Paul Clemens von Baumgarten
Encyclopedia
Paul Clemens von Baumgarten (born August 28, 1848, Dresden
; died 1928, Tübingen
) was a German
pathologist.
He was the son of a physician
, and was a pupil
of Christian Wilhelm Braune
(1831-1892) and Ernst Leberecht Wagner
(1829-1888) in Leipzig
, and Ernst Neumann
(1834-1918). He received his doctorate
in Leipzig on August 22, 1873. That year he became an assistant at the anatomical institute in Leipzig
under Wilhelm His, Sr.
(1831-1904) and Wilhelm Braune, from 1874 to 1889 prosector
of the pathological-anatomical institute
in Königsberg
with Ernst Neumann. He became Privatdozent of pathological anatomy
in 1877, was appointed extraordinary professor
of the same discipline
in 1881, and was examinator for hygiene
at that university
from 1888. In 1889 he was called to the University of Tübingen
as full professor
of pathological anatomy and general pathology
, while also representing the subject of bacteriology
. He remained here for the rest of his career.
Baumgarten described the tuberculosis bacillus
in 1882, the same year as Robert Koch
- and independent of him. Based on numerous experimental investigations he refuted Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
's theory of phagocytes, and he established that neither Koch's new or old method had any curative effect on tubercles inoculated into rabbits or guinea pigs. His textbook of pathological mucology is the first attempt to develop the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and pathological histology based on the modern doctrine of pathogenous microorganisms. From 1885 to 1917 Baumgarten published the Jahresberichte über die Fortschritte in der Lehre von den pathogenen Organismen, and from 1889 occasioned the publication of 9 volumes of Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der pathogenen Anatomie und Bakteriologie.
Dresden
Dresden is the capital city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe, near the Czech border. The Dresden conurbation is part of the Saxon Triangle metropolitan area....
; died 1928, Tübingen
Tübingen
Tübingen is a traditional university town in central Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated south of the state capital, Stuttgart, on a ridge between the Neckar and Ammer rivers.-Geography:...
) was a German
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
pathologist.
He was the son of a physician
Physician
A physician is a health care provider who practices the profession of medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments...
, and was a pupil
Pupil
The pupil is a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter the retina. It appears black because most of the light entering the pupil is absorbed by the tissues inside the eye. In humans the pupil is round, but other species, such as some cats, have slit pupils. In...
of Christian Wilhelm Braune
Christian Wilhelm Braune
Christian Wilhelm Braune was a German anatomist and professor of topographical anatomy at the University of Leipzig. He is known for his excellent lithographs regarding cross-sections of the human body, and his pioneer work in biomechanics...
(1831-1892) and Ernst Leberecht Wagner
Ernst Leberecht Wagner
Ernst Leberecht Wagner was a German pathologist who was a native of Dehlitz, a town in the Burgenlandkreis district of Saxony-Anhalt. He studied medicine in Leipzig under Karl August Wunderlich , in Prague under Josef Skoda and in Vienna under Karl von Rokitansky...
(1829-1888) in Leipzig
Leipzig
Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing...
, and Ernst Neumann
Franz Ernst Christian Neumann
Franz Ernst Christian Neumann was a German pathologist who was a native of Königsberg. His common name was Ernst Christian Neumann .-Life:...
(1834-1918). He received his doctorate
Doctorate
A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder to teach in a specific field, A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder...
in Leipzig on August 22, 1873. That year he became an assistant at the anatomical institute in Leipzig
Leipzig
Leipzig Leipzig has always been a trade city, situated during the time of the Holy Roman Empire at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, two important trade routes. At one time, Leipzig was one of the major European centres of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing...
under Wilhelm His, Sr.
Wilhelm His, Sr.
Wilhelm His, Sr. was a Swiss anatomist and professor who invented the microtome...
(1831-1904) and Wilhelm Braune, from 1874 to 1889 prosector
Prosector
A prosector is a person with the special task of preparing a dissection for demonstration, usually in medical schools or hospitals. Many important anatomists began their careers as prosectors working for lecturers and demonstrators in anatomy and pathology....
of the pathological-anatomical institute
Institute
An institute is a permanent organizational body created for a certain purpose. Often it is a research organization created to do research on specific topics...
in Königsberg
Königsberg
Königsberg was the capital of East Prussia from the Late Middle Ages until 1945 as well as the northernmost and easternmost German city with 286,666 inhabitants . Due to the multicultural society in and around the city, there are several local names for it...
with Ernst Neumann. He became Privatdozent of pathological anatomy
Anatomy
Anatomy is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy , and plant anatomy...
in 1877, was appointed extraordinary professor
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
of the same discipline
Discipline
In its original sense, discipline is referred to systematic instruction given to disciples to train them as students in a craft or trade, or to follow a particular code of conduct or "order". Often, the phrase "to discipline" carries a negative connotation. This is because enforcement of order –...
in 1881, and was examinator for hygiene
Hygiene
Hygiene refers to the set of practices perceived by a community to be associated with the preservation of health and healthy living. While in modern medical sciences there is a set of standards of hygiene recommended for different situations, what is considered hygienic or not can vary between...
at that university
University
A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is an organisation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education...
from 1888. In 1889 he was called to the University of Tübingen
Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen
Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen is a public university located in the city of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is one of Germany's oldest universities, internationally noted in medicine, natural sciences and the humanities. In the area of German Studies it has been ranked first among...
as full professor
Professor
A professor is a scholarly teacher; the precise meaning of the term varies by country. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a "person who professes" being usually an expert in arts or sciences; a teacher of high rank...
of pathological anatomy and general pathology
Pathology
Pathology is the precise study and diagnosis of disease. The word pathology is from Ancient Greek , pathos, "feeling, suffering"; and , -logia, "the study of". Pathologization, to pathologize, refers to the process of defining a condition or behavior as pathological, e.g. pathological gambling....
, while also representing the subject of bacteriology
Bacteriology
Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. This subdivision of microbiology involves the identification, classification, and characterization of bacterial species...
. He remained here for the rest of his career.
Baumgarten described the tuberculosis bacillus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic bacterial species in the genus Mycobacterium and the causative agent of most cases of tuberculosis . First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M...
in 1882, the same year as Robert Koch
Robert Koch
Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch was a German physician. He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis , the Tuberculosis bacillus and the Vibrio cholerae and for his development of Koch's postulates....
- and independent of him. Based on numerous experimental investigations he refuted Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov was a Russian biologist, zoologist and protozoologist, best remembered for his pioneering research into the immune system. Mechnikov received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1908, shared with Paul Ehrlich, for his work on phagocytosis...
's theory of phagocytes, and he established that neither Koch's new or old method had any curative effect on tubercles inoculated into rabbits or guinea pigs. His textbook of pathological mucology is the first attempt to develop the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and pathological histology based on the modern doctrine of pathogenous microorganisms. From 1885 to 1917 Baumgarten published the Jahresberichte über die Fortschritte in der Lehre von den pathogenen Organismen, and from 1889 occasioned the publication of 9 volumes of Arbeiten auf dem Gebiete der pathogenen Anatomie und Bakteriologie.
Associated eponyms
- Baumgarten-Tangl lawBaumgarten-Tangl lawThe Baumgarten-Tangl law is a rule about tuberculosis: it states that the location where the bacteria intruded is the one where the inflammation can be observed first....
: A law regarding the localisation of tuberculosisTuberculosisTuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...
; named with physiologist Franz TanglFranz TanglFranz Tangl was a Hungarian physiologist and pathologist, member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences....
. - Cruveilhier-Baumgarten disease: CirrhosisCirrhosisCirrhosis is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, scar tissue and regenerative nodules , leading to loss of liver function...
of the liver without ascitesAscitesAscites is a gastroenterological term for an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.The medical condition is also known as peritoneal cavity fluid, peritoneal fluid excess, hydroperitoneum or more archaically as abdominal dropsy. Although most commonly due to cirrhosis and severe liver...
; named with pathologist Jean CruveilhierJean CruveilhierJean Cruveilhier was a French anatomist and pathologist.In 1816 he earned his doctorate in Paris, where in 1825 he succeeded Pierre Augustin Béclard as professor of anatomy...
.
External links
- Paul Clemens von Baumgarten @ Who Named ItWho Named ItWho Named It? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification. Though this is a dictionary, many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies. It is hosted in Norway and maintained by medical...