Operation Hiram
Encyclopedia
Operation Hiram was a military operation conducted by the Israel Defense Forces
(IDF) during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War
. It was led by General Moshe Carmel
, and aimed at capturing the upper Galilee
region from the Arab Liberation Army
(ALA) forces led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji
and a Syrian battalion. The operation, which lasted just 60 hours (October 29-October 31) ended just before the ceasefire with the neighboring Arab
countries went into effect. The result ensured that the Upper Galilee
, originally slated by the United Nations
partition plan to be part of the Arab state, would be controlled by the newly formed state of Israel
, and that more than 50,000 new Palestinian refugee
s would leave for Lebanon
.
that if fighting should be renewed in the north, then the Galilee
would become "clean" [naki] and "empty" [reik] of Arabs, and implied that he had been assured of this by his generals.
The operation was launched on the night of 28/29 October 1948, fielding four IDF brigades, the Seventh, Carmeli Brigade
, Golani
, and the Oded Brigade
. The operational order was "to destroy the enemy in the central Galilee "pocket", to occupy the whole of the Galilee and to establish the defense line on the country´s northern border." On October 29, Weitz
, learning about the start of the operation, sent Yigael Yadin
a note urging that the army should expel the "refugees" from the newly conquered areas.
The Ground offensive was preceded by bombing raids targeting Tarshiha, Jish
and Sa'sa from the 22 October, using B-17s and C-47
s (converted for bombing role). The heaviest night of bombing was 29/30 October when 13 missions dropped 21 tons of bombs on the seven villages. The bombardment of Tarshiha triggered the mass flight after 24 of the inhabitants were killed and approximately 60 were buried under rubble.
The initial thrust was carried out by the Seventh Brigade advancing from Safad. The Seventh Brigade occupied Qaddita
on 29 October, Meirun and then Safsaf
and Jish. In the 79th Battalion's report, the battles for Safsaf and Jish were described as "difficult" and "cruel" (achzari). One IDF report said "150-200" Arabs, "including a number of civilians" died in the battle for Jish, while after Safsaf had been captured, brigades committed the Safsaf massacre
,
From Jish, the 72nd and 79th battalions then turned west to take Sa'sa. After taking Sa'sa the Israeli forces then turned northwest taking Kfar Birem
, Saliha
and by the afternoon of the 30 October were at al Malikiya.
Simultaneously, the Golani Brigade engaged in diversionary tactics in the direction of the village of Illaboun. The Carmeli Brigade, which was assigned to counter attacks from Syria
and Lebanon
, crossed the border into Lebanon, captured 15 villages, and reached the Litani River
.
Ceasefire was scheduled to commence at 11:00 hours, October 31, 1948. The same day, at 7:30 in the morning, Major General Moshe Carmel
ordered his brigades and district commanders "to continue the cleansing operations inside the Galilee". In a cable dated 10:00 hours the same day Carmel ordered his brigades and district commanders: "Do all in your power for a quick and immediate cleansing [tihur] of the conquered areas of all the hostile elements in line with the orders that have been issued[.] The inhabitants of the areas conquered should be assisted to leave." This order was apparently issued after Carmel had met with Ben-Gurion the same day.
On 31 October and 1 November 1948 the Hula massacre
took place at Hula (Hule)
. The village had been captured on October 24 by the Carmeli Brigade without any resistance at all. Between 35 and 58 captured men were reportedly shot down in a house which was later blown up on top of them.
At the end of this lightning attack, Israeli forces reached the Hiram Junction, north of Safed. The siege of Manara
was lifted, Qawuqji's army fled to Lebanon, and the roads crossing the Upper Galilee were secured. With the Galilee under Israeli control, the IDF established a defensive line along the Litani before withdrawing to the Lebanese border under the terms of the 1949 Armistice Agreements
.
The Israeli Air Force
bombings caused considerable damage to the villages in the area. Ilan Pappe
gives the example of the four villages: Rama, Suhmata, Malkiyya and Kfar Bir'im. He states that out of the four 'the only village to remain intact was Rama. The other three were occupied and destroyed'. Very few villagers were allowed to stay in their homes and many were imprisoned or expelled to Lebanon and elsewhere. Ilan Pappe claims that the 'Hebrew noun tihur (cleansing) assumed new meanings' during this time period. He argues that although 'it still described, as before, the total expulsion and destruction of a village, it could now also represent other activities, such as selective search and expulsion operations'.
The name is a reference to Hiram I
, the Biblical king of Tyre. He was instrumental in the construction of the First Temple of Jerusalem.
According to Morris
, the atrocities committed during Operation Hiram clearly embarrassed the IDF and Israeli officials who were soon forced to respond to Arab and UN charges in various forums. The main official Israeli response was a flat or qualified denial that atrocities had taken place.
Israel Defense Forces
The Israel Defense Forces , commonly known in Israel by the Hebrew acronym Tzahal , are the military forces of the State of Israel. They consist of the ground forces, air force and navy. It is the sole military wing of the Israeli security forces, and has no civilian jurisdiction within Israel...
(IDF) during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War
1948 Arab-Israeli War
The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, known to Israelis as the War of Independence or War of Liberation The war commenced after the termination of the British Mandate for Palestine and the creation of an independent Israel at midnight on 14 May 1948 when, following a period of civil war, Arab armies invaded...
. It was led by General Moshe Carmel
Moshe Carmel
Moshe Carmel was an Israeli soldier and politician who served as Minister of Transportation for eight years.-Background:Born in Mińsk Mazowiecki in the Russian Empire , Carmel emigrated to Mandate Palestine in 1924 when he was 13 years old. He was a founding member of kibbutz Na'an, and was...
, and aimed at capturing the upper Galilee
Galilee
Galilee , is a large region in northern Israel which overlaps with much of the administrative North District of the country. Traditionally divided into Upper Galilee , Lower Galilee , and Western Galilee , extending from Dan to the north, at the base of Mount Hermon, along Mount Lebanon to the...
region from the Arab Liberation Army
Arab Liberation Army
The Arab Liberation Army , also translated as Arab Salvation Army, was an army of volunteers from Arab countries led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji...
(ALA) forces led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji
Fawzi Al-Qawuqji
Fawzi al-Qawuqji was the field commander of the Arab Liberation Army during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War in Palestine, and a rival of the principal Palestinian Arab leader, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini.-Biography:...
and a Syrian battalion. The operation, which lasted just 60 hours (October 29-October 31) ended just before the ceasefire with the neighboring Arab
Arab
Arab people, also known as Arabs , are a panethnicity primarily living in the Arab world, which is located in Western Asia and North Africa. They are identified as such on one or more of genealogical, linguistic, or cultural grounds, with tribal affiliations, and intra-tribal relationships playing...
countries went into effect. The result ensured that the Upper Galilee
Galilee
Galilee , is a large region in northern Israel which overlaps with much of the administrative North District of the country. Traditionally divided into Upper Galilee , Lower Galilee , and Western Galilee , extending from Dan to the north, at the base of Mount Hermon, along Mount Lebanon to the...
, originally slated by the United Nations
United Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
partition plan to be part of the Arab state, would be controlled by the newly formed state of Israel
Israel
The State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
, and that more than 50,000 new Palestinian refugee
Palestinian refugee
Palestinian refugees or Palestine refugees are the people and their descendants, predominantly Palestinian Arabic-speakers, who fled or were expelled from their homes during and after the 1948 Palestine War, within that part of the British Mandate of Palestine, that after that war became the...
s would leave for Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon , officially the Republic of LebanonRepublic of Lebanon is the most common term used by Lebanese government agencies. The term Lebanese Republic, a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today's world. Arabic is the most common language spoken among...
.
Overview
On September 26, 1948, Ben-Gurion told his cabinetProvisional government of Israel
The provisional government of Israel was the temporary cabinet which governed Israel from shortly before independence until the formation of the first government in March 1949 following the first Knesset elections in January that year....
that if fighting should be renewed in the north, then the Galilee
Galilee
Galilee , is a large region in northern Israel which overlaps with much of the administrative North District of the country. Traditionally divided into Upper Galilee , Lower Galilee , and Western Galilee , extending from Dan to the north, at the base of Mount Hermon, along Mount Lebanon to the...
would become "clean" [naki] and "empty" [reik] of Arabs, and implied that he had been assured of this by his generals.
Barak Armored Brigade
The 188th "Barak" Armored Brigade is an Israeli armored brigade, subordinate to Israel's Northern Regional Command. The symbol of the Barak Armor Brigade is a shield with a red border bearing a sword against a blue and white background featuring the Haifa coastline background and a sword on it...
, Golani
Golani Brigade
The Golani Brigade is an Israeli infantry brigade that is subordinated to the 36th Division and traditionally associated with the Northern Command. Its symbol is a green tree on a yellow background, and its soldiers wear a brown beret. It is one of the most highly decorated infantry units in the...
, and the Oded Brigade
Oded Brigade
The Oded Brigade was an Israeli infantry brigade, one of ten brigades fielded by the Haganah . It was headquartered in Jerusalem...
. The operational order was "to destroy the enemy in the central Galilee "pocket", to occupy the whole of the Galilee and to establish the defense line on the country´s northern border." On October 29, Weitz
Yosef Weitz
Yosef Weitz was the director of the Land and Afforestation Department of the Jewish National Fund. From the 1930s, Weitz played a major role in acquiring land for the Yishuv, the pre-state Jewish community in Palestine.-Biography:...
, learning about the start of the operation, sent Yigael Yadin
Yigael Yadin
Yigael Yadin on 21 March 1917, died 28 June 1984) was an Israeli archeologist, politician, and the second Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces.-Early life and military career:...
a note urging that the army should expel the "refugees" from the newly conquered areas.
The Ground offensive was preceded by bombing raids targeting Tarshiha, Jish
Jish
Jish is an Arab town located on the northeastern slopes of Mt. Meron, north of Safed, in Israel's North District. The population is predominantly Maronite Christian and Greek Catholic with a Muslim minority....
and Sa'sa from the 22 October, using B-17s and C-47
C-47 Skytrain
The Douglas C-47 Skytrain or Dakota is a military transport aircraft that was developed from the Douglas DC-3 airliner. It was used extensively by the Allies during World War II and remained in front line operations through the 1950s with a few remaining in operation to this day.-Design and...
s (converted for bombing role). The heaviest night of bombing was 29/30 October when 13 missions dropped 21 tons of bombs on the seven villages. The bombardment of Tarshiha triggered the mass flight after 24 of the inhabitants were killed and approximately 60 were buried under rubble.
The initial thrust was carried out by the Seventh Brigade advancing from Safad. The Seventh Brigade occupied Qaddita
Qaddita
Qaddita was a Palestinian Arab village of 240, located northwest of Safad. It was captured and depopulated in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, with some of its inhabitants fleeing to nearby Akbara where they live as internally displaced Palestinians and others to refugee camps in Lebanon or...
on 29 October, Meirun and then Safsaf
Safsaf
Safsaf was a Palestinian village located 9 kilometres northwest of Safed, present day Israel. Its villagers fled to Lebanon after the Safsaf massacre in October 1948, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.-History:The village was called Safsofa in Roman times...
and Jish. In the 79th Battalion's report, the battles for Safsaf and Jish were described as "difficult" and "cruel" (achzari). One IDF report said "150-200" Arabs, "including a number of civilians" died in the battle for Jish, while after Safsaf had been captured, brigades committed the Safsaf massacre
Safsaf massacre
The Safsaf massacre occurred on October 29, 1948, when the Israel Defense Forces captured the Palestinian Arab village of Safsaf in the Galilee...
,
From Jish, the 72nd and 79th battalions then turned west to take Sa'sa. After taking Sa'sa the Israeli forces then turned northwest taking Kfar Birem
Kafr Bir'im
Kafr Bir'im, also Kefr Berem , was an Arab Christian village in Palestine located south of the Lebanese border and northwest of Safed. The village was situated above sea level, with a church overlooking it at an elevation of . The church was built on the ruins of an older church destroyed in an...
, Saliha
Saliha
Saliha is one of the Seven Lebanese Villages that was later transferred to the British Mandate of Palestine. Originally part of the Jabal Amel district of South Lebanon, this term has been historically used to denote the homeland of Shi'a Muslims in Southern Lebanon...
and by the afternoon of the 30 October were at al Malikiya.
Simultaneously, the Golani Brigade engaged in diversionary tactics in the direction of the village of Illaboun. The Carmeli Brigade, which was assigned to counter attacks from Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
and Lebanon
Lebanon
Lebanon , officially the Republic of LebanonRepublic of Lebanon is the most common term used by Lebanese government agencies. The term Lebanese Republic, a literal translation of the official Arabic and French names that is not used in today's world. Arabic is the most common language spoken among...
, crossed the border into Lebanon, captured 15 villages, and reached the Litani River
Litani River
The Litani River is an important water resource in southern Lebanon. The river rises in the fertile Beqaa Valley valley, west of Baalbek, and empties into the Mediterranean Sea north of Tyre. Exceeding 140 km in length, the Litani River is the longest river in Lebanon and provides an average...
.
Ceasefire was scheduled to commence at 11:00 hours, October 31, 1948. The same day, at 7:30 in the morning, Major General Moshe Carmel
Moshe Carmel
Moshe Carmel was an Israeli soldier and politician who served as Minister of Transportation for eight years.-Background:Born in Mińsk Mazowiecki in the Russian Empire , Carmel emigrated to Mandate Palestine in 1924 when he was 13 years old. He was a founding member of kibbutz Na'an, and was...
ordered his brigades and district commanders "to continue the cleansing operations inside the Galilee". In a cable dated 10:00 hours the same day Carmel ordered his brigades and district commanders: "Do all in your power for a quick and immediate cleansing [tihur] of the conquered areas of all the hostile elements in line with the orders that have been issued[.] The inhabitants of the areas conquered should be assisted to leave." This order was apparently issued after Carmel had met with Ben-Gurion the same day.
On 31 October and 1 November 1948 the Hula massacre
Hula massacre
The Hula massacre took place between 31 October and 1 November 1948. Hula was a village in Lebanon 3 km west of Kibbutz Manara, not far from the Litani River. It was captured on October 24 by the Carmeli Brigade of the Israel Defence Forces without any resistance at all...
took place at Hula (Hule)
Hula, Lebanon
Hula is a small village in southern Lebanon on the southern side of the Litani river near the Lebanese-Israeli borders...
. The village had been captured on October 24 by the Carmeli Brigade without any resistance at all. Between 35 and 58 captured men were reportedly shot down in a house which was later blown up on top of them.
At the end of this lightning attack, Israeli forces reached the Hiram Junction, north of Safed. The siege of Manara
Manara
Manara may refer to:People with the surname Manara:* Alessandro Manara, Italian astronomer* Luciano Manara, Italian soldier* Milo Manara , Italian comic book creatorPlaces:...
was lifted, Qawuqji's army fled to Lebanon, and the roads crossing the Upper Galilee were secured. With the Galilee under Israeli control, the IDF established a defensive line along the Litani before withdrawing to the Lebanese border under the terms of the 1949 Armistice Agreements
1949 Armistice Agreements
The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and neighboring Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. The agreements ended the official hostilities of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and established armistice lines between Israeli forces and the forces in...
.
The Israeli Air Force
Israeli Air Force
The Israeli Air Force is the air force of the State of Israel and the aerial arm of the Israel Defense Forces. It was founded on May 28, 1948, shortly after the Israeli Declaration of Independence...
bombings caused considerable damage to the villages in the area. Ilan Pappe
Ilan Pappé
Ilan Pappé is a professor with the College of Social Sciences and International Studies at the University of Exeter in the UK, director of the university's European Centre for Palestine Studies, co-director of the Exeter Centre for Ethno-Political Studies, and political activist...
gives the example of the four villages: Rama, Suhmata, Malkiyya and Kfar Bir'im. He states that out of the four 'the only village to remain intact was Rama. The other three were occupied and destroyed'. Very few villagers were allowed to stay in their homes and many were imprisoned or expelled to Lebanon and elsewhere. Ilan Pappe claims that the 'Hebrew noun tihur (cleansing) assumed new meanings' during this time period. He argues that although 'it still described, as before, the total expulsion and destruction of a village, it could now also represent other activities, such as selective search and expulsion operations'.
The name is a reference to Hiram I
Hiram I
Hiram I , according to the Hebrew Bible, was the Phoenician king of Tyre. He reigned from 980 to 947 BC, succeeding his father, Abibaal. Hiram was succeeded as king of Tyre by his son Baal-Eser I...
, the Biblical king of Tyre. He was instrumental in the construction of the First Temple of Jerusalem.
Massacres
Around 10 massacres occurred during this operation.According to Morris
Benny Morris
Benny Morris is professor of History in the Middle East Studies department of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in the city of Be'er Sheva, Israel...
, the atrocities committed during Operation Hiram clearly embarrassed the IDF and Israeli officials who were soon forced to respond to Arab and UN charges in various forums. The main official Israeli response was a flat or qualified denial that atrocities had taken place.
Arab communities captured in Operation Hiram
| Name | Population 1945 census | Date | Resistance | Brigade | Massacre |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Nabi Rubin Al-Nabi Rubin Al-Nabi Rubin was a Palestinian village located 28 kilometers northeast of Acre.Al-Nabi Rubin students used to attend school in the nearby village of Tarbikha.-History:... |
Early October 1948 | none | n/a | ||
| Mirun | 290 | October 29, 1948 | militia 'company' | 7th Brigade Carmeli Brigade |
|
| Safsaf Safsaf Safsaf was a Palestinian village located 9 kilometres northwest of Safed, present day Israel. Its villagers fled to Lebanon after the Safsaf massacre in October 1948, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.-History:The village was called Safsofa in Roman times... |
910 | October 29, 1948 | ALA Arab Liberation Army The Arab Liberation Army , also translated as Arab Salvation Army, was an army of volunteers from Arab countries led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji... 2nd Battalion |
7th Brigade | see Safsaf massacre Safsaf massacre The Safsaf massacre occurred on October 29, 1948, when the Israel Defense Forces captured the Palestinian Arab village of Safsaf in the Galilee... |
| Jish Jish Jish is an Arab town located on the northeastern slopes of Mt. Meron, north of Safed, in Israel's North District. The population is predominantly Maronite Christian and Greek Catholic with a Muslim minority.... |
October 29, 1948 | Syrian battalion | 7th Brigade | 10 POWs + "a number of" civilians | |
| Sa'sa | 1,130 | October 30, 1948 | none | 7th Brigade Druze Druze The Druze are an esoteric, monotheistic religious community, found primarily in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, which emerged during the 11th century from Ismailism. The Druze have an eclectic set of beliefs that incorporate several elements from Abrahamic religions, Gnosticism, Neoplatonism... unit |
Alleged killings of civilians. However, the relevant files remain closed to historians. |
| Suhmata Suhmata Suhmata was a Palestinian village, located northeast of Acre. It was depopulated by the Golani Brigade during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.-History:... |
October 30, 1948 | none | Golani Brigade Golani Brigade The Golani Brigade is an Israeli infantry brigade that is subordinated to the 36th Division and traditionally associated with the Northern Command. Its symbol is a green tree on a yellow background, and its soldiers wear a brown beret. It is one of the most highly decorated infantry units in the... |
||
| Dayr al-Qassi Dayr al-Qassi Dayr al-Qassi or Deir el-Qasi is a former Palestinian village located 26 km northeast of the city of Acre.-Geography:The village was located 26 km northeast of the city of Acre, on a rocky hill about 5 km south of the Lebanese border. It was linked by a paved road to Fassuta in... |
2,300 | October 30, 1948 | none | n/a | |
| Dayshum Dayshum Dayshum was a Palestinian village, depopulated in 30 October 1948 by the Sheva Brigade of Israeli paramilitary force Palmach in an offensive called Operation Hiram, where the village has been completely destroyed, and only house rubble left behind... |
590 | October 30, 1948 | N/A | 7th Brigade | |
| Eilabun Eilabun Eilabun is an Israeli-Arab local council in Israel's North District, located in the Beit Netofa Valley. According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, Eilabun had a population of 4,400 inhabitants in 2005. The population is predominantly Christian... |
October 30, 1948 | ALA Arab Liberation Army The Arab Liberation Army , also translated as Arab Salvation Army, was an army of volunteers from Arab countries led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji... force |
Golani | see Eilabun massacre Eilabun massacre The Eilabun massacre was committed by soldiers of Israel Defence Force during Operation Hiram on 30 October 1948. A total of 14 men from the Palestinian Christian village of Eilabun were killed, 12 of them executed by the Israeli forces after the village had surrendered... |
|
| Fara Fara -Places:* Fara, Bloke, Slovenia* Fara, Orkney, an island in Scotland* Fara, a village in the District of Safad, destroyed in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War* Fara, Burkina Faso, a town and Department of Burkina Faso... |
320 | October 30, 1948 | N/A | 7th Brigade | |
| al-Farradiyya | 670 | October 30, 1948 | N/A | Golani Brigade | |
| Ghabbatiyya Ghabbatiyya Ghabbatiyya was a Palestinian Arab hamlet in the District of Safad. It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War on October 30, 1948 under Operation Hiram. It was located 12 km northwest of Safad.In 1945 it had a population of 60 people.-History:... |
60 | October 30, | Arab Liberation Army Arab Liberation Army The Arab Liberation Army , also translated as Arab Salvation Army, was an army of volunteers from Arab countries led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji... |
N/A | |
| Kafr 'Inan Kafr 'Inan Kafr ʿInān was a Palestinian village in the District of Acre around east of Acre. Until 1949, it was an Arab village situated upon ancient ruins... |
360 | October 30, 1948 | none | Golani Brigade Golani Brigade The Golani Brigade is an Israeli infantry brigade that is subordinated to the 36th Division and traditionally associated with the Northern Command. Its symbol is a green tree on a yellow background, and its soldiers wear a brown beret. It is one of the most highly decorated infantry units in the... |
|
| Marus Marus Marus was a Palestinian village 7 km northeast of Safad in the District of Safad, that was captured by Israel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war during the Israeli military operation Operation Hiram by the Israeli attacking brigade Sheva' Brigade.... |
October 30, 1948 | none | 7th Brigade | ||
| al Ras al Ahmar | 620 | October 30, 1948 | 'empty' | 7th Brigade | |
| Sabalan, Safad Sabalan, Safad Sabalan was a Palestinian Arab village in the District of Safad, located northwest of Safad. It stood at an elevation of above sea level overlooking the Druze village of Hurfeish. In 1945, Sabalan had a population of 70. It was depopulated during the 1948 Palestine War.-History:In the 19th... |
70 | N/A | Golani Brigade | ||
| Saliha Saliha Saliha is one of the Seven Lebanese Villages that was later transferred to the British Mandate of Palestine. Originally part of the Jabal Amel district of South Lebanon, this term has been historically used to denote the homeland of Shi'a Muslims in Southern Lebanon... |
1,070 | 30 October 1948 | none | 7th Brigade | Documented 60-94 killed |
| Kafr Bir'im Kafr Bir'im Kafr Bir'im, also Kefr Berem , was an Arab Christian village in Palestine located south of the Lebanese border and northwest of Safed. The village was situated above sea level, with a church overlooking it at an elevation of . The church was built on the ruins of an older church destroyed in an... |
710 | October 31, 1948 | 'surrendered' | N/A | |
| Arab al-Samniyya Arab al-Samniyya Arab al-Samniyya , also known as Khirbat al-Suwwana, is a depopulated Palestinian village in the Western Galilee that was captured by Israel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. It was located in the Acre District of the British Mandate of Palestine, 19.5 km northeast of the city of Acre... |
200 | October 30–31, 1948 | none | 7th, Carmeli, Golani, Oded | |
| Iqrit Iqrit Iqrit was a Palestinian Christian village, located 25 kilometers northeast of Acre. Originally allotted to form part of an Arab state under the 1947 UN Partition Plan, it was captured and depopulated by the Israel Defence Force during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war... |
490 | October 31, 1948 | none | Oded Brigade Oded Brigade The Oded Brigade was an Israeli infantry brigade, one of ten brigades fielded by the Haganah . It was headquartered in Jerusalem... |
|
| Iribbin, Khirbat Iribbin, Khirbat Khirbat Iribbin , or Khurbet 'Arubbin, , is a former Palestinian village in the Upper Galilee, located northeast of the city of Acre... |
360 | October 31, 1948 | none | Oded Brigade Oded Brigade The Oded Brigade was an Israeli infantry brigade, one of ten brigades fielded by the Haganah . It was headquartered in Jerusalem... |
|
| Hula Hula, Lebanon Hula is a small village in southern Lebanon on the southern side of the Litani river near the Lebanese-Israeli borders... |
October 31, 1948 | see Hula massacre Hula massacre The Hula massacre took place between 31 October and 1 November 1948. Hula was a village in Lebanon 3 km west of Kibbutz Manara, not far from the Litani River. It was captured on October 24 by the Carmeli Brigade of the Israel Defence Forces without any resistance at all... |
|||
| Al-Mansura, Acre Al-Mansura, Acre al-Mansura was a Palestinian village that was captured by the Israel Defence Forces during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.-External links:** from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center*, from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh... |
2,300 | October 1948 | N/A | N/A | |
| Tarbikha Tarbikha Tarbikha is a former Palestinian village. It was located 27 km northeast of Acre in the British Mandate District of Acre that was captured and depopulated by the Israel Defence Force during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.-History:... |
1,000 | end of October 1948 | none | Oded Brigade Oded Brigade The Oded Brigade was an Israeli infantry brigade, one of ten brigades fielded by the Haganah . It was headquartered in Jerusalem... |
|
| Suruh Suruh Suruh was a Palestinian Arab hamlet, located northeast of Acre.-History:Suruh contained two khirbats with a variety of ancient artifacts, including cisterns, and rock-hewn tombs.... |
November 1948 | none | ? | ||
Brigades participating in Operation Hiram
- Carmeli Brigade
- Golani BrigadeGolani BrigadeThe Golani Brigade is an Israeli infantry brigade that is subordinated to the 36th Division and traditionally associated with the Northern Command. Its symbol is a green tree on a yellow background, and its soldiers wear a brown beret. It is one of the most highly decorated infantry units in the...
- Sheva' Brigade
- Oded BrigadeOded BrigadeThe Oded Brigade was an Israeli infantry brigade, one of ten brigades fielded by the Haganah . It was headquartered in Jerusalem...