Ontario Centre of Forensic Sciences
Encyclopedia
The Centre of Forensic Sciences (CFS) is a forensic laboratory mandated to provide forensic science services to law enforcement agencies in the province of Ontario
Ontario
Ontario is a province of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province and second largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa....

 in Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

. It is part of the government of Ontario Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services-Public Safety Division
Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services (Ontario)
The Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services is responsible for law enforcement services in the Canadian province of Ontario, including the Ontario Provincial Police, correctional centres, detention centres/jails The Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services (French:...

. Its major client groups are the Ontario Provincial Police
Ontario Provincial Police
The Ontario Provincial Police is the Provincial Police service for the province of Ontario, Canada.-Overview:The OPP is the the largest deployed police force in Ontario, and the second largest in Canada. The service is responsible for providing policing services throughout the province in areas...

, most municipal police forces across Ontario, Office of the Chief Coroner, Pathologists, Crown Attorneys, and the Office of the Fire Marshal. The majority of cases deal with Criminal Code of Canada
Criminal Code of Canada
The Criminal Code or Code criminel is a law that codifies most criminal offences and procedures in Canada. Its official long title is "An Act respecting the criminal law"...

 offences but other enforcement areas related to environment, conservation, hazardous materials, and public transit have also have submitted samples. The CFS may also agree to provide specialized forensic services on a fee basis to other non-law enforcement parties, such as a non-criminal case lawyer or medical doctor. This decision rests with the Director of the CFS and any request must be made in writing.

Other mandated program areas for CFS include providing expert testimony in courts of law and tribunals, research and development, and client education and training.

The Centre of Forensic Sciences is located in central Toronto
Toronto
Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from...

 in the George Drew Complex at 25 Grosvenor St. CFS has a satellite laboratory in Sault Ste. Marie called the Northern Regional Laboratory (NRL). The NRL was created to better serve areas of Northwestern Ontario
Northwestern Ontario
Northwestern Ontario is the region within the Canadian province of Ontario which lies north and west of Lake Superior, and west of Hudson Bay and James Bay. It includes most of subarctic Ontario. Its western boundary is the Canadian province of Manitoba, which disputed Ontario's claim to the...

.

The Centre of Forensic Sciences Toronto laboratory is the single largest forensic laboratory in Canada. The other full-service forensic laboratories in Canada are the multiple Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police , literally ‘Royal Gendarmerie of Canada’; colloquially known as The Mounties, and internally as ‘The Force’) is the national police force of Canada, and one of the most recognized of its kind in the world. It is unique in the world as a national, federal,...

 Forensic Laboratory Services laboratories and Quebec
Quebec
Quebec or is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level....

’s Laboratoire de Sciences Judiciaires et de Médecine Légale in Montreal
Montreal
Montreal is a city in Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest city in Canada and the seventh largest in North America...

. The Toronto location of CFS has approximately 260 personnel and the NRL has approximately 22 personnel.

While CFS is a part of the Ontario government, it does not serve only the prosecution in any case. CFS strives to be an independent and impartial provider and interpreter of forensic science. Its slogan is "scientia pro justicia" or "science for justice".

Early years

Forensic science in Ontario was first documented in 1859 by Professor Henry Holmes Croft testifying during a murder court case in Cobourg, Ontario
Cobourg, Ontario
Cobourg is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Southern Ontario 95 km east of Toronto. It is the largest town in Northumberland County. Its nearest neighbour is Port Hope, to the west. It is located along Highway 401 and the former Highway 2...

 on arsenic found in stomach contents. Croft was succeeded by one of his University of Toronto
University of Toronto
The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, situated on the grounds that surround Queen's Park. It was founded by royal charter in 1827 as King's College, the first institution of higher learning in Upper Canada...

 students, Professor William Hodgson Ellis, in 1879. Ellis continued employing toxicology methods to criminal cases but also implemented serology and hair examinations. One of Ellis’s assistants, Professor L. Joslyn Rogers, started working forensic cases in 1911 and ended his long lived career retiring from the Centre of Forensic Sciences in 1967. Rogers’ remarkably long career saw him introduce new forensic methods in toxicology, fire and explosion investigation and safe burglaries.

First organization of a provincial laboratory

Up until 1932, the only forensic expertise in Ontario was a small group of interested doctors operating out of the old Grace Hospital in Toronto, a few university professors and specific hospital laboratories. There was no organization or funding and cases were handled ad hoc. In 1932, the Deputy Attorney-General C.L. Synder asked Toronto surgeon, Dr. E.R. Frankish to set up a medico-legal laboratory. This first provincial laboratory was at 11 Queen’s Park Crescent in a stately old house. His former colleagues Dr. Noble C. Sharpe and chemist Verda Vincent later joined Dr. Frankish. Professor Rogers also served as a consultant to the medico-legal laboratory beginning in 1946. Dr. Sharpe and other rotating medical doctors were caretaker heads of the laboratory from 1941-1951.

Founding of the Centre of Forensic Sciences

Problems such as shortage of staff, diversification of forensic analysis and overcrowding with the original medico-legal laboratory led the Deputy Attorney-General C.R. Nagone to institute a wholesale revamping of the laboratory system. Thus the Attorney-General’s Laboratory was founded in 1951. After a lengthy search, Dr. H. Ward Smith was appointed Director of the new laboratory, bringing the staff to three, along with Dr. Sharpe and Ms. Vincent. By the end of the year the laboratory moved to new quarters at 67 College St. in Toronto. Dr. Smith attended the first modest meeting of Canadian forensic science professionals in Ottawa in 1953. He was the person to second the motion to adopt the name "Canadian Forensic Society" which later became the Canadian Society of Forensic Science.

By 1957, the laboratory had 17 staff and overcrowding again necessitated a move to 8 Jarvis St. in Toronto. Demand for forensic services continued to grow strongly and specialization had become formalized into organizational sections. These included biology, pathology, toxicology, physical chemistry and documents. A firearms section was created in 1958 making the Attorney-General’s Laboratory a full-service forensic laboratory. Soil examinations were added under the Chemistry Section by 1962.

In 1966, the laboratory was renamed The Centre of Forensic Sciences, and Lucas was made the new Director. By 1968, staff had risen to 75 personnel. The 1970s brought many new aspects to the CFS duties with the addition of a forensic engineer and certain types of electronic evidence being added to the chemistry discipline. This decade also saw the advent of the computer and other electronic equipment that would revolutionize the way the laboratory worked. The forensic pathology unit was separated from CFS in 1972. However the CFS was again outgrowing its warehouse location on Jarvis St. and sweeping plans for a new laboratory space were started. In 1975 the CFS moved to its present location at 25 Grosvenor St. and had a staff of 95. The multiple floors of the 25 Grosvenor St. location gave the CFS space to expand and add the Dr. H. Ward Smith Memorial Library.

The NRL was mandated by the Ontario Government in 1986 and became operational in 1992 at Roberta Bondar Place in Sault Ste. Marie. The NRL was started with a staff of 13 personnel under Lab Manager John Wells. The NRL serves areas north and west of Sudbury.

Modern era

The analysis of DNA started in the CFS in 1990 continues to evolve and expand tremendously as it is the most important advance in forensic science to date. The CFS has also engineered workflow processes to handle the rapid growth of DNA cases. The CFS added an illegal gaming unit within the Chemistry Section in 1993 to add to the evolving electronics and digital evidence functions already being performed within the Chemistry Section.

In 1994, Mr. Lucas retired and George Cimbura became director. In 1996, Dr. Ray Prime took over the position of Director. This year also saw the non-management members on strike for 6 weeks as part Ontario Public Service Employees Union (OPSEU) strike against Ontario government policies. During the 1990s a series of events including the Kaufman Commission of Inquiry (1996) regarding the wrongful conviction of Guy Paul Morin, and the Campbell Inquiry (1999) regarding Paul Bernardo highlighted problems of case backlog, inadequate training and investigator communication to CFS.
In 1999 the CFS adopted a computer network Laboratory Information Management System to better track and manage case flow through the laboratory.

The inquiries, and the Askov decision (dismissed charges from unreasonable delay in awaiting crown preparation for trial), in the 1990s led CFS to receive increased staffing and reorganize to improve the speed and quality of forensic services. CFS had to restrict its case acceptance criteria for some types of analysis due to the case backlog. By 2001 staff was over 240 personnel. The gaming unit, and digital evidence analysis, would leave the Chemistry Section in 2000 to form a separate Electronics Section. CFS union members were again on strike with the larger OPSEU union for 8 weeks in 2002 although many personnel were ruled to be essential and so were required to report to the workplace. In another reorganization, the Casino (gaming) unit of the Electronics Section was transferred to the Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario in 2005.

Currently, the CFS is growing and reaching out to develop better working relationships with target client groups. Workload for the CFS is currently regularly over ten thousand cases per year. The majority of the growth has been in the DNA area due to the exceptional strength of this evidence, the lowering of detection limits and the expansion of testing to more crime types. Some notable recent service improvements are; DNA analysis has been extended to new offence categories such as Break and Enter, additional trace explosives capabilities, scientific support to the Ontario Provincial Police Provincial Emergency Response Team in CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear) and improved support for unknown materials identification by police field instrumentation. CFS has also performed some groundbreaking work and safety training of police regarding organic peroxide explosives. CFS is again facing increasing scrutiny from the 2007 Auditor General of Ontario report and Goudge Inquiry
Goudge Inquiry
The Inquiry into Pediatric Forensic Pathology in Ontario, commonly known as the Goudge Inquiry, was created to address serious concerns over the way criminally suspicious deaths involving children are handled by the Province of Ontario in Canada....

 about the turn-around time in processing forensic cases.

CFS will be moving to a new purpose-built Forensic Science Complex in the Downsview area of Toronto, scheduled for 2012.

Organization

CFS is under the Deputy Minister Public Safety and headed by a Director. Under the Director of CFS are three Deputy Directors (Deputy Director NRL, Deputy Director Scientific Affairs and Deputy Director Support Services). Scientific sections are organized under the Deputy Director Scientific Affairs into the following disciplines; Biology, Toxicology, Chemistry, Firearms, Documents, Electronics and the Centre Receiving Office. There are also several additional administrative and technical personnel under Support Services, Quality Assurance and Organizational Development.

CFS also has dedicated cleaning staff that provide janitorial and maintenance services.

Biology

  • DNA (STR and Y-STR)
  • Bodily fluid identification
  • Blood stain pattern analysis
  • Fabric damage assessment

Chemistry

  • Fire debris
  • Gun shot residue
  • Paint
  • Glass
  • Explosives
  • Tapes and adhesives
  • Lubricants
  • Metals
  • Lachrymators
  • Soils
  • Engineering (accident reconstruction, headlamps, and mechanical failure)
  • Hair and fibres
  • Miscellaneous material identification


Documents

  • Handwriting examination
  • Printer, copier, fax, and typewriter examination
  • Printing process determination
  • Ink and paper comparison
  • Indented impressions
  • Alterations, erasure, and stroke sequence examination

Firearms

  • Firearm and firearm components examination and classification
  • Ammunition and ammunition components examination and classification
  • Distance determination
  • Serial number restoration
  • Trajectory analysis


Electronics

  • Cell phone, PDA, computer, and other electronic equipment data retrieval
  • Stun gun evaluation
  • Radio and audio equipment analysis

Toxicology

  • Alcohol in bodily fluids
  • Illegal and prescription drugs in bodily fluids
  • Expert opinion on physiological and psychological effects


The Kaufman Commission of Inquiry

The Kaufman Inquiry
Kaufman Report
The The Commission on Proceedings Involving Guy Paul Morin, commonly known as the Kaufman Report, was created to address the wrongful conviction in 1992 of Guy Paul Morin for murdering Christine Jessop on October 3, 1984 for which he was exonerated by DNA evidence on January 23, 1995.On June 26,...

 was ordered by the Ontario Government to investigate and make recommendations regarding the wrongful conviction of Guy Paul Morin in the murder of Christine Jessop in 1984. A substantial portion of the arrest warrant and prosecution case against Mr. Morin relied on hair and fibre evidence supplied by CFS. Additionally it came to light that CFS had inadequate tracking of evidence being processed through the lab. Problems were also exposed regarding inappropriate police communications between police and forensic scientists. Mr. Morin was exonerated by DNA evidence in 1995. The Kaufman Inquiry resulted in 119 recommendations of which a number applied to the role of CFS.

The impact of the Kaufman Inquiry on the CFS has been significant. One of the manifestations was the creation of the CFS Quality Unit in 1996. This unit is part of a through system to ensure the accuracy and relevance of the evidence it produces. Communications between lab personnel and investigators is now regulated and documented. There was also a continuing commitment from the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services to fund relatively high levels of training for the CFS scientific personnel.

The Campbell Inquiry

The Campbell Inquiry in 1999 looked into the police and justice system failings around the Paul Bernardo case. As a sexual assault suspect, Bernardo was sampled for DNA comparison to case evidence by Metro Toronto Police in November 1990 but the sample was not analyzed by CFS until December 1992. During this time Bernardo had moved to another region and committed four additional sexual assaults and two sadistic sexual murders.
As a result of the inquiry CFS received additional resources and impetus to improve DNA analysis turn-around times.

2007 Annual Report of the Office of the Auditor General of Ontario

Chapter 3 of the 2007 annual Auditor General’s report dealt with the Centre of Forensic Sciences. Specifically, it made observations and recommendations about CFS turn-around time performance and efficiency. The report made 5 recommendations regarding; improving case turn-around times, consulting clients about turn-around targets, tracking effects of urgent cases, analysis of causes for longer than target turn-around times, and tracking efficiency in dollars and inter-laboratory comparisons.

The Inquiry into Pediatric Forensic Pathology in Ontario (Goudge Inquiry)

The Goudge Inquiry
Goudge Inquiry
The Inquiry into Pediatric Forensic Pathology in Ontario, commonly known as the Goudge Inquiry, was created to address serious concerns over the way criminally suspicious deaths involving children are handled by the Province of Ontario in Canada....

 was initiated to look at the work of Dr. Charles Smith who erred in numerous pediatric forensic pathology cases through the 1990s. The inquiry also examined the system for forensic pathology in Ontario as a whole. Although this inquiry did not directly concern CFS there were several recommendations applicable to CFS. The Director of CFS, Dr. Ray Prime testified at the inquiry regarding CFS quality system and positive changes to the forensic lab stemming from the Kaufman Inquiry. The Inquiry recommended CFS to collaborate with the Office of the Chief Coroner to improve turn-around times for toxicology reports, which are usually prevalent in forensic pathology. Also, CFS is to collaborate with the Office of the Chief Coroner to better prioritize urgent forensic samples. The report also asked the Director of CFS (or delegate) to sit on a governing council to guide improvements in the work of the Office of the Chief Coroner and forensic pathology.

Accreditation

In 1993, the CFS became the first forensic laboratory in Canada to be accredited to an international set of standards. The accreditation process is an external and detailed check on CFS quality system to help ensure quality in the forensic evidence it produces. CFS first became accredited by the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors-Laboratory Accreditation Board (ASCLD/LAB). This accreditation is slated to continue until fall 2008 when CFS is applying for accreditation to an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard. The new standard for CFS is the ISO 17025 standard for testing and calibration laboratories (along with relevant supplemental standards). The ASCLD organization is also expected to provide this new accreditation service.

Locations and jurisdictions

The current main location for the CFS is 25 Grosvenor St. in Toronto. The laboratory and associated working areas occupy the 2nd through the 7th and the 15th floors. There is a firing range in the upper basement. In addition, there is glassware washing facilities in the lower basement and a secure auto examination area underground. The main laboratory serves Southern Ontario
Southern Ontario
Southern Ontario is a region of the province of Ontario, Canada that lies south of the French River and Algonquin Park. Depending on the inclusion of the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts, its surface area would cover between 14 to 15% of the province. It is the southernmost region of...

 and the parts of Northern Ontario
Northern Ontario
Northern Ontario is a region of the Canadian province of Ontario which lies north of Lake Huron , the French River and Lake Nipissing. The region has a land area of 802,000 km2 and constitutes 87% of the land area of Ontario, although it contains only about 6% of the population...

, east of North Bay
North Bay, Ontario
North Bay is a city in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is the seat of Nipissing District, and takes its name from its position on the shore of Lake Nipissing.-History:...

 to Moosonee
Moosonee, Ontario
Moosonee is a town in northern Ontario, Canada, on the Moose River approximately south of James Bay. It is considered as "the Gateway to the Arctic" and has Ontario's only saltwater port...

. Some exceptions are Ottawa
Ottawa
Ottawa is the capital of Canada, the second largest city in the Province of Ontario, and the fourth largest city in the country. The city is located on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of Southern Ontario...

, whom customarily send cases to the RCMP Forensic Laboratory in Ottawa, and certain specialized cases from the NRL jurisdiction have to be performed in the Toronto laboratory.

The NRL location is in Roberta Bondar Place at 500-70 Foster Drive in Sault Ste. Marie. It also has an auto examination area. The NRL serves areas north and west of Sudbury. Some exceptions are in far western Ontario, such as west of Dryden
Dryden, Ontario
Dryden is the second-largest city in the Kenora District of Northwestern Ontario, Canada, located on Wabigoon Lake. It is the smallest community in the province of Ontario designated as a city...

, which occasionally send cases to the RCMP Forensic Laboratory in Winnipeg
Winnipeg
Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada, and is the primary municipality of the Winnipeg Capital Region, with more than half of Manitoba's population. It is located near the longitudinal centre of North America, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers .The name...

, Manitoba
Manitoba
Manitoba is a Canadian prairie province with an area of . The province has over 110,000 lakes and has a largely continental climate because of its flat topography. Agriculture, mostly concentrated in the fertile southern and western parts of the province, is vital to the province's economy; other...

.

Both laboratory locations have multi-layered security and do not accept unscheduled public visitors. During the school year CFS has a tour program that allows grade 12 or university students to visit the Toronto laboratory and learn about its forensic work. These tours are by arrangement only.

CFS occasionally performs work for other governments or agencies such as the Department of National Defence (Canada)
Department of National Defence (Canada)
The Department of National Defence , frequently referred to by its acronym DND, is the department within the government of Canada with responsibility for all matters concerning the defence of Canada...

, the Government of Bermuda
Bermuda
Bermuda is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Located off the east coast of the United States, its nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, about to the west-northwest. It is about south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and northeast of Miami, Florida...

, the province of Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province of Canada. Situated in the country's Atlantic region, it incorporates the island of Newfoundland and mainland Labrador with a combined area of . As of April 2011, the province's estimated population is 508,400...

, and the U.S. state of Virginia
Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...

 (notably the post-execution DNA testing in a U.S. capital murder case State of Virginia vs. Roger Coleman).

The CFS and RCMP Forensic Laboratory Services have also worked cooperatively to utilize each others' expertise and instrumentation on training events and during occasional cases.

New laboratory

The Ontario Government announced funding for a new state of the art Forensic Sciences Complex in October 2006. The new complex is to give needed room for growth in forensic services, especially, Biology, Toxicology and Pathology units. The new facility was originally slated to be operational in 2012. The complex will house the CFS, Office of the Chief Coroner and Provincial Forensic Pathology facilities. The new complex location was announced in November 2008 as being on Ontario government-owned property at Wilson Ave. and Keele St. in Toronto, currently in use by the Ministry of Transportation.

Employment and internships

The CFS hires by the rules and procedures of the Ontario Public Service. All public jobs are posted on the Ontario Government job site. On occasion there are positions for internal competition only in line with OPS rules. New forensic science hires to CFS are either as technologists or scientists. The chief distinction being scientists have responsibility for writing official case reports and giving expert opinion testimony. Technologists usually operate scientific instrumentation and/or process cases items for evidence. The minimum background requirements of a technologist hire is a 2 year diploma in a relevant science program and a relevant Honours BSc degree for a scientist position. Due to the current popularity of forensic topics in pop culture, there is strong competition for positions at CFS and new hires are most often well above the minimum requirements. A criminal record check is standard for potential hires at CFS. Other tests of technical skills or physical abilities may be assessed for some positions. Usually mangers are hired competitively after several years experience as a scientist. Poaching of other forensic laboratory’s employees is avoided.

CFS normally takes several students from University of Toronto, Mississauga campus'
University of Toronto Mississauga
The University of Toronto Mississauga is a satellite campus of the University of Toronto, located in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. The university is set upon a park-like campus on the valley of the Credit River, approximately 33 kilometres west of Downtown Toronto...

 Forensic Science program for graduation projects throughout the school year. CFS also sometimes takes students from the University of Strathclyde
University of Strathclyde
The University of Strathclyde , Glasgow, Scotland, is Glasgow's second university by age, founded in 1796, and receiving its Royal Charter in 1964 as the UK's first technological university...

 in Glasgow
Glasgow
Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's west central lowlands...

, Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...

for the summer months. Relevant students from other universities occasionally also participate in summer internships at CFS. The CFS Organizational Development and Training Section must approve all requests for internships.

External links

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