SSC Somalia
Encyclopedia
SSC refers to the Sool
Sanaag
Cayn regions, and their capital cities Lasanod, Ceerigaabo
and Buuhoodle
. Lasanod is the administrative capital of SSC Somalia regions of Somalia
. The SSC Somalia State was part of the Dervish State
until 1921, when it was incorporated into the former British Somaliland
protectorate
.From starting 2007 Lasanod was under the System of SSC Somalia state.HBM-SSC (Hoggaanka Badbaadada iyo Mideynta SSC), a local unionist group whose goal is the creation of its own regional administration Sool
, Sanaag
and Cayn or SSC.
Brief History
The Dervish State was an early 20th century Somali
Muslim state
that was established by Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, a religious leader who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa
and united them into a loyal army known as the Dervishes. This Dervish army enabled Hassan to carve out a powerful state through conquest of lands claimed by the Somali Sultan
s, the Ethiopians and the Europe
an powers
. The Dervish
State acquired renown in the Islamic and Western worlds due to its resistance against the European empires of Britain
and Italy
. The Dervish forces successfully repulsed the British Empire
in four military
expeditions, and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its fame in the Middle East
and Europe
, the Dervish State was recognized as an ally
by the Ottoman Empire
and the German Empire
. It also succeeded at outliving the Scramble for Africa
, and remained throughout World War I
the only independent Muslim power on the continent. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920, when Britain for the first time in Africa
used aeroplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex
.
Dervish movement was the most interesting history of the Society of Sool Sanaag and Cayn Regions. The people of SSC Somaliya was searching for the freedom of and the independence of their country from the U.K colonization. However, During the war between British arms and Dervish movement, or saying that after the colonise, these regions have their own Political Party that is known as USP (United Somali Party) the people also call that the union of three major clans of northern Somali Forinstance, Dhulbahante
, Warsangali, Gudobiirsay.Therefore, From the beginning of 2007 until today they have their own right to get a free independent State thats called Dervish State of Somalia or SSC Somalia or HMB ( hogaanka Midowga iyo Badbaadada).
The Sayyid
during his campaigns
against the European and local powers built fortresses all over the Horn of Africa
, and would move his armies from one city to another. In 1913, after the British withdrawal to the coast, the permanent capital and headquarters of the Dervishes was constructed at Taleh, a large walled town with fourteen fortresses. The main fortress, Silsilat, included a walled garden and a guard house. It became the residence of Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, his wives, family, prominent Somali military leaders, and also hosted several Turkish
, Yemen
i and German
dignitaries, architect
s, masons
and arms manufacturers. A large area to the northeast of Taleh was used for cultivation
, while the Dar Ilalo towers were used as granaries. Several tombs were constructed by Muhammad Abdullah Hassan to honor his father, mother and prominent members from northern and southern Somalia
. However, those that committed acts of treason
, crimes or who had otherwise fallen out with the Dervish leader were sent to Hed Kaldig, the main execution arena.
legacy in Somalia
can be seen in the country's cultural heritage
, history
, and society
. In memory of past heroes, the military government of Somalia led by Mohamed Siad Barre erected stuates visible between Makka Al Mukarama and Shabelle Roads in the heart of Mogadishu
. These were for three major Somali History icons; Sayid Muhamed Abdullah Hassan, Stone Thrower and Hawo Tako
. Other historical facts about Somalia, numerous castles and fortresses built by the Dervishes were included in a list of Somalia's national treasure
s. The Dervish period spawned many war
poets and peace
poets involved in a struggle known as the Literary war which had a profound effect on Somali poetry and Literature
, with Muhammad Abdullah Hassan featuring as the most prominent poet of that Age. Many of these poems continue to be taught in Somali schools
and have been recited by several Presidents of Somalia in speeches as well as poetry competitions. In Somali Studies
, the Dervish period is an important chapter in Somalia's history and its brief period of European hegemony which inspired the resistance movement.
(Maara-weyn) of the Dervish state was organised into seven regiments: Shiikh-yaale, Gola-weyne, Taar-gooye, Indha-badan, Miinanle, Dharbash and Rag-xun. Each regiment had its commander
(muqaddim) and varied from between 1000 to 4000 men. A large para-military force was also drawn from the nomad
population. Bodyguards (Gaarhaye) of Muhammad Abdullah Hassan and other senior members of the state were either freed slaves whom he had adopted as sons or riverine groups such as the Reer Baarre. The cavalry
, for its part, numbered between 5000 and 10000 mounted horsemen, and the standing army was supplied with modern weapons such as rifles and maxim gun
s.
In August 1898, the Dervish army occupied Burao, an important centre of British Somaliland
, giving Muhammad Abdullah Hassan control over the city's watering places. Hassan also succeeded in making peace between the local clans and initiated a large assembly, where the population was urged to join the war against the invaders.
In 1900, an Ethiopia
n expedition which had been sent to arrest or kill Hassan looted a large number of camels. Hassan in return attacked the Ethiopian garrison at Jijiga
on 4 March of that year and successfully recovered all the looted animals. He gained great prestige in recovering the looted stock from the Ethiopians and he used it along with his charisma
and powers of oratory
to improve his undisputed authority on the Ogaden
. To harness Ogaden enthusiasm into final commitment, Hassan married the daughter of a prominent leader and in return gave his own sister, Toohyar Sheikh Adbile, to Abdi Mohammed Waale, a notable elder.
Towards the end of 1900, the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II proposed a joint action with the British against the Dervish. Accordingly, British Lt. Col. E.J. Swayne assembled a force of 1,500 Somali soldiers led by 21 Europe
an officers and started from Burco
on 22 May 1901, while an Ethiopian army of 15,000 soldiers started from Harar to join the British forces intent on crushing the 20,000 Dervish fighters (of whom 40 percent were cavalry
).
, frankincense
, and leather for export, this was happening while the region lacked basic infrastructure
, but sadly, after the outbreak of civil war the region’s economy collapsed from loss of markets and dilapidated infrastructure
has never helped, and lack of investment. Now the regions only support one main economy, livestock
rearing. The Somali
livestock ban imposed by Gulf countries in which were SSC largest market has virtually destroyed the economy in the regions, reducing purchasing power and forcing pastoralists in the regions to survive on subsistence activities.
Ain or Cayn Districts
Sanaag Districts
According to the federal government of Somalia, prior 1991, Sanaag was divided into 5 Districts which are as follows:
According to the SSC administration, the Sanaag region consists of 10 districts with ceerigaabo being the Capital of the region. The Transitional Federal government also recognizes SSC as an official state so as its regions and districts. The Districts of Sanaag are:
Bearing in mind the precarious situation that has prevailed in Somalia since the collapse of the central government in 1990;
Congisent of the particular cirisi in the North Western region of Somalia in which one clan had unilaterally declared the secession of the region from Somalia, and calling itself Somalialnd (the former colonial name of the area);
Taking into account the invasion and occupation of Sool region of Somalia and its capital Lascanod on 15 October 2007 by the one-clan based secessionist enclave in the misguided belief that this would enhance their prospects for international recognitgin;
Responding to the declaration of the Garads (chiefs and traditional leaders) from Sool, Sanaag and Cayn (SSC) regions of Somalia at their conference at Boame town, Sool region of , Somalia on November 2007 in which they called for the liberation of Sool f rom the secessionists and the defence of Somali unity;
In the light of the above, and effectively from the date carried by this announcement, the people from the SSC regions of Northern Somalia have established the Northern Somali Unionist Movement (NSUM), an umbrella organisation that will represent them and all the diaspora organisations belonging to these regions. The NSUM, whose members are drawn from SSC regions of Northern Somalia, but not exclusively, is mandated to inter alia pursue the following objectives:
•Defend Somali unity at the international, interregional, and national levels and counter secession and other threats to Somali unity particularly in the NW region where one clan has declared secession from Somalia:
•Promote peace within the SSC regions and with other neighbouring clans:
•Promote the unity of the people in the SSC regions, strengthen the traditional institutions and assist in conflict prevention and resolution,
•Through relevant information dissemination, enhance the awareness of the people in the SSC regions on critical matters relating to their welfare such peace, health, education and good neighbourliness with other regions;
•Promote good governance, democracy, human rights and the rule of law at the SSC and national levels ;
•Promote the socio-economic and political development of the SSC regions in collaboration with development partners at the national and international level.
In pursuing the above-mentioned objectives, the NSUM is to work closely with other partners, in the quest for peace, unity, and development in the SSC regions and the wider Somalia, such as such as the central government and its organs and institutions, foreign governments, international and regional aid agencies, and international and other national NGOs.
Sool
Sool is an administrative region in northern Somalia.-Overview:With its capital at Las Anod, Sool is historically known for being the seat of the anti-colonial Dervish movement....
Sanaag
Sanaag
Sanaag is an administrative region in northern Somalia. Its capital city is Erigavo.Sanaag has a long coastline facing the Gulf of Aden to the north, and is bordered by the Somali regions of Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sool and Bari....
Cayn regions, and their capital cities Lasanod, Ceerigaabo
Ceerigaabo
Erigavo or Erigabo is the administrative capital of the Sanaag region in northern Somalia.Local control is disputed between Somaliland, a self-declared independent republic that is internationally recognized as an autonomous region of Somalia, the autonomous Puntland region in northeastern...
and Buuhoodle
Buuhoodle
Buhoodle or Buuhoodle is the capital of the Ayn region in northern Somalia. It is disputed between Somaliland, Puntland and HBM-SSC , a local unionist group whose goal is the creation of its own regional administration .-History:Buuhoodle is an historical city...
. Lasanod is the administrative capital of SSC Somalia regions of Somalia
Somalia
Somalia , officially the Somali Republic and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory...
. The SSC Somalia State was part of the Dervish State
Dervish State
The Dervish state was an early 20th century Somali Sunni Muslim state that was established by Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, a religious leader who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and united them into a loyal army known as the Dervishes...
until 1921, when it was incorporated into the former British Somaliland
British Somaliland
British Somaliland was a British protectorate in the northern part of present-day Somalia. For much of its existence, British Somaliland was bordered by French Somaliland, Ethiopia, and Italian Somaliland. From 1940 to 1941, it was occupied by the Italians and was part of Italian East Africa...
protectorate
Protectorate
In history, the term protectorate has two different meanings. In its earliest inception, which has been adopted by modern international law, it is an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity...
.From starting 2007 Lasanod was under the System of SSC Somalia state.HBM-SSC (Hoggaanka Badbaadada iyo Mideynta SSC), a local unionist group whose goal is the creation of its own regional administration Sool
Sool
Sool is an administrative region in northern Somalia.-Overview:With its capital at Las Anod, Sool is historically known for being the seat of the anti-colonial Dervish movement....
, Sanaag
Sanaag
Sanaag is an administrative region in northern Somalia. Its capital city is Erigavo.Sanaag has a long coastline facing the Gulf of Aden to the north, and is bordered by the Somali regions of Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sool and Bari....
and Cayn or SSC.
Brief History
The Dervish State was an early 20th century Somali
Somali people
Somalis are an ethnic group located in the Horn of Africa, also known as the Somali Peninsula. The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family...
Muslim state
Islamic State
An Islamic state is a type of government, in which the primary basis for government is Islamic religious law...
that was established by Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, a religious leader who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa
Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. It is the easternmost projection of the African continent...
and united them into a loyal army known as the Dervishes. This Dervish army enabled Hassan to carve out a powerful state through conquest of lands claimed by the Somali Sultan
Sultan
Sultan is a title with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", and "dictatorship", derived from the masdar سلطة , meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who...
s, the Ethiopians and the Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
an powers
Powers
Powers may refer to:* Powers , a brand of Irish whiskey* Powers, Indiana, an unincorporated town in Jefferson Township, Jay County, Indiana, United States* Powers, Michigan, a village in Menominee County in Michigan, United States...
. The Dervish
Dervish
A Dervish or Darvesh is someone treading a Sufi Muslim ascetic path or "Tariqah", known for their extreme poverty and austerity, similar to mendicant friars in Christianity or Hindu/Buddhist/Jain sadhus.-Etymology:The Persian word darvīsh is of ancient origin and descends from a Proto-Iranian...
State acquired renown in the Islamic and Western worlds due to its resistance against the European empires of Britain
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
and Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
. The Dervish forces successfully repulsed the British Empire
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the...
in four military
Military
A military is an organization authorized by its greater society to use lethal force, usually including use of weapons, in defending its country by combating actual or perceived threats. The military may have additional functions of use to its greater society, such as advancing a political agenda e.g...
expeditions, and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its fame in the Middle East
Middle East
The Middle East is a region that encompasses Western Asia and Northern Africa. It is often used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East...
and Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
, the Dervish State was recognized as an ally
Ally
Ally is a common unisex given name. It is a variant of Allie. It can also refer to:* Ally, a 1999 American TV sitcom that was a spin-off of Ally McBeal.* Ally Bank, an internet bank, formerly the banking unit of GMAC....
by the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
and the German Empire
German Empire
The German Empire refers to Germany during the "Second Reich" period from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.The German...
. It also succeeded at outliving the Scramble for Africa
Scramble for Africa
The Scramble for Africa, also known as the Race for Africa or Partition of Africa was a process of invasion, occupation, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the New Imperialism period, between 1881 and World War I in 1914...
, and remained throughout World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
the only independent Muslim power on the continent. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920, when Britain for the first time in Africa
Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
used aeroplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex
Taleex
Taleh is an historical town in the northeastern Sool region of Somalia. It served as the headquarters of the pre-independence Dervish State.-History:...
.
History
SSC regions of Somalia has a memorable history starting in 1850 until today.Dervish movement was the most interesting history of the Society of Sool Sanaag and Cayn Regions. The people of SSC Somaliya was searching for the freedom of and the independence of their country from the U.K colonization. However, During the war between British arms and Dervish movement, or saying that after the colonise, these regions have their own Political Party that is known as USP (United Somali Party) the people also call that the union of three major clans of northern Somali Forinstance, Dhulbahante
Dhulbahante
The Dhulbahante is a Somali clan, and a part of the larger Harti Darod clan. Members of the clan primarily inhabit the Sool, Nugaal, Sanaag and Ayn regions, the Haud, the port city of Kismayo, as well as other areas in the Jubbada Hoose region of southern Somalia.-Tradition:Currently, there are...
, Warsangali, Gudobiirsay.Therefore, From the beginning of 2007 until today they have their own right to get a free independent State thats called Dervish State of Somalia or SSC Somalia or HMB ( hogaanka Midowga iyo Badbaadada).
Capital
Sayyid
Sayyid is an honorific title, it denotes males accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husain ibn Ali, sons of the prophet's daughter Fatima Zahra and his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib.Daughters of sayyids are given the titles Sayyida,...
during his campaigns
Military campaign
In the military sciences, the term military campaign applies to large scale, long duration, significant military strategy plan incorporating a series of inter-related military operations or battles forming a distinct part of a larger conflict often called a war...
against the European and local powers built fortresses all over the Horn of Africa
Horn of Africa
The Horn of Africa is a peninsula in East Africa that juts hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden. It is the easternmost projection of the African continent...
, and would move his armies from one city to another. In 1913, after the British withdrawal to the coast, the permanent capital and headquarters of the Dervishes was constructed at Taleh, a large walled town with fourteen fortresses. The main fortress, Silsilat, included a walled garden and a guard house. It became the residence of Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, his wives, family, prominent Somali military leaders, and also hosted several Turkish
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
, Yemen
Yemen
The Republic of Yemen , commonly known as Yemen , is a country located in the Middle East, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east....
i and German
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
dignitaries, architect
Architect
An architect is a person trained in the planning, design and oversight of the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to offer or render services in connection with the design and construction of a building, or group of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the...
s, masons
Masonry
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The common materials of masonry construction are brick, stone, marble, granite, travertine, limestone; concrete block, glass block, stucco, and...
and arms manufacturers. A large area to the northeast of Taleh was used for cultivation
Tillage
Tillage is the agricultural preparation of the soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning. Examples of human-powered tilling methods using hand tools include shovelling, picking, mattock work, hoeing, and raking...
, while the Dar Ilalo towers were used as granaries. Several tombs were constructed by Muhammad Abdullah Hassan to honor his father, mother and prominent members from northern and southern Somalia
Somalia
Somalia , officially the Somali Republic and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory...
. However, those that committed acts of treason
Treason
In law, treason is the crime that covers some of the more extreme acts against one's sovereign or nation. Historically, treason also covered the murder of specific social superiors, such as the murder of a husband by his wife. Treason against the king was known as high treason and treason against a...
, crimes or who had otherwise fallen out with the Dervish leader were sent to Hed Kaldig, the main execution arena.
Modern legacy
The DervishDervish
A Dervish or Darvesh is someone treading a Sufi Muslim ascetic path or "Tariqah", known for their extreme poverty and austerity, similar to mendicant friars in Christianity or Hindu/Buddhist/Jain sadhus.-Etymology:The Persian word darvīsh is of ancient origin and descends from a Proto-Iranian...
legacy in Somalia
Somalia
Somalia , officially the Somali Republic and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory...
can be seen in the country's cultural heritage
Cultural heritage
Cultural heritage is the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations...
, history
History
History is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented. Scholars who write about history are called historians...
, and society
Society
A society, or a human society, is a group of people related to each other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations...
. In memory of past heroes, the military government of Somalia led by Mohamed Siad Barre erected stuates visible between Makka Al Mukarama and Shabelle Roads in the heart of Mogadishu
Mogadishu
Mogadishu , popularly known as Xamar, is the largest city in Somalia and the nation's capital. Located in the coastal Benadir region on the Indian Ocean, the city has served as an important port for centuries....
. These were for three major Somali History icons; Sayid Muhamed Abdullah Hassan, Stone Thrower and Hawo Tako
Hawo Tako
Hawo Osman Tako was a prominent early 20th century Somali nationalist.-Biography:Tako participated in the 1948 riots in Mogadishu that followed the visit of the Four-Power Commission, where she was killed....
. Other historical facts about Somalia, numerous castles and fortresses built by the Dervishes were included in a list of Somalia's national treasure
National treasure
The idea of national treasure, like national epics and national anthems, is part of the language of Romantic nationalism, which arose in the late 18th century and 19th centuries. Nationalism is an ideology which supports the nation as the fundamental unit of human social life, which includes shared...
s. The Dervish period spawned many war
War
War is a state of organized, armed, and often prolonged conflict carried on between states, nations, or other parties typified by extreme aggression, social disruption, and usually high mortality. War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political...
poets and peace
Peace
Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violent conflict. Commonly understood as the absence of hostility, peace also suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the...
poets involved in a struggle known as the Literary war which had a profound effect on Somali poetry and Literature
Somali literature
Somalian literature ranges from Islamic poetry and prose produced by the region's scholars and Sheikhs of centuries past to works of fiction from contemporary writers.-Islamic literature:...
, with Muhammad Abdullah Hassan featuring as the most prominent poet of that Age. Many of these poems continue to be taught in Somali schools
Education in Somalia
Education in Somalia refers to the academic system within Somalia. The Ministry of Education is officially responsible for education in Somalia, with about 15% of the nation's budget allocated to scholastic instruction. The autonomous Puntland and Somaliland macro-regions maintain their own...
and have been recited by several Presidents of Somalia in speeches as well as poetry competitions. In Somali Studies
Somali Studies
Somali Studies is the scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Somalia. It consists of several disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, linguistics, historiography and archaeology...
, the Dervish period is an important chapter in Somalia's history and its brief period of European hegemony which inspired the resistance movement.
Military
The regular armyRegular army
A regular army consists of the permanent force of a country's army that is maintained under arms during peacetime.Countries that use the term include:*Australian Army*British Army*Canadian Forces, specifically "Regular Force"*Egyptian army*Indian Army...
(Maara-weyn) of the Dervish state was organised into seven regiments: Shiikh-yaale, Gola-weyne, Taar-gooye, Indha-badan, Miinanle, Dharbash and Rag-xun. Each regiment had its commander
Commander
Commander is a naval rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service. Commander is also used as a rank or title in some organizations outside of the armed forces, particularly in police and law enforcement.-Commander as a naval...
(muqaddim) and varied from between 1000 to 4000 men. A large para-military force was also drawn from the nomad
Nomad
Nomadic people , commonly known as itinerants in modern-day contexts, are communities of people who move from one place to another, rather than settling permanently in one location. There are an estimated 30-40 million nomads in the world. Many cultures have traditionally been nomadic, but...
population. Bodyguards (Gaarhaye) of Muhammad Abdullah Hassan and other senior members of the state were either freed slaves whom he had adopted as sons or riverine groups such as the Reer Baarre. The cavalry
Cavalry
Cavalry or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the third oldest and the most mobile of the combat arms...
, for its part, numbered between 5000 and 10000 mounted horsemen, and the standing army was supplied with modern weapons such as rifles and maxim gun
Maxim gun
The Maxim gun was the first self-powered machine gun, invented by the American-born British inventor Sir Hiram Maxim in 1884. It has been called "the weapon most associated with [British] imperial conquest".-Functionality:...
s.
Wars against Italy, Britain and Ethiopia
British Somaliland
British Somaliland was a British protectorate in the northern part of present-day Somalia. For much of its existence, British Somaliland was bordered by French Somaliland, Ethiopia, and Italian Somaliland. From 1940 to 1941, it was occupied by the Italians and was part of Italian East Africa...
, giving Muhammad Abdullah Hassan control over the city's watering places. Hassan also succeeded in making peace between the local clans and initiated a large assembly, where the population was urged to join the war against the invaders.
In 1900, an Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...
n expedition which had been sent to arrest or kill Hassan looted a large number of camels. Hassan in return attacked the Ethiopian garrison at Jijiga
Jijiga
Jijiga is a city in eastern Ethiopia and the capital of the Somali Region of that country. Located in the Jijiga Zone approximately 80 km east of Harar and 60 km west of the border with Somalia, this city has a latitude and longitude of with an elevation of 1,609 meters above sea...
on 4 March of that year and successfully recovered all the looted animals. He gained great prestige in recovering the looted stock from the Ethiopians and he used it along with his charisma
Charisma
The term charisma has two senses: 1) compelling attractiveness or charm that can inspire devotion in others, 2) a divinely conferred power or talent. For some theological usages the term is rendered charism, with a meaning the same as sense 2...
and powers of oratory
Oratory
Oratory is a type of public speaking.Oratory may also refer to:* Oratory , a power metal band* Oratory , a place of worship* a religious order such as** Oratory of Saint Philip Neri ** Oratory of Jesus...
to improve his undisputed authority on the Ogaden
Ogaden
Ogaden is the name of a territory comprising the southeastern portion of the Somali Regional State in Ethiopia. The inhabitants are predominantly ethnic Somali and Muslim. The title "Somali Galbeed", which means "Western Somalia," is often preferred by Somali irredentists.The region, which is...
. To harness Ogaden enthusiasm into final commitment, Hassan married the daughter of a prominent leader and in return gave his own sister, Toohyar Sheikh Adbile, to Abdi Mohammed Waale, a notable elder.
Towards the end of 1900, the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II proposed a joint action with the British against the Dervish. Accordingly, British Lt. Col. E.J. Swayne assembled a force of 1,500 Somali soldiers led by 21 Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
an officers and started from Burco
Burco
Burao is the capital city of the Togdheer province in Somaliland, a self-declared republic that is internationally recognized as an autonomous region of Somalia. In terms of population, it is the second largest city in Somaliland after Hargeisa.-History:...
on 22 May 1901, while an Ethiopian army of 15,000 soldiers started from Harar to join the British forces intent on crushing the 20,000 Dervish fighters (of whom 40 percent were cavalry
Cavalry
Cavalry or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the third oldest and the most mobile of the combat arms...
).
Economic
SSC economy is based on livestock and communications and Firms. The area around the regions are rich in livestock, while mobile phone services provide almost 40% of tax revenues.In recent history, the SSC regions normally maintained a diverse economy, producing and then exporting to other regions, it produced livestockLivestock
Livestock refers to one or more domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber and labor. The term "livestock" as used in this article does not include poultry or farmed fish; however the inclusion of these, especially poultry, within the meaning...
, frankincense
Frankincense
Frankincense, also called olibanum , is an aromatic resin obtained from trees of the genus Boswellia, particularly Boswellia sacra, B. carteri, B. thurifera, B. frereana, and B. bhaw-dajiana...
, and leather for export, this was happening while the region lacked basic infrastructure
Infrastructure
Infrastructure is basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function...
, but sadly, after the outbreak of civil war the region’s economy collapsed from loss of markets and dilapidated infrastructure
Infrastructure
Infrastructure is basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function...
has never helped, and lack of investment. Now the regions only support one main economy, livestock
Livestock
Livestock refers to one or more domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber and labor. The term "livestock" as used in this article does not include poultry or farmed fish; however the inclusion of these, especially poultry, within the meaning...
rearing. The Somali
Somalia
Somalia , officially the Somali Republic and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory...
livestock ban imposed by Gulf countries in which were SSC largest market has virtually destroyed the economy in the regions, reducing purchasing power and forcing pastoralists in the regions to survive on subsistence activities.
Districts
Sool Districts- Caynaba DistrictCaynaba DistrictAynabo District is a district in the northern Sool region of Somalia. Its capital lies at Aynabo....
- Laascaanood DistrictLaascaanood DistrictLas Anod District is a district of the Sool region in northern Somalia. It has its capital at Las Anod....
- Taleex DistrictTaleex DistrictTaleh District is a district in the northern Sool region of Somalia. Its capital lies at Taleh, the former headquarters of the Somali religious and nationalist leader Muhammad Abdullah Hassan and his Dervish State....
- Xudun DistrictXudun DistrictXudun District is a district in the northern Sool region of Somalia. Its capital lies at Xudun. Towns in the district include Xananley, Gorofley, Mugul, Waharlarshe, Jdhanshile, Tuurcanood, Goddhuub, Xaaballas, Bohol and Lasacardin.-External links:*...
- Boane (also BoocameBoocameBo'ame is an ancient town in the northern Sool region of Somalia. Also its a capital city of Bo'ame district, Bo'ame is one of the developing districts of the Sool region, its rich with fertilized soil that can be easy to make a farms and any cultivated Corps with several seeds and vegetables...
or Bo'ame) - YagoriYagoriYagori is a town in the northern Sool region of Somalia.-Overview:It is located in the northern part of Sool, between the provincial capital of Las Anod and the town of Burao.-Demographics:...
- Kalabaydh/baaraan
Ain or Cayn Districts
- widhwidhWidhwidhWidhwidh or Widh Widh is a small town in Buuhoodle District, in the Togdheer Region of southern SSC in northern Somalia. It is located 30 KM by road from Buuhoodle. It was part of the 2010 Ayn clashes on 19 July 2010.-External links:**...
(widhwidh) - Marqan (Marqaan)
- Balicad (Balicad)
Sanaag Districts
According to the federal government of Somalia, prior 1991, Sanaag was divided into 5 Districts which are as follows:
- BadhanBadhan, SanaagBadhan or Baran is a city and district in the Sanaag region, a territory in north Eastern Somalia. In July 2007, the district became the capital city of the autonomous Maakhir region of Somalia...
- Ceel Afwayn
- CeerigaaboCeerigaaboErigavo or Erigabo is the administrative capital of the Sanaag region in northern Somalia.Local control is disputed between Somaliland, a self-declared independent republic that is internationally recognized as an autonomous region of Somalia, the autonomous Puntland region in northeastern...
- DhaharDhaharDhahar is a district in the Sanaag region, a territory disputed by the Puntland and Somaliland administrative regions of Somalia...
- Laasqoray
According to the SSC administration, the Sanaag region consists of 10 districts with ceerigaabo being the Capital of the region. The Transitional Federal government also recognizes SSC as an official state so as its regions and districts. The Districts of Sanaag are:
- Erigavo
- Fiqi Fuliye
- MindigaleMindigale-History:Mindigale was previously a part of Maakhir state. In January 2009, the territory was officially incorporated into the autonomous Puntland region in the northeastern part of the country....
- Habar-shiroHabar-shiroHabarshiro is one of the largest towns in the northern Sanaag region of Somalia. It is a relatively new settlement in comparison to other cities in the province.-References:*...
- HadaaftimoHadaaftimoHadaftimo is an historic town in the northern Sanaag region of Somalia. It is home to many archaeological sites and ancient buildings.-General:Hadaftimo was previously a part of Maakhir state...
- Xingalol
- DhaharDhaharDhahar is a district in the Sanaag region, a territory disputed by the Puntland and Somaliland administrative regions of Somalia...
- BuraanBuraanBuraan, also known as Hiil Buran, is one of the largest towns in the northern Sanaag region of Somalia. Along with Las Khorey and Hadaftimo, it is considered to be one of the oldest settlements in the province.-References:*...
- Xabasha Wacle
- BadhanBadhan, SanaagBadhan or Baran is a city and district in the Sanaag region, a territory in north Eastern Somalia. In July 2007, the district became the capital city of the autonomous Maakhir region of Somalia...
- Las KhoreyLas KhoreyLas Khorey is an ancient coastal city in the Sanaag region, a territory disputed by the Puntland and Somaliland administrative regions of Somalia. In July 2007, the district became part of the Maakhir autonomous region of Somalia...
- Kaladhacda
- CeelbuhCeelbuh-Overview:El Buh is located in the El Buh District.In the late 2000s, the town was a part of the briefly-extant Maakhir state, before being officially incorporated into the autonomous Puntland region in 2009....
- MindigaleMindigale-History:Mindigale was previously a part of Maakhir state. In January 2009, the territory was officially incorporated into the autonomous Puntland region in the northeastern part of the country....
Education
SSC has a good academic system comparing to the other states of the country.In Higher or Tertiary Education there are many Institutions such as Nugaal University, the college of religion study, and others. in addition that SSC states are planning to reform all the levels of Education such us Post-graduate and under- graduate study.Furthermore, there are also many secondary schools for example, Muse yusuf Secondary school, nugaal Secondary school Ilays secondary School and also more other private schools e-g Gateway high school.In short, the number of people joining higher institutions are increasing.finally, also there are more than 10 colleges of Adult learning.NSUM
The diaspora from Sool, Sanaag and Cayn (SSC) regions of North Western Somalia,Bearing in mind the precarious situation that has prevailed in Somalia since the collapse of the central government in 1990;
Congisent of the particular cirisi in the North Western region of Somalia in which one clan had unilaterally declared the secession of the region from Somalia, and calling itself Somalialnd (the former colonial name of the area);
Taking into account the invasion and occupation of Sool region of Somalia and its capital Lascanod on 15 October 2007 by the one-clan based secessionist enclave in the misguided belief that this would enhance their prospects for international recognitgin;
Responding to the declaration of the Garads (chiefs and traditional leaders) from Sool, Sanaag and Cayn (SSC) regions of Somalia at their conference at Boame town, Sool region of , Somalia on November 2007 in which they called for the liberation of Sool f rom the secessionists and the defence of Somali unity;
In the light of the above, and effectively from the date carried by this announcement, the people from the SSC regions of Northern Somalia have established the Northern Somali Unionist Movement (NSUM), an umbrella organisation that will represent them and all the diaspora organisations belonging to these regions. The NSUM, whose members are drawn from SSC regions of Northern Somalia, but not exclusively, is mandated to inter alia pursue the following objectives:
•Defend Somali unity at the international, interregional, and national levels and counter secession and other threats to Somali unity particularly in the NW region where one clan has declared secession from Somalia:
•Promote peace within the SSC regions and with other neighbouring clans:
•Promote the unity of the people in the SSC regions, strengthen the traditional institutions and assist in conflict prevention and resolution,
•Through relevant information dissemination, enhance the awareness of the people in the SSC regions on critical matters relating to their welfare such peace, health, education and good neighbourliness with other regions;
•Promote good governance, democracy, human rights and the rule of law at the SSC and national levels ;
•Promote the socio-economic and political development of the SSC regions in collaboration with development partners at the national and international level.
In pursuing the above-mentioned objectives, the NSUM is to work closely with other partners, in the quest for peace, unity, and development in the SSC regions and the wider Somalia, such as such as the central government and its organs and institutions, foreign governments, international and regional aid agencies, and international and other national NGOs.
See also
- Regions of SomaliaRegions of SomaliaSomalia is officially divided into eighteen administrative regions , which in turn are subdivided into districts. On a de facto basis, northern Somalia is now divided up among the autonomous states of Puntland and Somaliland...
- 2010 Ayn clashes2010 Ayn clashesThe 2010 Ayn clashes saw Ethiopian and Somaliland forces engage Dulbahante clan militia in Puntland's Ayn region in a bid to reconquer the region ahead of the Somaliland presidential election, 2010...
- Northern Somali Unionist Movement (NSUM)Northern Somali Unionist Movement (NSUM)-Overview:The Northern Somali Unionist Movement is a Somali organization that was formed in 1991, by Mr Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud and whose members and supporters hail from Sool, Sanaag and Cayn regions in the Northern regions of Somalia...