilia , with the intention of arresting Hannibal's advance on Italy...
    
     joins his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, reinforcing the Roman troops.
• 216 BC
  216 BC
  Year 216 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Varro and Paullus...
  
  
  • The Scipio brothers raid Barcid possessions in Iberia and Balearic Islands and recruit auxiliary troops from Iberian tribes, consolidated their hold north of the Ebro River. They also encourage Iberian tribes friendly with the Romans to raid tribes loyal to Carthage beyond the Ebro.
  • Hasdrubal spend the year in subduing the Iberian tribes, with little effort made to confront the Romans.
• 215 BC
  215 BC
  Year 215 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Albinus/Marcellus/Verrucosus and Gracchus...
  
  
  • The Romans lay siege to Ibera, a small Iberian town allied to Carthage. Hasdrubal march north with his field army to the Ebro, but besiege a town allied with the Romans across Dertosa instead. The Scipios lift their siege and move to engage Hasdrubal, defeating him in the battle of Dertosa
    Battle of Dertosa
    The Battle of Dertosa, also known as the Battle of Ibera, was fought in the spring of 215 BC on the south bank of the Ebro River across from the town of Dertosa. A Roman army, under the command of Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus and Publius Cornelius Scipio defeated a similarly sized Carthaginian...
    
    .
  • The Romans retake Saguntum and go deeper into Iberia.
• 212 BC
  212 BC
  Year 212 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flaccus and Pulcher...
  
   - The Romans and their Edetani
  Edetani
  The Edetani were an ancient Iberian people of the Iberian peninsula . They are believed to have spoken a form of the Iberian language.-External links:*...
  
   allies invade Turboletania, seize the capital Turba and raze it to the ground, selling his residents to slavery.
• 211 BC
  211 BC
  Year 211 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Maximus and Maximus...
  
  
  • Large Carthaginian counter-offensive led by Hasdrubal Barca, his brother Mago Barca
    Mago Barca
    Mago, son of Hamilcar Barca, also spelled Magon, Phoenician MGN, "God sent" , was a member of the Barcid family, and played an important role in the Second Punic War, leading forces of Carthage against the Roman Republic in Hispania, Gallia Cisalpina and Italy...
    
     and Hasdrubal Gisco
    Hasdrubal Gisco
    Hasdrubal Gisco or Hasdrubal son of Gisco was a Carthaginian general who fought against Rome in Iberia and North Africa during the Second Punic War. He should not be confused with Hasdrubal Barca, the brother of Hannibal....
    
    . Publius Cornelius Scipio and his bother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus are killed in the Battles of the Upper Baetis
    Battle of the Upper Baetis
    The Battle of the Upper Baetis was fought in 211 BC between a Carthaginian force led by Hasdrubal Barca and a Roman force led by Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus. The immediate result was a Carthaginian victory in which both Roman brothers were killed...
    
    . Carthaginian victory.
  • Rome send reinforcements to Iberia under the command of Gaius Claudius Nero
    Gaius Claudius Nero
    Gaius Claudius Nero was a Roman consul who fought in the Battle of the Metaurus . He was member of the gens Claudia. He is not to be confused with the Roman Emperor Nero.In 207 BC, the thirteenth year of the war, he was elected consul with Marcus Livius Salinator, and with his colleague he led the...
    
    , but Nero score no spectacular victories.
• 210 BC
  210 BC
  Year 210 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcellus and Laevinus...
  
  
  • Arrival of Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, the son of Publius Scipio, with 10,000 Roman troops in Iberia.
  • The Roman general Scipio Africanus conquers Carthago Nova.
• 209 BC
  209 BC
  Year 209 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Verrucosus and Flaccus...
  
   - The three Carthaginian armies remain separated, and their generals at odds with each other, thus giving the Romans a chance to deal with them one by one.
• 208 BC
  208 BC
  Year 208 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcellus and Crispinus...
  
  
  • Scipio move against Hasdrubal, whose force wintered at Baecula
    Battle of Baecula
    The Battle of Baecula was Scipio Africanus’s first major field battle after he had taken command of Roman interests in Iberia during the Second Punic War, in which he routed the Carthaginian army under the command of Hasdrubal Barca.-Prelude:...
    
    , inflicting great losses.
  • After the battle, Hasdrubal lead his depleted army over the western passes of the Pyrenees into Gaul, and subsequently into Italy with a mostly Gallic force in an ill-fated attempt to join his brother Hannibal.
  • Scipio retire his army to Tarraco, and manage to secure alliances with most of the native Iberian tribes, who switch side after the recent Roman successes.
• 207 BC
  207 BC
  Year 207 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Nero and Salinator...
  
  
  • Carthaginian reinforcements land in Iberia under Hanno
    Hanno the Elder
    Hanno the Elder was a Carthaginian general who served under Hannibal during the Second Punic War. According to the historian Livy, his track record was terrible: in 215 BC he was defeated by Tiberius Sempronius Longus at Grumentum, in 214 BC he was defeated by Gracchus at Beneventum, two years...
    
    , who soon join Mago Barca. Together they raise a powerful army by heavy recruiting of Celtiberians.
  • Hasdrubal Gisco advance his army from Gades into Andalusia.
  • Scipio send a detachment under Silanus to strike Mago first. Achieving complete surprise, Silanus fall on the Carthaginian camps, dispersing Mago’s Celtiberians and capturing Hanno.
• 206 BC
  206 BC
  Year 206 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Philo and Metellus...
  
  
  • Battle of Ilipa
    Battle of Ilipa
    The Battle of Ilipa in 206 BC was considered Scipio Africanus’s most brilliant victory in his military career during the Second Punic War. Though it may not seem to be as original as Hannibal’s tactic at Cannae, Scipio’s pre-battle maneuver and his Reverse Cannae formation was still a culmination...
    
     (near Seville
    Seville
    Seville is the artistic, historic, cultural, and financial capital of southern Spain. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Andalusia and of the province of Seville. It is situated on the plain of the River Guadalquivir, with an average elevation of above sea level...
    
    ) between Roman legions, commanded by Scipio Africanus, and Carthaginian armies, commanded by Hasdrubal Barca and Mago. Roman victory that results in the evacuation of Iberia by the Punic commanders.
  • Gadir surrenders without a fight to the Romans.
• 205 BC
  205 BC
  Year 205 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Africanus and Dives...
  
   - The exhausted Turboletae
  Turboletae
  The Turboletae or 'Turboleti' were an obscure pre-Roman people from ancient Spain, which lived in the northwest Teruel province since the early 3rd Century BC.- Origins :...
  
   sue for peace, on which the Roman Senate force them to pay a huge compensation to the surviving citizens of Saguntum.
• 202 BC
  202 BC
  Year 202 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Geminus and Nero...
  
   - End of the Second Punic War with the defeat of Hannibal Barca in the Battle of Zama
  Battle of Zama
  The Battle of Zama, fought around October 19, 202 BC, marked the final and decisive end of the Second Punic War. A Roman army led by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus defeated a Carthaginian force led by the legendary commander Hannibal...
  
   in North Africa.
• 200 BC
  200 BC
  Year 200 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Maximus and Cotta...
  
   - The Latin poet Quintus Ennius records, for the first time, the use of the word Hispania to designate the Iberian peninsula (from the Carthaginian name).

2nd Century BC

• 197 BC
  197 BC
  Year 197 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cethegus and Rufus...
  
  
  • In a first attempt of a Roman provincial administration in Hispania, Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus and M. Helvius divide the peninsula into Hispania Ulterior
    Hispania Ulterior
    During the Roman Republic, Hispania Ulterior was a region of Hispania roughly located in Baetica and in the Guadalquivir valley of modern Spain and extending to all of Lusitania and Gallaecia...
    
     and Hispania Citerior
    Hispania Citerior
    During the Roman Republic, Hispania Citerior was a region of Hispania roughly occupying the northeastern coast and the Ebro Valley of what is now Spain. Hispania Ulterior was located west of Hispania Citerior—that is, farther away from Rome.-External links:*...
    
     (the one actually controlled by Rome). These two provinces are to be ruled by Governors with a mandate of one year.
  • The Turdetani
    Turdetani
    The Turdetani were ancient people of the Iberian peninsula , living in the valley of the Guadalquivir in what was to become the Roman Province of Hispania Baetica...
    
     rise against their Roman governor.
• 196 BC
  196 BC
  Year 196 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Purpureo and Marcellus...
  
   - The Tuboletae revolt is crushed by Q. Minucius, Praetor of Hispania Citerior, in a pitched battle near the ruins of Turba. Their devastated lands are divided among the Bastetani
  Bastetani
  The Bastetani or Bastuli were an ancient Iberian people of the Iberian peninsula . They are believed to have spoken the Iberian language....
  
   and Edetani
  Edetani
  The Edetani were an ancient Iberian people of the Iberian peninsula . They are believed to have spoken a form of the Iberian language.-External links:*...
  
  , resulting in their total disappearance.
• 195 BC
  195 BC
  Year 195 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flaccus and Cato...
  
   - Cato the Elder
  Cato the Elder
  Marcus Porcius Cato was a Roman statesman, commonly referred to as Censorius , Sapiens , Priscus , or Major, Cato the Elder, or Cato the Censor, to distinguish him from his great-grandson, Cato the Younger.He came of an ancient Plebeian family who all were noted for some...
  
   becomes consul, assuming the command of the whole of Hispania. Cato first put down the rebellion in the northeast, then march south and put down the revolt by the Turdetani.
• 193 BC
  193 BC
  Year 193 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Merula and Thermus...
  
   - Consul Marco Fulvio Flaco defeats a coalition of Vacceos
  Vacceos
  The Vaccaei or 'Vaccei' were a pre-Roman Celtic people of Spain which inhabited the sedimentary plains of the central Duero valley, in the Meseta Central of northern Hispania.-Origins:The Vaccaei were probably largely of Celtic descent...
  
  , Vettones
  Vettones
  The Vettones were one of the pre-Roman Celtic peoples of the Iberian Peninsula .- Origins :...
  
   and Lusones
  Lusones
  The Lusones were an ancient Celtic Celtiberian people of the Iberian peninsula , who lived in the high Tajuña River valley, northeast of Guadalajara...
  
   near Toletum (Toledo
  Toledo, Spain
  Toledo's Alcázar became renowned in the 19th and 20th centuries as a military academy. At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 its garrison was famously besieged by Republican forces.-Economy:...
  
  ). The rebelling forces take refuge in the Lusone city of Contrebia Belaisca, which is taken by the consul. The rebellion is over.
• 181 BC
  181 BC
  Year 181 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cethegus and Tamphilus...
  
  
  • The Belli
    Belli
    The Belli, also designated ‘Beli’ or ‘Belaiscos’ were an ancient pre-Roman Celtic Celtiberian people that lived in the modern Spanish province of Zaragoza from the 3rd Century BC.- Origins :.The Belli were of Celtic origin and part of the Celtiberians...
    
     are forced to accept roman suzerainty by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus.
  • Several tribes along the Ebro, especially the Lusones, rebel against Roman rule, invading Hispania Ulterior, Ebro valley and Iberic Levante in search of a lack of land on which to live. Beginning of the First Celtiberian War
    First Celtiberian War
    The First Celtiberian War was the first of a series of three wars known as the Celtiberian Wars. It was fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic and the Celtiberian tribes of Hispania Citerior from 181 to 179 BC....
    
    .
• 180 BC
  180 BC
  Year 180 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Luscus and Piso/Flaccus...
  
  
  • Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, proconsul of Hispania Citerior, frees the city of Caravis (Magallón
    Magallón
    Magallón is a municipality located in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. , the municipality has a population of 1,205 inhabitants.-Main sights:*Castle*Church of Santa María de la Huerta*Convent of the Dominicans...
    
    ), a roman allie, from the Celtiberians.
  • Gracchus conquers Contrebia and the vicinities, dividing this region with the indigenous roman allies and founding Gracurris (Alfaro
    Alfaro, La Rioja
    Alfaro is a town and municipality in La Rioja, northern Spain. Its population at January 2009 was of 9,883 inhabitants and has 194.23 km² extension...
    
    ) for the dispossessed Celtiberians.
• 179 BC
  179 BC
  Year 179 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flaccus and Fulvianus...
  
   - Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus defeats the Celtiberian coalition in the battle of Moncayo
  Moncayo (mountain)
  Moncayo is a 15 km long and about 7 km wide mountain massif giving name to the Tarazona y el Moncayo comarca, Aragon, Spain. It is located between the provinces of Zaragoza in Aragon and Soria in Castile and León...
  
  , ending the 1st Celtiberian War.
• 155 BC
  155 BC
  Year 155 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Corculum and Marcellus...
  
   - Under the command of Punicus first and Cesarus after, the Lusitanians
  Lusitanians
  The Lusitanians were an Indo-European people living in the Western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman province of Lusitania . They spoke the Lusitanian language which might have been Celtic. The modern Portuguese people see the Lusitanians as their ancestors...
  
   and Vettones
  Vettones
  The Vettones were one of the pre-Roman Celtic peoples of the Iberian Peninsula .- Origins :...
  
   reach Gibraltar
  Gibraltar
  Gibraltar is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean. A peninsula with an area of , it has a northern border with Andalusia, Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the major landmark of the region...
  
  . There they are defeated by the Praetor Lucius Mummius. Beginning of the Lusitanian War
  Lusitanian War
  The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos , was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic and the Lusitani tribes of Hispania Ulterior from 155 to 139 BC. The Lusitani revolted on two separate occasions and were pacified...
  
  .
• 154 BC
  154 BC
  Year 154 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Opimius and Albinus/Glabrio...
  
  
  • Lusitanians, under Cesarus, pillage through Baetica (modern Andalusia).
  • Rome forbid the enlargement of the fortification of Segeda
    Segeda
    Segeda is an ancient settlement, near today's Zaragoza in modern-day Spain. Originally it was a Celtiberian town, whose inhabitants, the Belli, gave it the name Sekeida. In 153 BC it was destroyed in a war with the Romans. Soon after, a new settlement was built on a nearby site...
    
    , capital of the Belli, considering an infraction to the treaty with Gracchus in 179 BC. However, the Belli continue the enlargement. Beginning of the 2nd Celtiberian War
    Numantine War
    The Numantine War was the last conflict of the Celtiberian Wars fought by the Romans to subdue those people along the Ebro. It was a twenty year long conflict between the Celtiberian tribes of Hispania Citerior and the Roman government. It began in 154 BC as a revolt of the Celtiberians of...
    
    .
• 153 BC
  153 BC
  Year 153 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Nobilior and Luscus...
  
  
  • With the advance of the roman legions led by the Consul Quintus Fulvius Nobilior
    Quintus Fulvius Nobilior
    Quintus Fulvius Nobilior was a Roman consul who obtained the consulship in 153 BC.His father Marcus Fulvius Nobilior and his brother Marcus Fulvius Nobilior were also consuls.Nobilior and his father were patrons of the writer Quintus Ennius....
    
    , the inhabitants of Segeda take refuge in Numantia
    Numantia
    Numantia is the name of an ancient Celtiberian settlement, whose remains are located 7 km north of the city of Soria, on a hill known as Cerro de la Muela in the municipality of Garray....
    
    , a city of the Arevaci
    Arevaci
    The Arevaci or ‘Aravaci’ , were a pre-Roman Celtic people who settled in the Meseta Central of northern Hispania and which dominated most of Celtiberia from the 4th to late 2nd centuries BC...
    
     tribe.
  • Nobilior destroys the city of Segeda, takes Ocilis (Medinaceli
    Medinaceli
    Medinaceli is a municipality and town in the province of Soria . Its name derives from the Arabic toponym madīnat sālim . The town is named after one Salim bin Waral, head of a Masmuda Berber family which settled there in the 8th century....
    
    ), but is ambushed by the Belli General Caros, leader of the Celtiberian coalition, at the battle of Ribarroya, at the Baldano river valley.
  • Nobilior arrives at the city of Numantia, where he spend the winter without taken it.
• 152 BC
  152 BC
  Year 152 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcellus and Flaccus...
  
   - Marcus Claudius Marcellus
  Marcus Claudius Marcellus (consul 166 BC)
  Marcus Claudius Marcellus was Roman consul for year 166 BC , for 155 BC , and for 152 BC ....
  
   replaces Nobilior as Consul and takes the Celtiberian cities of Ocilis and Nertobriga
  La Almunia de Doña Godina
  La Almunia de Doña Godina is a municipality in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain.This town is located by the E90 Highway. It is home to the church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción, rebuilt from 1754; it has maintained the original Mudéjar square-plan tower , which has a height of 40 meters...
  
  . Entrapped, the Numantines surrender. End of the 2nd Celtiberian war.
• 147 BC
  147 BC
  Year 147 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aemilianus and Drusus...
  
   - Viriathus
  Viriathus
  Viriathus was the most important leader of the Lusitanian people that resisted Roman expansion into the regions of Western Hispania , where the Roman province of Lusitania would be established...
  
   is acclaimed leader of the Lusitanians.
• 143 BC
  143 BC
  Year 143 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pulcher and Macedonicus...
  
  
  • Viriathus form a league against Rome with several Celtic tribes. The Arevaci are one of these tribes, beginning the second phase of the Numantine War
    Numantine War
    The Numantine War was the last conflict of the Celtiberian Wars fought by the Romans to subdue those people along the Ebro. It was a twenty year long conflict between the Celtiberian tribes of Hispania Citerior and the Roman government. It began in 154 BC as a revolt of the Celtiberians of...
    
    .
  • The governor Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus
    Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus
    Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus was a Praetor in 148 BC, Consul in 143 BC, Proconsul of Hispania Citerior in 142 BC and Censor in 131 BC. He was the oldest son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus and grandson of Lucius Caecilius Metellus.A brilliant general, he fought in the Third Macedonian War...
    
     attacks the territory of the Vettones, but is not able to take the cities of Numantia and Termancia.
• 142 BC
  142 BC
  Year 142 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Calvus and Servilianus...
  
  
  • Fabius Servilianus, new Consul of Hispania Ulterior, after having sacked several cities loyal to Viriathus in Baetica and southern Lusitania, is defeated by the Lusitanians in Erisane (in Baetica).
  • Fabius Servilianus, after the defeat, declare Viriathus to be a Friend of the Rome.
• 141 BC
  141 BC
  Year 141 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caepio and Pompeius...
  
   - After suffering severe defeats, the general Quintus Pompeius secretly negotiate a peace with the city of Numantia.
• 140 BC
  140 BC
  Year 140 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sapiens and Caepio...
  
  
  • In Hispania Ulterior, Servilius Cipianus, with the aid of Marcus Popillius Laenas
    Marcus Popillius Laenas
    M. Popillius M.f. Laenas was a consul of the Roman Republic in the year 359 BC. While consul, he defeated a Gallic army....
    
    ' armies, severely defeat the Lusitanians and oblige Viriathus to take refuge north of the Tagus river.
  • Servilius Cipianus armies also attack the Vettones and the Gallaecians.
• 139 BC
  139 BC
  Year 139 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Piso and Laenas...
  
  
  • The Roman Senate deems Fabius Servilianus' actions unworthy of Rome, and sends Servilius Cipianus to defeat the rebellious tribes of Hispania.
  • Servilius Cipianus founds the Roman cities of Castra Servilia and Caepiana (in the territory of the Celtici
    Celtici
    ]The Celtici were a Celtic tribe or group of tribes of the Iberian peninsula, inhabiting three definite areas: in what today are the provinces of Alentejo and the Algarve in Portugal; in the Province of Badajoz and north of Province of Huelva in Spain, in the ancient Baeturia; and along the...
    
    ).
  • Viriathus send emissaries to negotiate the peace with Servilius Cipianus, but is betrayed and killed in his sleep by his companions, bribed by Marcus Popillius Laenas.
  • Lusitanian armies, now led by Tautalus, still tries a southern incursion against the Romans, but are defeated. End of the Lusitanian War.
• 138 BC
  138 BC
  Year 138 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Serapio and Callaicus...
  
   - The general Marcus Popillius Laenas don't recognize the peace treaty of 141 BC signed between Quintus Pompeius and the Arevaci, beginning the final phase of the Numantine War.
• 137 BC
  137 BC
  Year 137 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Porcina and Mancinus...
  
   - Gaius Hostilius Mancinus
  Gaius Hostilius Mancinus
  Gaius Hostilius Mancinus was a Roman consul in 137 BC. Due to his campaign against Numantia in northern Spain, Plutarch called him "not bad as a man, but most unfortunate of the Romans as a general." During this campaign in the Numantine War, Mancinus was defeated, showing some cowardice,...
  
   assault the city of Numantia, but is repulsed several times before being routed and encircled, and so forced to accept a treaty. However, the Roman Senate don't ratify this treaty.
• 136 BC
  136 BC
  Year 136 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Philus and Serranus...
  
   - After crossing the rivers Douro and Minho, Decimus Junius Brutus
  Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus
  Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus was a Roman politician and general of the 2nd century BC. He was the son of the consul Marcus Junius Brutus and brother of the praetor Marcus Junius Brutus; he himself was appointed consul in 138 BC...
  
   lays siege and conquers the city of Talabriga, thus defeating the Gallaecians. After the military campaigns, the Roman legions depart south and leave no garrisons.
• 134 BC
  134 BC
  Year 134 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aemilianus and Flaccus...
  
   - The Consul Scipio Aemilianus is sent to Hispania Citerior to end the war against the city of Numantia.
• 133 BC
  133 BC
  Year 133 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scaevola and Frugi...
  
   - Scipio builds a ring of seven fortresses around Numantia itself before beginning the siege proper. After suffering pestilence and famine, most of the surviving Numantines commit suicide rather than surrender to Rome. End of the Numantine War and the Celtiberian Wars.
• 123 BC
  123 BC
  Year 123 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Balearicus and Flamininus...
  
   - The Balearic Islands
  Balearic Islands
  The Balearic Islands are an archipelago of Spain in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.The four largest islands are: Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza and Formentera. The archipelago forms an autonomous community and a province of Spain with Palma as the capital...
  
   are conquered by Q. Caecilius Metellus
  Quintus Caecilius Metellus Balearicus
  Quintus Caecilius Metellus Balearicus was a son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus. He was a Consul in 123 BC and a Censor in 120 BC, dominated Sardinia and conquered the Balearic Islands - for what he earned his cognomen and the honours of Triumph - establishing at Palma and Pollentia two...
  
  , thence surnamed Balearicus. Metellus settle 3,000 Roman and Spanish colonists on the island of Majorca, founding the cities of Palma and Pollentia
  Pollentia
  thumb|250px|Church of San Vittore at Pollenzo.Pollentia was an ancient city the left bank of the Tanaro, known today as Pollenzo, a frazione of Bra in the Province of Cuneo, Piedmont, northern Italy....
  
  ..
• 105 BC
  105 BC
  Year 105 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rufus and Maximus...
  
   - After the Battle of Arausio
  Battle of Arausio
  The Battle of Arausio took place on October 6, 105 BC, at a site between the town of Arausio and the Rhône River. Ranged against the migratory tribes of the Cimbri under Boiorix and the Teutoni were two Roman armies, commanded by the proconsul Quintus Servilius Caepio and consul Gnaeus Mallius...
  
  , the Germanic Teutons
  Teutons
  The Teutons or Teutones were mentioned as a Germanic tribe by Greek and Roman authors, notably Strabo and Marcus Velleius Paterculus and normally in close connection with the Cimbri, whose ethnicity is contested between Gauls and Germani...
  
   and Cimbri
  Cimbri
  The Cimbri were a tribe from Northern Europe, who, together with the Teutones and the Ambrones threatened the Roman Republic in the late 2nd century BC. The Cimbri were probably Germanic, though some believe them to be of Celtic origin...
  
   plunder through all north Iberia as far as Gallaecia.
• 102 BC
  102 BC
  Year 102 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Catulus...
  
   - The Germanic Teutons and Cimbri move out of Iberia to attack the Romans in their native territory in Gaul, where they are defeated in the battles of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae.

1st Century BC

• 83 BC
  83 BC
  Year 83 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Asiaticus and Norbanus...
  
   - The general Quintus Sertorius
  Quintus Sertorius
  Quintus Sertorius was a Roman statesman and general, born in Nursia, in Sabine territory. His brilliance as a military commander was shown most clearly in his battles against Rome for control of Hispania...
  
   goes to Iberia for a second time, where he represent the Marian party (of Gaius Marius
  Gaius Marius
  Gaius Marius was a Roman general and statesman. He was elected consul an unprecedented seven times during his career. He was also noted for his dramatic reforms of Roman armies, authorizing recruitment of landless citizens, eliminating the manipular military formations, and reorganizing the...
  
  ) against Lucius Cornelius Sulla
  Lucius Cornelius Sulla
  Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix , known commonly as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. He had the rare distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as that of dictator...
  
   in the Roman Republican civil wars. Quintus Sertorius Hispanic revolt
  Sertorian War
  The Sertorian War was a conflict of the Roman civil wars in which a coalition of Iberians and Romans fought against the representatives of the regime established by Sulla. It takes its name from Quintus Sertorius the main leader of the opposition to Sulla. The war lasted from 80 BC to 72 BC. The...
  
  , where he is joined by the Lusitanians
  Lusitanians
  The Lusitanians were an Indo-European people living in the Western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman province of Lusitania . They spoke the Lusitanian language which might have been Celtic. The modern Portuguese people see the Lusitanians as their ancestors...
  
  .
• 81 BC
  81 BC
  Year 81 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Decula and Dolabella...
  
   - Generalized Roman Republican war in all of Iberia.
• 80 BC
  80 BC
  Year 80 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sulla and Metellus...
  
   - Battle of the Baetis River
  Battle of the Baetis River
  The Battle of the Baetis River was fought in 80 BC, as part of the Sertorian War, between a Roman army and a rebel force. The Romans were led by Lucius Fulfidas, while the rebels were led by Quintus Sertorius. The rebel army was victorious....
  
  , where rebel forces under Quintus Sertorius defeat the legal Roman forces of Lucius Fulfidias, governor of Hispania Ulterior. Quintus Sertorius' second in command, Hirtuleius, defeats the governor.
• 79 BC
  79 BC
  Year 79 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Isauricus and Pulcher...
  
  
  • Quintus Sertorius' armies control most of Hispania Ulterior and parts of Hispania Citerior.
  • The appointed governor of Hispania Ulterior, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius
    Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius
    Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius was a pro-Sullan politician and general. He was named Pius because of his 99 BC petition to return his father from exile and was true to his cognomen for the constance and inflexibility with which he always fought for his father's rehabilitation and return to...
    
    , attacks the positions of Quintus Sertorius' armies, namely the city of Lacobriga (probably Lagos
    Lagos, Portugal
    Lagos is a municipality at the mouth of Bensafrim River and along the Atlantic Ocean, in the Barlavento region of the Algarve, in southern Portugal....
    
     in the Algarve), but is unable to take it.
• 77 BC
  77 BC
  Year 77 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Brutus and Lepidus...
  
  
  • Quintus Sertorius is joined by the General Marcus Perperna Vento
    Marcus Perperna Vento
    Marcus Perpenna Vento or Perperna was a Roman statesman and general. He betrayed Quintus Sertorius, and was executed by Pompey the Great.Perpenna belonged to the populares faction, led by Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna...
    
     from Rome, with a following of Roman nobles.
  • Quintus Sertorius defeats the generals Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius at the Battle of Saguntum.
  • In this period Quintus Sertorius, through pacts of hospitality and clientele, establishes strong solidarity with local indigenous populations.
• 76 BC
  76 BC
  Year 76 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Octavius and Curio...
  
  
  • Quintus Sertorius defeats Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus near the Pyrenees.
  • In Baetica, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius defeats Hirtuleius, who is obliged to flee.
• 75 BC
  75 BC
  Year 75 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Octavius and Cotta...
  
  
  • Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius again defeats Hirtuleius and is able to join his armies with those of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.
  • Battle of the Sucro where Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Lucius Afranius
    Lucius Afranius (consul)
    Lucius Afranius was an ancient Roman legatus and client of Pompey the Great. He served with Pompey during his Iberian campaigns against Sertorius in the late 70s BC, and remained in his service right through to the Civil War. He died after the Battle of Thapsus in 46 BC.-Early career:Lucius...
    
     defeat Quintus Sertorius.
• 74 BC
  74 BC
  Year 74 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lucullus and Cotta...
  
   - Pompeius founds the city of Pompaelo (modern Pamplona
  Pamplona
  Pamplona is the historial capital city of Navarre, in Spain, and of the former kingdom of Navarre.The city is famous worldwide for the San Fermín festival, from July 6 to 14, in which the running of the bulls is one of the main attractions...
  
  ) after being camped in the region. Beginning of the romanization of the Vascones.
• 73 BC
  73 BC
  Year 73 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lucullus and Longinus...
  
  
  • Quintus Sertorius loses all the region of Celtiberia (north central Iberia).
  • Pompey and Quintus Cecilius Metellus Pius conquer the Turmodigi
    Turmodigi
    The Turmodigi were a small and obscure pre-Roman ancient Spanish people that occupied the area within the Arlanzón and Arlanza river valleys in the 2nd Iron Age.- Origins :Of mixed origins, the Turmodigi remain a mysterious people...
    
     and include their lands, corresponding today to the central and western Burgos province and the eastern Palencia province, in Hispania Citerior.
  • The Belli
    Belli
    The Belli, also designated ‘Beli’ or ‘Belaiscos’ were an ancient pre-Roman Celtic Celtiberian people that lived in the modern Spanish province of Zaragoza from the 3rd Century BC.- Origins :.The Belli were of Celtic origin and part of the Celtiberians...
    
     and their Titii
    Titii (Celtiberian)
    The Titii were a small and obscure Celtic Celtiberian people whose lands where located along the middle Jalón and upper Tajuña valleys, somewhere between Alhama de Aragón in Zaragoza and Molina de Aragón in Guadalajara provinces.- Culture :...
    
     allies merge with the pro-Roman Uraci
    Uraci
    The Uraci or ‘Duraci’ were a little-known Celtic people of pre-Roman Iberia who dwelt to the east of the Vaccaei, occupying the southern Soria, northern Guadalajara and western Zaragoza provinces since the 4th century BC.- Origins :...
    
    , Cratistii
    Cratistii
    The Cratistii were an ancient Spanish , stock-raising people whose lands were situated along the upper Tagus valley, in the elevated plateau region of the western Cuenca and northeast Teruel provinces.- Origins :...
    
     and Olcades
    Olcades
    The Olcades were an ancient stock-raising pre-Roman people from Hispania that lived to the west of the Turboletae in the southeastern fringe of the Iberian system mountains.- Origins :...
    
     tribes to form the Late Celtiberian people of romanized southern Celtiberia.
  • Quintus Sertorius is assassinated at a banquet.
• 72 BC
  72 BC
  Year 72 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Publicola and Lentulus...
  
  
  • Marcus Perperna Vento assumes the command of Quintus Sertorius' armies, but is swiftly defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. Ultimate defeat of Quintus Sertorius' Hispanic revolt.
  • Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius pacifies and submits Hispania Ulterior. The regions north of the Tagus river are still not effectively occupied by the Roman Republic.
• 61 BC
  61 BC
  Year 61 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Calpurnianus and Messalla...
  
   - Julius Caesar
  Julius Caesar
  Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
  
   is assigned to serve as the Propraetor governor of Hispania Ulterior.
• 60 BC
  60 BC
  Year 60 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Metellus and Afranius...
  
   - Julius Caesar wins considerable victories over the Gallaecians and Lusitanians. During one of his victories, his men hail him as Imperator in the field, which is a vital consideration in being eligible for a triumph back in Rome.
• 56 BC
  56 BC
  Year 56 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Philippus...
  
   - A joint uprising of the Turmodigi, Vaccaei and other people is defeated by the Praetor Metellus Nepote
  Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior
  Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior was a son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos. He was a Tribune in 62 BC, a Praetor in 60 BC, a Consul in 57 BC and the Governor of Hispania Citerior in 56 BC....
  
  .
• 49 BC
  49 BC
  Year 49 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Marcellus...
  
  
  • The Roman Senate declare Julius Caesar a Public Enemy
    Proscription
    Proscription is a term used for the public identification and official condemnation of enemies of the state. It is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as a "decree of condemnation to death or banishment" and is a heavily politically charged word, frequently used to refer to state-approved...
    
    , beginning the Great Roman Civil War.
  • Julius Caesar enters in Hispania and defeats the legions of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus' legates, Marcus Terentius Varro
    Marcus Terentius Varro
    Marcus Terentius Varro was an ancient Roman scholar and writer. He is sometimes called Varro Reatinus to distinguish him from his younger contemporary Varro Atacinus.-Biography:...
    
    , Marcus Petreius
    Marcus Petreius
    Marcus Petreius was a Roman politician and general. He cornered and killed the notorious rebel Catiline at Pistoria.-Career:...
    
     and Lucius Afranius, in the battle of Ilerda
    Battle of Ilerda
    The Battle of Ilerda took place in June 49 BC between the forces of Julius Caesar and the Spanish army of Pompey the Great, led by his legates Lucius Afranius and Marcus Petreius...
    
    .
  • Gaius Cassius Longinus
    Gaius Cassius Longinus
    Gaius Cassius Longinus was a Roman senator, a leading instigator of the plot to kill Julius Caesar, and the brother in-law of Marcus Junius Brutus.-Early life:...
    
    , legate of Caesar, is left in Hispania facing growing difficulties in maintaining local populations obedient to Rome.
• 46 BC
  46 BC
  Year 46 BC was the last year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Lepidus . The denomination 46 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe...
  
  
  • Pompey's sons Gnaeus Pompeius
    Gnaeus Pompeius
    Gnaeus Pompeius should not be confused with his father, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, known as "Pompey the Great."Gnaeus Pompeius , also known as Pompey the Younger , was a Roman politician and general from the late Republic .Gnaeus Pompeius was the elder son of Pompey the Great Gnaeus Pompeius should...
    
     and Sextus Pompeius
    Sextus Pompeius
    Sextus Pompeius Magnus Pius, in English Sextus Pompey , was a Roman general from the late Republic . He was the last focus of opposition to the Second Triumvirate...
    
    , together with Titus Labienus
    Titus Labienus
    Titus Atius Labienus was a professional Roman soldier in the late Roman Republic. He served as Tribune of the Plebs in 63 BC, and is remembered as one of Julius Caesar's lieutenants, mentioned frequently in the accounts of his military campaigns...
    
    , Caesar's former propraetorian legate (legatus propraetore
    Legatus
    A legatus was a general in the Roman army, equivalent to a modern general officer. Being of senatorial rank, his immediate superior was the dux, and he outranked all military tribunes...
    
    ) and second in command in the Gallic War, escape to Hispania, where they continue to resist Caesar's dominance of the Roman world.
  • November, Julius Caesar arrives in Hispania.
  • Gaius Octavianus
    Augustus
    Augustus ;23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.The dates of his rule are contemporary dates; Augustus lived under two calendars, the Roman Republican until 45 BC, and the Julian...
    
     and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
    Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
    Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa was a Roman statesman and general. He was a close friend, son-in-law, lieutenant and defense minister to Octavian, the future Emperor Caesar Augustus...
    
     join Julius Caesar in Hispania, where the Civil War continues.
• 45 BC
  45 BC
  Year 45 BC was either a common year starting on Thursday, Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday and the first year of the Julian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
  
  
  • Battle of Munda
    Battle of Munda
    The Battle of Munda took place on March 17, 45 BC in the plains of Munda, modern southern Spain. This was the last battle of Julius Caesar's civil war against the republican armies of the Optimate leaders...
    
    , in southern Hispania, where, in his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Gnaeus Pompeius.
  • Sextus Pompeius, departing from his garrison at Corduba (in Baetica), roams Hispania Ulterior fighting against its governor (appointed by Julius Caesar), before fleeing for Sicily
    Sicily
    Sicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,...
    
    . End of the Roman Civil War.
  • Julius Caesar, before going back to Rome, leaves his legate governors with the mission of pacifying Hispania and punish the local tribes for their disloyalty.
  • The Greek cities of Emporion and Rhode
    Rhode
    In Greek mythology, Rhode also known as Rhodos was the sea nymph or goddess of the island of Rhodes.Though she does not appear among the lists of nereids in Iliad XVIII or Bibliotheke 1.2.7, such an ancient island nymph in other contexts might gain any of various Olympian parentages: she was...
    
     lose their autonomy as punishment of their support to the Pompeian party.
• 29 BC
  29 BC
  Year 29 BC was either a common year starting on Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Thursday, Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
  
   - Statilius Taurus make the first important roman intervention against the tribes of Northern Meseta, beginning the Cantabrian Wars
  Cantabrian Wars
  The Cantabrian Wars occurred during the Roman conquest of the modern provinces of Cantabria, Asturias and León, against the Asturs and the Cantabri. They were the final stage of the conquest of Hispania.-Antecedents:...
  
  .

• 27 BC
  27 BC
  Year 27 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday or a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
  
  
  • Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa divides Hispania into three parts, namely dividing Hispania Ulterior into Baetica (basically Andalusia
    Andalusia
    Andalusia is the most populous and the second largest in area of the autonomous communities of Spain. The Andalusian autonomous community is officially recognised as a nationality of Spain. The territory is divided into eight provinces: Huelva, Seville, Cádiz, Córdoba, Málaga, Jaén, Granada and...
    
    ) and Lusitania
    Lusitania
    Lusitania or Hispania Lusitania was an ancient Roman province including approximately all of modern Portugal south of the Douro river and part of modern Spain . It was named after the Lusitani or Lusitanian people...
    
     (including Gallaecia
    Gallaecia
    Gallaecia or Callaecia, also known as Hispania Gallaecia, was the name of a Roman province and an early Mediaeval kingdom that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania...
    
     and Asturias
    Asturias
    The Principality of Asturias is an autonomous community of the Kingdom of Spain, coextensive with the former Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages...
    
    ) and attaching Cantabria
    Cantabria
    Cantabria is a Spanish historical region and autonomous community with Santander as its capital city. It is bordered on the east by the Basque Autonomous Community , on the south by Castile and León , on the west by the Principality of Asturias, and on the north by the Cantabrian Sea.Cantabria...
    
     and the Basque Country to Hispania Citerior
    Hispania Citerior
    During the Roman Republic, Hispania Citerior was a region of Hispania roughly occupying the northeastern coast and the Ebro Valley of what is now Spain. Hispania Ulterior was located west of Hispania Citerior—that is, farther away from Rome.-External links:*...
    
    .
  • The emperor Augustus
    Augustus
    Augustus ;23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.The dates of his rule are contemporary dates; Augustus lived under two calendars, the Roman Republican until 45 BC, and the Julian...
    
     returns to Hispania and makes a new administrative division, leaving the provinces as follows: Provincia Hispania Ulterior Baetica (Hispania Baetica), whose capital is Corduba (presently Córdoba
    Córdoba, Spain
    -History:The first trace of human presence in the area are remains of a Neanderthal Man, dating to c. 32,000 BC. In the 8th century BC, during the ancient Tartessos period, a pre-urban settlement existed. The population gradually learned copper and silver metallurgy...
    
    ); Provincia Hispania Ulterior Lusitania, whose capital is Emerita Augusta (now Mérida
    Merida
    Places of the world named Mérida or Merida include:*Mérida, Spain, capital city of the Spanish Community of Extremadura*Mérida, Yucatán, capital city of the Mexican state of Yucatán*Merida, Leyte, a municipality in Leyte province in the Philippines...
    
    ); Provincia Hispania Citerior, whose capital is Tarraco (Tarragona
    Tarragona
    Tarragona is a city located in the south of Catalonia on the north-east of Spain, by the Mediterranean. It is the capital of the Spanish province of the same name and the capital of the Catalan comarca Tarragonès. In the medieval and modern times it was the capital of the Vegueria of Tarragona...
    
    ), later known as Tarraconensis.
• 26 BC
  26 BC
  Year 26 BC was either a common year starting on Tuesday or Wednesday or a leap year starting on Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday of the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
  
   - The Emperor Caesar Augustus, establishes his base in Segisama
  Sasamón
  Sasamón is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census , the municipality has a population of 1,346 inhabitants....
  
   (near Burgos), beginning a major campaign against the Cantabrians.
• 25 BC
  25 BC
  Year 25 BC was either a common year starting on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday or a leap year starting on Wednesday or Thursday of the Julian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
  
  
  • Augustus give Brigantum, the camp of Augustan Asturica
    Astorga, Spain
    Astorga is a town in the province of León, northern Spain. It lies southwest of the provincial capital of León, and is the head of the council of La Maragatería. The river Tuerto flows through it. , its population was about 12,100 people....
    
    , to the Brigaeci as a reward for their help. Additionally, he share out land in the plains to the allies. However, later the Asturians join the Cantabrians in the common defense.
  • The roman general Carisius attack the Astur armies, pursuing them to Mons Medullius
    Las Médulas
    Las Médulas is a historical site near the town of Ponferrada in the region of El Bierzo , which used to be the most important gold mine in the Roman Empire...
    
    . The Roman legions besiege this mountain, but the Astur soldiers prefer to commit suicide rather than surrender.
  • Augustus retire to Tarraco, presumably because of sickness.
• 19 BC
  19 BC
  Year 19 BC was either a common year starting on Thursday, Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Thursday or Friday of the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
  
   - The Astures and Cantabri surrender to Rome, ending the Cantabric Wars.
• 17 BC
  17 BC
  Year 17 BCE was either a common year starting on Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Saturday, Sunday or Monday of the Julian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
  
   - Emperor Augustus reorganizes the Hispanic provinces, transferring the Galician, Asturian and Cantabrian territories from the province of Lusitania to the province of Hipania Citerior Tarraconensis.

1st Century

• 98
  98
  Year 98 was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Traianus...
  
   - Trajan
  Trajan
  Trajan , was Roman Emperor from 98 to 117 AD. Born into a non-patrician family in the province of Hispania Baetica, in Spain Trajan rose to prominence during the reign of emperor Domitian. Serving as a legatus legionis in Hispania Tarraconensis, in Spain, in 89 Trajan supported the emperor against...
  
  , born in Hispania Baetica, becomes Roman Emperor.

3rd Century

• 212
  212
  Year 212 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Asper and Camilius...
  
   - The Emperor Caracalla
  Caracalla
  Caracalla , was Roman emperor from 198 to 217. The eldest son of Septimius Severus, he ruled jointly with his younger brother Geta until he murdered the latter in 211...
  
   makes a new administrative division which lasts only a short time. He splits Hispania Citerior again into two parts, creating the new provinces Hispania Nova Citerior and Asturiae-Calleciae.
• 238
  238
  Year 238 was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pius and Pontianus...
  
   - The unified province Tarraconensis or Hispania Citerior is reestablished. Asturias and Gallaecia are again part of it.
• 293
  293
  Year 293 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Valerius and Valerius...
  
   - The new dioecesis Hispaniae
  Hispania
  Another theory holds that the name derives from Ezpanna, the Basque word for "border" or "edge", thus meaning the farthest area or place. Isidore of Sevilla considered Hispania derived from Hispalis....
  
   become one of the four dioceses governed by a vicarius of the praetorian prefecture of Gaul (also comprising the provinces of Gaul
  Roman Gaul
  Roman Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule in the Roman Empire, in modern day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and western Germany. Roman control of the area lasted for less than 500 years....
  
  , Upper
  Germania Superior
  Germania Superior , so called for the reason that it lay upstream of Germania Inferior, was a province of the Roman Empire. It comprised an area of western Switzerland, the French Jura and Alsace regions, and southwestern Germany...
  
   and Lower Germania
  Germania Inferior
  Germania Inferior was a Roman province located on the left bank of the Rhine, in today's Luxembourg, southern Netherlands, parts of Belgium, and North Rhine-Westphalia left of the Rhine....
  
   and Britannia
  Roman Britain
  Roman Britain was the part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire from AD 43 until ca. AD 410.The Romans referred to the imperial province as Britannia, which eventually comprised all of the island of Great Britain south of the fluid frontier with Caledonia...
  
  ). The diocese, with capital at Emerita Augusta (modern Mérida), comprise the five peninsular Iberian provinces (Baetica, Gallaecia and Lusitania, each under a governor styled consularis; and Carthaginiensis, Tarraconensis, each under a praeses), the Insulae Baleares and the North African province of Mauretania Tingitana
  Mauretania Tingitana
  Mauretania Tingitana was a Roman province located in northwestern Africa, coinciding roughly with the northern part of present-day Morocco. The province extended from the northern peninsula, opposite Gibraltar, to Chellah and Volubilis to the south, and as far east as the Oued Laou river. Its...
  
  .

See also

• Timeline of Spanish history
  Timeline of Spanish history
  This is a timeline of Spanish history. To read about the background to these events, see History of Spain.This timeline is incomplete; some important events may be missing...
  
  
• Timeline of pre-Roman Iberian history
  Timeline of pre-Roman Iberian history
  This section of the timeline of Iberian history concerns events from before the Carthaginian conquests .-Bronze Age:*2nd millennium BC** c. 1800 BC – The El Argar civilization appears in Almería, south-east of Spain, replacing the earlier civilization of Los Millares. The adoption of bronze...