Papal conclave, 1903
Encyclopedia
The Papal conclave
of 1903 was caused by the death of the 93-year-old Pope Leo XIII
, who at that stage was the third-longest reigning pope in history. (Pope John Paul II
(1978-2005) passed Leo a century later.)
It saw the election of Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto as Pope Pius X
.
In 1903 the 25-year pontificate
of the liberal diplomat Pope Leo XIII
came to an end. For 56 years the papacy had been led by just two men, Leo and his predecessor, Pius IX. While Pius had been a conservative reactionary, Leo had been seen as a liberal, certainly by the standards of his predecessor. As cardinals gathered, the key question was whether a pope would be chosen who would continue Leo's policies or return to the style of papacy of Pius IX.
attention focused on Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro, Leo's Cardinal Secretary of State
. Rampolla was seen as the leading papabile
(a cardinal thought likely to be elected pope). As expected, Rampolla was close to being elected, but was then vetoed in the name of Francis Joseph
, Emperor of Austria
by Jan Maurycy Pawel Puzyna de Kosielsko, the Prince-Bishop of Kraków
and a subject of Austria-Hungary
; Franz Joseph asked the Pole to do this because the Austrian Cardinal would not impose the veto. The veto was pronounced to the disgust of the other cardinals. The reason for the veto was never established but could have been due to Rampolla's support of the French Third Republic
while he was Secretary of State.
Three leading Catholic heads of state claimed the power of veto: the King of France, the King of Spain, and the Holy Roman Emperor
(the Emperor of Austria after the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire
). This was rarely exercised; however, no candidate against whom the veto was claimed had ever been elected Pope in that same conclave. Before 1903, the latest attempted use of a veto was going to be at the 1846 conclave
, but the cardinal whom the Austrian Emperor had entrusted to issue the veto arrived too late, finding the conclave over and that Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, the man he was meant to veto, publicly announced as Pope Pius IX
.
.
's right to own Rome. Following the precedents established by his two immediate predecessors for the granting of the urbi et orbi
blessing since the 1870 invasion of Rome, Pius X gave his first Urbi et Orbi
on a balcony facing into St. Peter's Basilica
rather than to the crowds outside, so as to symbolise his opposition to Italian rule of Rome and his demand for a return of the States of the Church
.
Papal conclave
A papal conclave is a meeting of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a Bishop of Rome, who then becomes the Pope during a period of vacancy in the papal office. The Pope is considered by Roman Catholics to be the apostolic successor of Saint Peter and earthly head of the Roman Catholic Church...
of 1903 was caused by the death of the 93-year-old Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII , born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci to an Italian comital family, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903...
, who at that stage was the third-longest reigning pope in history. (Pope John Paul II
Pope John Paul II
Blessed Pope John Paul II , born Karol Józef Wojtyła , reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005, at of age. His was the second-longest documented pontificate, which lasted ; only Pope Pius IX ...
(1978-2005) passed Leo a century later.)
It saw the election of Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto as Pope Pius X
Pope Pius X
Pope Saint Pius X , born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the 257th Pope of the Catholic Church, serving from 1903 to 1914. He was the first pope since Pope Pius V to be canonized. Pius X rejected modernist interpretations of Catholic doctrine, promoting traditional devotional practices and orthodox...
.
Background
Pope
The Pope is the Bishop of Rome, a position that makes him the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church . In the Catholic Church, the Pope is regarded as the successor of Saint Peter, the Apostle...
of the liberal diplomat Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII , born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci to an Italian comital family, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903...
came to an end. For 56 years the papacy had been led by just two men, Leo and his predecessor, Pius IX. While Pius had been a conservative reactionary, Leo had been seen as a liberal, certainly by the standards of his predecessor. As cardinals gathered, the key question was whether a pope would be chosen who would continue Leo's policies or return to the style of papacy of Pius IX.
Favoured candidate vetoed by Francis Joseph of Austria
When the cardinals assembled in the Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel
Sistine Chapel is the best-known chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City. It is famous for its architecture and its decoration that was frescoed throughout by Renaissance artists including Michelangelo, Sandro Botticelli, Pietro Perugino, Pinturicchio...
attention focused on Mariano Rampolla del Tindaro, Leo's Cardinal Secretary of State
Cardinal Secretary of State
The Cardinal Secretary of State—officially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope—presides over the Holy See, usually known as the "Vatican", Secretariat of State, which is the oldest and most important dicastery of the Roman Curia...
. Rampolla was seen as the leading papabile
Papabile
Papabile is an unofficial Italian term first coined by Vaticanologists and now used internationally in many languages to describe a cardinal of whom it is thought likely or possible that he will be elected pope. A literal English translation would be "popeable" or "one who might become pope".In...
(a cardinal thought likely to be elected pope). As expected, Rampolla was close to being elected, but was then vetoed in the name of Francis Joseph
Franz Joseph I of Austria
Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I was Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, King of Croatia, Apostolic King of Hungary, King of Galicia and Lodomeria and Grand Duke of Cracow from 1848 until his death in 1916.In the December of 1848, Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria abdicated the throne as part of...
, Emperor of Austria
Emperor of Austria
The Emperor of Austria was a hereditary imperial title and position proclaimed in 1804 by the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and continually held by him and his heirs until the last emperor relinquished power in 1918. The emperors retained the title of...
by Jan Maurycy Pawel Puzyna de Kosielsko, the Prince-Bishop of Kraków
Kraków
Kraków also Krakow, or Cracow , is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life...
and a subject of Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary , more formally known as the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen, was a constitutional monarchic union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in...
; Franz Joseph asked the Pole to do this because the Austrian Cardinal would not impose the veto. The veto was pronounced to the disgust of the other cardinals. The reason for the veto was never established but could have been due to Rampolla's support of the French Third Republic
French Third Republic
The French Third Republic was the republican government of France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed due to the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, to 1940, when France was overrun by Nazi Germany during World War II, resulting in the German and Italian occupations of France...
while he was Secretary of State.
Three leading Catholic heads of state claimed the power of veto: the King of France, the King of Spain, and the Holy Roman Emperor
Holy Roman Emperor
The Holy Roman Emperor is a term used by historians to denote a medieval ruler who, as German King, had also received the title of "Emperor of the Romans" from the Pope...
(the Emperor of Austria after the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a realm that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe.It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favour of the princes...
). This was rarely exercised; however, no candidate against whom the veto was claimed had ever been elected Pope in that same conclave. Before 1903, the latest attempted use of a veto was going to be at the 1846 conclave
Papal conclave, 1846
The death of Pope Gregory XVI on 1 June 1846 triggered the Papal conclave of 1846. Fifty of the 62 members of the College of Cardinals assembled in the Quirinal Palace, one of the papal palaces in Rome and the seat of two earlier 19th century conclaves...
, but the cardinal whom the Austrian Emperor had entrusted to issue the veto arrived too late, finding the conclave over and that Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, the man he was meant to veto, publicly announced as Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX
Blessed Pope Pius IX , born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was the longest-reigning elected Pope in the history of the Catholic Church, serving from 16 June 1846 until his death, a period of nearly 32 years. During his pontificate, he convened the First Vatican Council in 1869, which decreed papal...
.
Patriarch of Venice elected
The blocking of Rampolla, the popular press speculated, threw the conclave wide open. The eventual victor, Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, Patriarch of Venice, was a working-class populist conservative, closer in attitude to the papacy of Pius IX than Leo XIII. It was reported after the conclave that a rumour alleged to have been revealed by a conclave participant had it that in the last ballot, Cardinal Sarto received 55 of 60 possible votes. The new pope took the name Pius XPope Pius X
Pope Saint Pius X , born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the 257th Pope of the Catholic Church, serving from 1903 to 1914. He was the first pope since Pope Pius V to be canonized. Pius X rejected modernist interpretations of Catholic doctrine, promoting traditional devotional practices and orthodox...
.
Veto abolished
Pius X on his election made two decisions. He formally abolished the veto of heads of state, declaring that anyone who dared introduce a civil veto in the conclave would suffer automatic excommunication (future conclave participants were required to swear an oath not to transmit a veto by a secular monarch to the conclave), and declined to reappoint Rampolla as Secretary of State. Like his predecessors, Pope Pius X disputed the Kingdom of ItalyKingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
The Kingdom of Italy was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which was its legal predecessor state...
's right to own Rome. Following the precedents established by his two immediate predecessors for the granting of the urbi et orbi
Urbi et Orbi
Urbi et Orbi denotes a papal address and Apostolic Blessing that is given to the City of Rome and to the entire world, on certain occasions. It was a standard opening of Ancient Roman proclamations....
blessing since the 1870 invasion of Rome, Pius X gave his first Urbi et Orbi
Urbi et Orbi
Urbi et Orbi denotes a papal address and Apostolic Blessing that is given to the City of Rome and to the entire world, on certain occasions. It was a standard opening of Ancient Roman proclamations....
on a balcony facing into St. Peter's Basilica
St. Peter's Basilica
The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter , officially known in Italian as ' and commonly known as Saint Peter's Basilica, is a Late Renaissance church located within the Vatican City. Saint Peter's Basilica has the largest interior of any Christian church in the world...
rather than to the crowds outside, so as to symbolise his opposition to Italian rule of Rome and his demand for a return of the States of the Church
Papal States
The Papal State, State of the Church, or Pontifical States were among the major historical states of Italy from roughly the 6th century until the Italian peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia .The Papal States comprised territories under...
.
Conclave factfile
- Dates of conclave: July 31 - August 4, 1903
- Location: Sistine ChapelSistine ChapelSistine Chapel is the best-known chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City. It is famous for its architecture and its decoration that was frescoed throughout by Renaissance artists including Michelangelo, Sandro Botticelli, Pietro Perugino, Pinturicchio...
in the Vatican PalaceVatican CityVatican City , or Vatican City State, in Italian officially Stato della Città del Vaticano , which translates literally as State of the City of the Vatican, is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, Italy. It has an area of...
- Arrived late: none, but Patrick Francis Moran, Archbishop of SydneyCatholic Bishops and Archbishops of SydneySydney has had a Catholic Archbishop since 1842.-List of incumbents:# John Bede Polding OSB, 1842-1877.# Roger Bede Vaughan O.S.B., 1877-1883.# Patrick Francis Moran, 1884-1911.# Michael Kelly, 1911-1940.# Norman Thomas Gilroy, 1940-1971....
in AustraliaAustraliaAustralia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...
did not travel as he would not have made it to Rome in time for the conclave.
- Unavailable through ill-health:
- Michelangelo CelesiaMichelangelo CelesiaMichelangelo Celesia OSB Cas was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Palermo from 1871 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1884.-Biography:...
, O.S.B., Archbishop of Palermo (Italy)
- Michelangelo Celesia
- Present included:
- Antonio Agliardi, Cardinal-Bishop of Albano (Italy)
- Andrea Aiuti, titular Archbishop of Tamiathis, Apostolic Nuncio to PortugalPortugalPortugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
(Italy) - Bartolomeo BacilieriBartolomeo BacilieriBartolomeo Bacilieri was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Verona from 1900 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1901.-Biography:...
, Bishop of Verona (Italy) - Giulio BoschiGiulio BoschiGiulio Boschi was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Ferrara from 1900 to 1919, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1901.-Biography:...
, Archbishop of Ferrara (Italy) - Alfonso Capecelatro di Castelpagano, C.O., Archbishop of Capua (Italy)
- Giovanni Battista Casali del Drago (Italy)
- Salvador Casañas y Pagés, Bishop of Barcelona (Spain)
- Francesco di Paola CassettaFrancesco di Paola CassettaFrancesco di Paola Cassetta was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of the Council from 1914 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1899.-Biography:...
, titular Patriarch of Nicomedia (Italy) - Felice CavagnisFelice CavagnisFelice Cavagnis was an Italian canon lawyer and Cardinal.-Life:Cavagnis was born in Bordogna, which today falls within the Commune of Roncobello, in the Diocese of Bergamo....
, Pro-Secretary of the Roman Curia (Italy) - Beniamino Cavvicchioni, titular Archbishop of Nazianzus, Secretary of Council to the Roman CuriaRoman CuriaThe Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Catholic Church, together with the Pope...
(Italy) - Pierre-Hector CoulliéPierre-Hector CoulliePierre-Hector Coullié was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and was former Archbishop of Lyon.Pierre-Hector Coullié was born in Paris, France. He was educated at the Saint-Sulpice Seminary, Paris.-Priesthood:...
, Archbishop of Lyon (France) - Serafino CretoniSerafino CretoniSerafino Cretoni was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites from 1903 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1896.-Biography:...
, titular Latin Archbishop of Damascus, Prefect of Rites (Italy) - Francesco Salesio Della VolpeFrancesco Salesio Della VolpeFrancesco Salesio Della Volpe was an Italian Catholic Cardinal from a noble family. He held the position of secretary of the Congregation of Indulgences and Relics and prefect of the Prefecture of the Pontifical Household. Created cardinal in pector in 1899, he was named published in concistory of...
, Prefect of the Apostolic Chamber (Italy) - Angelo Di PietroAngelo Di PietroAngelo Di Pietro J.U.D. was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Prefect of the Congregation of the Council.Angelo Di Pietro was born in Vivaro Romano, Tivoli...
, titular Archbishop of Nazianzus (Italy) - Andrea Carlo FerrariAndrea Carlo FerrariAndrea Carlo Ferrari was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Milan.Andrea Ferrari was born in Lalatta, Parma. He was educated at the Seminary. He was ordained to the priesthood on 20 December 1873 in Parma...
, Archbishop of Milan (Italy) - Domenico Ferrata, titular Archbishop of Thessalonica (Italy)
- Anton Hubert FischerAnton Hubert FischerAnton Hubert Fischer was a Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cologne and Cardinal.-Life:...
, Archbishop of Cologne (Germany) - Giuseppe Francica-Nava di BontiféGiuseppe Francica-Nava di BontiféGiuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Catania from 1895 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1899.-Biography:...
, Archbishop of Catania (Italy) - Casimiro GennariCasimiro GennariCasimiro Gennari was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and was former Prefect of the Congregation of the Council....
, titular Archbishop of Naupactus (Italy) - James Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore (United States of America)
- Pierre-Lambert GoosensPierre-Lambert GoosensPierre-Lambert Goossens was a Belgian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Mechelen from 1884 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1889.-Biography:...
, Archbishop of Mechelen (Belgium) - Girolamo Maria GottiGirolamo Maria GottiGirolamo Maria Gotti, O.C.D. , sometimes erroneously called Giuseppe Gotti, was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church....
, O.C.D., titular Archbishop of Petra in Aegypto, Prefect of Propagation of the Faith (Italy) - Anton Joseph Gruscha, Archbishop of ViennaArchbishop of ViennaThe Archbishop of Vienna is the prelate of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna who is concurrently the metropolitan bishop of its ecclesiastical province which includes the dioceses of Eisenstadt, Linz and St. Pölten....
(Austria-Hungary) - Sebastián Herrero Espinosa de los Monteros, Archbishop of Valencia (Spain)
- Johannes KatschthalerJohannes KatschthalerJohannes Baptist Katschthaler was an Austrian Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Salzburg from 1900 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1903.-Biography:...
, Archbishop of Salzburg (Austria-Hungary) - Georg von KoppGeorg von KoppGeorg von Kopp was a German Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Bishop of Furda and Prince-Bishop of Breslau .-Biography:...
, Archbishop of Breslau (Germany) - Joseph-Guillaume Labouré, Archbishop of Rennes (France)
- Benoit-Marie LangénieuxBenoit-Marie LangénieuxBenoit-Marie Langénieux was a French Archbishop of Reims and Cardinal....
, Archbishop of ReimsArchbishop of ReimsThe Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France. Erected as a diocese around 250 by St. Sixtus, the diocese was elevated to an archdiocese around 750...
(France) - Victor-Lucien-Sulpice LécotVictor-Lucien-Sulpice LécotVictor-Lucien-Sulpice Lécot was a French archbishop and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.He was born in Montescourt-Lizerolles, and studied at the Minor Seminary of Compiègne and Major Seminary of Beauvais. He was ordained to the priesthood on June 24, 1855, and then taught at the Minor...
, Archbishop of Bordeaux (France) - Michael Logue, Archbishop of Armagh (United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland)
- Luigi MacchiLuigi MacchiLuigi Macchi was an Italian Catholic nobleman and a Cardinal. As protodeacon, he announced the election of cardinal Giuseppe Sarto at the end of the conclave of 1903.-External links:**...
(Italy) - Achille Manara, Bishop of Ancona and Numana (Italy)
- José María Martín de Herrera y de la Iglesia, Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela (Spain)
- Sebastiano MartinelliSebastiano MartinelliSebastiano Martinelli was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Congregation of Rites.-Early life:...
, O.S.A., titular Archbishop of Ephesus, curial official (Italy) - François-Désiré MathieuFrançois-Désiré MathieuFrançois-Désiré Mathieu was a French Bishop and Cardinal.He made his studies in the diocesan school and the seminary of the Diocese of Nancy, and was ordained priest in 1863...
, Archbishop Emeritus of Toulouse (France) - Mario MocenniMario MocenniMario Mocenni was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, who served both in the diplomatic service of the Holy See and in the Roman Curia, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1893.-Biography:...
, Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina (Italy) - José Sebastião de Almeida NetoJosé Sebastião de Almeida NetoDom José III Sebastião de Almeida Neto was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Patriarch of Lisbon....
, O.F.M., Patriarch of LisbonPatriarch of LisbonThe Patriarch of Lisbon is an honorary title possessed by the archbishop of the Archdiocese of Lisbon.The first patriarch of Lisbon was D. Tomás de Almeida, who was appointed in 1716 by Pope Clement XI...
(Portugal) - Carlo NocellaCarlo NocellaCarlo Nocella was an Italian cardinal. He was Secretary of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation , Latin Patriarch of Antioch , and Latin Patriarch of Constantinople ....
, titular Latin Patriarch of ConstantinopleLatin Patriarch of ConstantinopleThe Latin Patriarch of Constantinople was an office established as a result of Crusader activity in the Near East. The title should not be confused with that of the Patriarch of Constantinople, an office which existed before and after....
(Italy) - Adolphe PerraudAdolphe PerraudAdolphe Perraud was a French Cardinal and academician.-Life and works:Perraud was born at Lyon, France. A brilliant student at the lycées Henri IV and St Louis, he entered the École Normale, where he was strongly influenced by Joseph Gratry. In 1850 he secured the fellowship of history and for...
, Bishop of Autun (France) - Raffaele Pierotti, O.P. (Italy)
- Gennaro PortanovaGennaro PortanovaGennaro Portanova was a cardinal of the Catholic Church, and was bishop of Ischia after the large earthquake there, and later archbishop of Reggio Calabria 1888–1908....
, Archbishop of Reggio Calabria (Italy) - Giuseppe PriscoGiuseppe PriscoGiuseppe Antonio Ermenegildo Prisco was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, who served as Archbishop of Naples.-Biography:Prisco was born in Boscotrecase, near Naples...
, Archbishop of Naples (Italy) - Jan Maurycy Pawel Puzyna de Kosielsko, Prince-Bishop of Kraków (Austria-Hungary)
- Mariano Rampolla, Cardinal Secretary of StateCardinal Secretary of StateThe Cardinal Secretary of State—officially Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope—presides over the Holy See, usually known as the "Vatican", Secretariat of State, which is the oldest and most important dicastery of the Roman Curia...
(Italy) - Pietro RespighiPietro RespighiPietro Respighi S.T.D. JUD was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archpriest of the Basilica of St. John Lateran.He was born in Bologna and received the sacrament of confirmation in November 1850...
, Archbishop Emeritus of Ferrara (Italy) - Agostino Gaetano Riboldi, Archbishop of Ravenna (Italy)
- François-Marie-Benjamin Richard de la Vergne, Archbishop of ParisArchbishop of ParisThe Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris is one of twenty-three archdioceses of the Roman Catholic Church in France. The original diocese is traditionally thought to have been created in the 3rd century by St. Denis and corresponded with the Civitas Parisiorum; it was elevated to an archdiocese on...
(France) - Agostino RichelmyAgostino RichelmyAgostino Richelmy was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Turin from 1897 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1899.-Early life and education:...
, Archbishop of Turin (Italy) - Ciriaco María Sancha y HervásCiriaco María Sancha y HervásCiriaco María Sancha y Hervás was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Toledo, Primate of Spain and Patriarch of the West Indies....
, Archbishop of Toledo (Spain) - Alessandro Sanminiatelli ZabarellaAlessandro Sanminiatelli ZabarellaAlessandro Sanminiatelli Zabarella was an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as Latin Patriarch of Constantinople from 1889 until 1901, when he was elevated to the cardinalate.-Biography:...
, titular Patriarch of Tyana (Italy) - Giuseppe Melchiorre SartoPope Pius XPope Saint Pius X , born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, was the 257th Pope of the Catholic Church, serving from 1903 to 1914. He was the first pope since Pope Pius V to be canonized. Pius X rejected modernist interpretations of Catholic doctrine, promoting traditional devotional practices and orthodox...
, Patriarch of VenicePatriarch of VeniceThe Patriarch of Venice is the ordinary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Venice. The bishop is one of the few Patriarchs in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church...
(Italy) - Francesco SatolliFrancesco SatolliFrancesco Satolli was an Italian Roman Catholic theologian, professor, Cardinal and the first Apostolic delegate to the United States.-Biography:He was born on 21 July 1839, at Marsciano near Perugia...
, Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati, Prefect of Studies (Italy) - Francesco Segnal (Italy)
- Lev Skrbenský z HříštěLev Skrbenský z HríšteLev Skrbenský z Hříště, , also spelt Skrebensky was a prominent Cardinal in the Catholic Church during the early twentieth century....
, Archbishop of PragueArchbishop of PragueThe following is a list of bishops and archbishops of Prague. The bishopric of Prague was established in 973, and elevated to an archbishopric on 30 April 1344. The today's Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Prague is the continual successor of the bishoprie established in 973...
(Austria-Hungary) - Luigi Oreglia di Santo StefanoLuigi Oreglia di Santo StefanoLuigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano was a cardinal of the Catholic Church in the late nineteenth century. He was Bishop of Ostia and Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals from 1896 until his death.He was educated in Turin and became a priest in 1851...
. Dean of the Sacred College of CardinalsDean of the College of CardinalsThe Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals is the president of the College of Cardinals in the Roman Catholic Church, and as such always holds the rank of Cardinal Bishop. The Dean is not necessarily the longest-serving member of the whole College...
(Italy) - Andreas Steinhuber, S.J. (Germany)
- Domenico Svampa, Archbishop of Bologna (Italy)
- Emidio TalianiEmidio TalianiEmidio Taliani was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Nuncio to Austria from 1896 to 1903, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1903.-Biography:...
, titular Archbishop of Sebastea, Apostolic Nuncio to Austria-HungaryAustria-HungaryAustria-Hungary , more formally known as the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen, was a constitutional monarchic union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in...
(Italy) - Luigi Tripepi, Prefect of Rites (Italy)
- Serafino Vannutelli, Cardinal-Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina, Prefect of Ceremonies (Italy)
- Vincenzo Vannutelli, Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina (Italy)
- Kolos Ferenc VaszaryKolos Ferenc VaszaryKolos Ferenc Vaszary, O.S.B. was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and a longtime archbishop of the prestigious see of Esztergom in the Austro-Hungarian Empire....
, Archbishop of Esztergom (Austria-Hungary) - José Calassanç Vives y TutoJosé Calassanç Vives y TutoJosé Calassanç Vives y Tuto OFM Cap was an influential Spanish Roman Catholic theologian, member of the Capuchin friars and from June 19, 1899 also cardinal. He was well known for his conservative position.- External links :...
, O.F.M. Cap. (Spain)
- Cardinals by country (participating):
- Unified Kingdom of Italy - 38
- French Republic - 7
- Austro-Hungarian Empire - 5
- Kingdom of Spain - 5
- German Empire - 3
- Kingdom of Belgium - 1
- United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland - 1
- Kingdom of Portugal - 1
- United States of America - 1
- Total - 62
| Duration | 4 days |
|---|---|
| Number of ballots | 7 |
| Electors | 64 |
| Absent | 2 |
| Present | 62 |
| Africa | 0 |
| Latin America | 0 |
| North America | 1 |
| Asia | 0 |
| Europe | 61 |
| Oceania | 0 |
| Mid-East | 0 |
| Italians | 36 |
| Veto used | by Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria |
| DECEASED POPE | LEO XIII (1878-1903) |
| NEW POPE | PIUS X (1903-1914) |
- Reference:Francis A. Burkle-Young, Papal Elections in the Age of Transition 1878-1922 published 2000 by Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7391-0114-5