Franz Ernst Christian Neumann
Encyclopedia
Franz Ernst Christian Neumann (January 30, 1834 - March 6, 1918) was a German pathologist who was a native of Königsberg
. His common name was Ernst Christian Neumann (without Franz at the beginning).
Franz Ernst Neumann
(1798–1895), and grandson of chemist
Karl Gottfried Hagen
(1749–1829). He had two noted brothers, mathematician
Carl Gottfried Neumann (1832–1925) and economist
Friedrich Julius Neumann, see German version Wikipedia, (1835–1910).
In 1855 he obtained his doctorate from Albertina Universität Königsberg
, where one of his instructors was Hermann von Helmholtz
. He performed post-graduate studies in Prague
, and in Berlin
under Rudolf Virchow
(1821–1902). From 1866 until 1903 he was in charge of the Pathological Institute at Konigsberg.
Neumann was awarded honorary degrees from the Universities of Tübingen (1898) and Geneva
(1914).
In 1995, the first International Ernst Neumann Award has been initiated by the 24.Meeting of "International Society for Experimental Hematology in Düsseldorf/ Germany. The first recipient of this award was Donald Medcalf from Melbourne
. He demonstrated that erythropoiesis
and leukopoiesis
formulate in the bone marrow
.
“Ernst Neumann postulated a common stem cell for all hematopoietic cells” (Brittinger, 1995). In 2007, Zech et al. wrote:
“The beginning of Stem Cell research can be dated back to Ernst Neumann, who was appointed professor of pathology at Koenigsberg in 1866 and described in a preliminary communication the presence of nucleated red blood cells in bone marrow (BM) saps. He concluded in his subsequent papers, that during postembryonic life, erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis are taking place in the BM. On the basis of his observation, Ernst Neumann was the first to postulate the BM as blood forming organ with a common SC for all hematopoietic cells” (Zech,N.H., Shkumatov, A. Koestenbauer,S., 2007)
"Among his "firsts" were the identification of leukemia and of pernicious anemia as diceases of the marrow. He coined the term myelogeneous leukemia, (today's acute myeloid leukemia
), and described in 1882 the law of dissemination concerning yellow and red bone marrow. In effect, he recognized a phenomenon that is sometimes referred to us as Neumann's law. It states that at birth all bones that contain marrow contain red marrow. With age, the blood producing activity contracts toward the center of the body, leaving the more peripheral bones with only fatty marrow. Neumann was supported by Giulio Bizzozero
and by Claude Bernard
, but there were also Pouchet
and Georges Hayem
to repudiate him. Despite all the opposition, however, within two decades, Neumann's discovery was a scientific axiom! The brilliance of the truth may first be blinding, but ultimately it supersedes all artificial illuminators" (Tavassoli 1983, p. 62 - 72)
In 1871, Neumann described congenital epulis
(CE) of the newborn. Neumann also published an early work on medical electrodiagnosis
and formed the name "Hämosiderin" as hematological pigment.
Legend of the stem cell-picture: Draft by Ernst Neumann himself, showing the “great-lymphozyt-stem-cell” (1912) or “great-lymphocyt” as stem cell for the postembryonic and embryonic development of erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis in the bone marrow and, as shown here, in the embryonic liver; GrLK: nucleus of great-lymphocyt-stem-cell; Erblk: Erythroblast; (Neumann 1914).
In 1868, Neumann described the "lymphoid marrow cell" (Neumann: Blood and Pigments 1917(BP), S.33) in the bone marrow.
"It is evident, that a continuing transformation of lymphoid cells into coloured blood cells takes place in the bone marrow during the whole life" Neumann 1869, BP, p. 19.
This "lympoid marrow cell" forms not only the erythropoiesis but it is capable (in itself) to self regeneration: “In order of the size differences of the lymphoid marrow-cells, we will be able to suppose that a permanent fluctuation will take place in the bone marrow" (Neumann 1869, BP p. 30).
1912: Until 1912 Neumann called the stem cell "lymphocyte", "great lymphocyte" or "lymphomyeloblast". Since that time, he declared:
"The different forms of all blood cells happening in the blood, the lymph-organs and in the bone marrow are all descendants of the great-lymphocytic stem cell." (BP, page 313). "In which way this stem cell completes itself again and again, whether exclusively by a mitotic division or also from other cells particularly from cells of the mesenteric tissue, may be discussed." (Neumann, BP p. 313)
Neumann was advocate of the Unitarien Point of View: All blood cells shall be descended from this post embryonic stem cell. As it is well known, a quarrel broke out between dualists and unitarians (Paul Ehrlich
). Neumann's farsightedness demanded a stem cell culture for the completion of the quarrel:
"Perhaps a final decision will only arrive, if it possible, to isolate the individual colourless cells and to study its life events in vitro culture for some time, as Robert Koch
demonstrated with the bacteria" (Neumann 1912, BP, p. 329, see also References: H. Neumann and Y. Klinger)
Königsberg
Königsberg was the capital of East Prussia from the Late Middle Ages until 1945 as well as the northernmost and easternmost German city with 286,666 inhabitants . Due to the multicultural society in and around the city, there are several local names for it...
. His common name was Ernst Christian Neumann (without Franz at the beginning).
Life
He was the son of physicistPhysicist
A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning all length scales: from sub-atomic particles of which all ordinary matter is made to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole...
Franz Ernst Neumann
Franz Ernst Neumann
Franz Ernst Neumann was a German mineralogist, physicist and mathematician.-Biography:Neumann was born in Joachimsthal, Margraviate of Brandenburg, located not far from Berlin. In 1815 he interrupted his studies at Berlin to serve as a volunteer in the Hundred Days against Napoleon, and was...
(1798–1895), and grandson of chemist
Chemist
A chemist is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties such as density and acidity. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms...
Karl Gottfried Hagen
Karl Gottfried Hagen
Karl Gottfried Hagen was a German chemist.Hagen was born and died in Königsberg, Prussia. He founded the first German chemical laboratory at the University of Königsberg, thus establishing the scientific discipline of pharmaceutical chemistry in Germany.He worked as a Professor in the field of...
(1749–1829). He had two noted brothers, mathematician
Mathematician
A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study is the field of mathematics. Mathematicians are concerned with quantity, structure, space, and change....
Carl Gottfried Neumann (1832–1925) and economist
Economist
An economist is a professional in the social science discipline of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy...
Friedrich Julius Neumann, see German version Wikipedia, (1835–1910).
In 1855 he obtained his doctorate from Albertina Universität Königsberg
University of Königsberg
The University of Königsberg was the university of Königsberg in East Prussia. It was founded in 1544 as second Protestant academy by Duke Albert of Prussia, and was commonly known as the Albertina....
, where one of his instructors was Hermann von Helmholtz
Hermann von Helmholtz
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz was a German physician and physicist who made significant contributions to several widely varied areas of modern science...
. He performed post-graduate studies in Prague
Prague
Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of over 2.3 million...
, and in Berlin
Berlin
Berlin is the capital city of Germany and is one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.45 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the seventh most populous urban area in the European Union...
under Rudolf Virchow
Rudolf Virchow
Rudolph Carl Virchow was a German doctor, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician, known for his advancement of public health...
(1821–1902). From 1866 until 1903 he was in charge of the Pathological Institute at Konigsberg.
Neumann was awarded honorary degrees from the Universities of Tübingen (1898) and Geneva
University of Geneva
The University of Geneva is a public research university located in Geneva, Switzerland.It was founded in 1559 by John Calvin, as a theological seminary and law school. It remained focused on theology until the 17th century, when it became a center for Enlightenment scholarship. In 1873, it...
(1914).
In 1995, the first International Ernst Neumann Award has been initiated by the 24.Meeting of "International Society for Experimental Hematology in Düsseldorf/ Germany. The first recipient of this award was Donald Medcalf from Melbourne
Scientific career
Ernst Neumann made many contributions in the field of hematologyHematology
Hematology, also spelled haematology , is the branch of biology physiology, internal medicine, pathology, clinical laboratory work, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases...
. He demonstrated that erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis is the process by which red blood cells are produced. It is stimulated by decreased O2 in circulation, which is detected by the kidneys, which then secrete the hormone erythropoietin...
and leukopoiesis
Leukopoiesis
Leukopoiesis is a form of hematopoiesis in which white blood cells are formed in bone marrow located in bones in adults and hematopoietic organs in the fetus. White blood cells, indeed all blood cells, are formed from the differentiation of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells which give rise to...
formulate in the bone marrow
Bone marrow
Bone marrow is the flexible tissue found in the interior of bones. In humans, bone marrow in large bones produces new blood cells. On average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans; in adults weighing 65 kg , bone marrow accounts for approximately 2.6 kg...
.
“Ernst Neumann postulated a common stem cell for all hematopoietic cells” (Brittinger, 1995). In 2007, Zech et al. wrote:
“The beginning of Stem Cell research can be dated back to Ernst Neumann, who was appointed professor of pathology at Koenigsberg in 1866 and described in a preliminary communication the presence of nucleated red blood cells in bone marrow (BM) saps. He concluded in his subsequent papers, that during postembryonic life, erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis are taking place in the BM. On the basis of his observation, Ernst Neumann was the first to postulate the BM as blood forming organ with a common SC for all hematopoietic cells” (Zech,N.H., Shkumatov, A. Koestenbauer,S., 2007)
"Among his "firsts" were the identification of leukemia and of pernicious anemia as diceases of the marrow. He coined the term myelogeneous leukemia, (today's acute myeloid leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia , also known as acute myelogenous leukemia, is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of normal blood cells. AML is the most common acute...
), and described in 1882 the law of dissemination concerning yellow and red bone marrow. In effect, he recognized a phenomenon that is sometimes referred to us as Neumann's law. It states that at birth all bones that contain marrow contain red marrow. With age, the blood producing activity contracts toward the center of the body, leaving the more peripheral bones with only fatty marrow. Neumann was supported by Giulio Bizzozero
Giulio Bizzozero
Giulio Bizzozero was an Italian doctor and medical researcher. He is known as the original discoverer of Helicobacter pylori, the bacteria which is responsible for peptic ulcer disease...
and by Claude Bernard
Claude Bernard
Claude Bernard was a French physiologist. He was the first to define the term milieu intérieur . Historian of science I. Bernard Cohen of Harvard University called Bernard "one of the greatest of all men of science"...
, but there were also Pouchet
Félix Archimède Pouchet
Félix-Archimède Pouchet was a French naturalist and a leading proponent of spontaneous generation of life from non-living materials, and as such an opponent of Louis Pasteur's germ theory...
and Georges Hayem
Georges Hayem
Georges Hayem was a physician and hematologist who was a native of Paris. He studied medicine in Paris, and later became a professor of therapy and materia medica. From 1878 until 1911 he practiced medicine at the Hôpital Tenon, and afterwards was associated with the Hôpital St...
to repudiate him. Despite all the opposition, however, within two decades, Neumann's discovery was a scientific axiom! The brilliance of the truth may first be blinding, but ultimately it supersedes all artificial illuminators" (Tavassoli 1983, p. 62 - 72)
In 1871, Neumann described congenital epulis
Congenital epulis
The congenital epulis is a proliferation of cells on the upper jaw at birth. This is more commonly found on female babies. The cause of the disease is unknown.-External links:* -References:...
(CE) of the newborn. Neumann also published an early work on medical electrodiagnosis
Electrodiagnosis
Electrodiagnosis is a method of obtaining information about diseases by passively recording the electrical activity of body parts or by measuring their response to external electrical stimulus....
and formed the name "Hämosiderin" as hematological pigment.
History of Stem-Cell
In 1868, Neumann described the "lymphoid marrow cell" (Neumann: Blood and Pigments 1917(BP), S.33) in the bone marrow.
"It is evident, that a continuing transformation of lymphoid cells into coloured blood cells takes place in the bone marrow during the whole life" Neumann 1869, BP, p. 19.
This "lympoid marrow cell" forms not only the erythropoiesis but it is capable (in itself) to self regeneration: “In order of the size differences of the lymphoid marrow-cells, we will be able to suppose that a permanent fluctuation will take place in the bone marrow" (Neumann 1869, BP p. 30).
1912: Until 1912 Neumann called the stem cell "lymphocyte", "great lymphocyte" or "lymphomyeloblast". Since that time, he declared:
"The different forms of all blood cells happening in the blood, the lymph-organs and in the bone marrow are all descendants of the great-lymphocytic stem cell." (BP, page 313). "In which way this stem cell completes itself again and again, whether exclusively by a mitotic division or also from other cells particularly from cells of the mesenteric tissue, may be discussed." (Neumann, BP p. 313)
Neumann was advocate of the Unitarien Point of View: All blood cells shall be descended from this post embryonic stem cell. As it is well known, a quarrel broke out between dualists and unitarians (Paul Ehrlich
Paul Ehrlich
Paul Ehrlich was a German scientist in the fields of hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy, and Nobel laureate. He is noted for curing syphilis and for his research in autoimmunity, calling it "horror autotoxicus"...
). Neumann's farsightedness demanded a stem cell culture for the completion of the quarrel:
"Perhaps a final decision will only arrive, if it possible, to isolate the individual colourless cells and to study its life events in vitro culture for some time, as Robert Koch
Robert Koch
Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch was a German physician. He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis , the Tuberculosis bacillus and the Vibrio cholerae and for his development of Koch's postulates....
demonstrated with the bacteria" (Neumann 1912, BP, p. 329, see also References: H. Neumann and Y. Klinger)
Associated eponyms
- Neumann's cells: Nucleated cells in the bone marrow in which red blood corpuscles originate.
- Neumann's sheath: Dentinal sheath which form the walls of the dentinal tubuleTubuleA tubule is a very small tube or fistular structure.A system of surface-connected membranes in muscle that enables a nerve impulse to travel to the interior of the muscle fibre.In anatomy, a tubule is a minute tube lined with glandular epithelium....
s. - Rouget-Neumann sheath: Uncalcified bone matrix between an osteocyteOsteocyteAn osteocyte, a star-shaped cell, is the most abundant cell found in compact bone. Cells contain a nucleus and a thin ring of cytoplasm. When osteoblasts become trapped in the matrix they secrete, they become osteocytes...
and the lacunar or canalicular wall. Named with French physiologist Charles RougetCharles Marie Benjamin RougetCharles Marie Benjamin Rouget was a French physiologist born in Gisors, Eure. He studied at the Collège Sainte-Barbe with medical training at hospitals in Paris. He was later a professor of physiology at the University of Montpellier.Rouget is largely remembered for his correlation of physiology...
(1824–1904). - Neumann tumour: Congenital epulisCongenital epulisThe congenital epulis is a proliferation of cells on the upper jaw at birth. This is more commonly found on female babies. The cause of the disease is unknown.-External links:* -References:...
- Neumann's law: see above
Literature
Bibliography of Ernst Neumann: (another picture of the famous stem cell look at the German version of wikipedia: Ernst Christian Neumann, see Link- Neumann, E.: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Zahnbein- und Knochengewebes. Leipzig, 1863.
- Neumann, E.: Ueber das verschiedene Verhaltung gelähmter Muskeln gegen den constanten und inducirten Strom und die Erklärung desselben. Deutsche Klinik, Berlin, 1864, 16: 65-69 (One of the first publications on electrodiagnosis).
- Neumann, E.: Über die Bedeutung des Knochenmarks für die Blutbildung, Centralblatt für die Med. Wissenschaft 44 (1868) 689
- Neumann, E.: Über die Bedeutung des Knochenmarks f.d. Blutbildung, Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgesch. der Blutkörperchen, Archiv f. Heilkunde 10 (1869) 68-102 (Wagners Archiv)
- Neumann, E.: Ein Fall von Leukämie mit Erkrankung des Knochenmarks Anhang: Salkowski: Chemische Untersuchungen des leukämischen Markes (28.7.69)Archiv der Heilkunde (Wagners Archiv) Bd. XI, (1871) 1 - 15
- Neumann, E.: Das Gesetz über die Verbreitung des gelben und rotten Knochenmarks, Centralblatt für die Med. Wissenschaft. 18 (1882) 321-323
- Neumann, E.: Hämatologische Studien I: Über die Blutbildung beim Frosche, Virchows Archiv 143 (1896) 225 - 277
- Neumann, E.: Hämatologische Studien II. die Variabilität der Leukozyten etc., Virchow Archiv 207 (1903) 41 - 78
- Neumann, E.: Hämatologische Studien III. Leukozyten und Leukämie, Virch. Arch. 207 (1912) 379-412
- Neumann, E.: Neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der embryonalen Leber, Arch.f.mikr. Anat 85,Abt.I (1914) 480-520
- Neumann, E.: Blut und Pigmente (BP). Gesammelte Abhandlungen mit Zusätzen, Fischer, G. Jena 1917, contains all publications of Neumann with reference to hematology and pigments.
External links
- Homepage in English in regard to Ernst Neumann http://www.ernst-neumann-koenigsberg.de
- See German version of Wikipedia :de:Ernst Neumann
- Der Wissenschaftler Ernst Christian Neumann, Pathologe und Hämatologe, Königsberg
- Bauer, A.: International Bibliographic Guide to the History of Pathology (IBGHP) ( http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak5/igm/g47/bauerpa2.htm
- Franz Ernst Christian Neumann @ Who Named ItWho Named ItWho Named It? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification. Though this is a dictionary, many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies. It is hosted in Norway and maintained by medical...