Nonlinear metamaterials
Encyclopedia
A nonlinear metamaterial is an artificially constructed material that can exhibit properties not found in nature. Its response to electromagnetic radiation
can be characterized by its permittivity
and material permeability. The product of the permittivity and permeability results in the refractive index
. Unlike natural materials, nonlinear metamaterials can produce a negative refractive index. These can also produce a more pronounced nonlinear response than naturally occurring materials.
Nonlinear metamaterials are a periodic
, nonlinear, transmission medium
. These are a type of negative index metamaterial where the nonlinearity is available because the microscopic electric field
of the inclusions can be larger than the macroscopic electric field
of the electromagnetic (EM) source. This then becomes a useful tool which allows for enhancing the nonlinear behavior
of the metamaterial
. A dominant nonlinear response, however, can be derived from the hysteresis-type
dependence of the material's magnetic permeability on the magnetic component of the incident electromagnetic wave (light) propagating through the material. Furthermore, the hysteresis-type dependence of the magnetic permeability on the field intensity allows changing the material from left to right-handed and back.
Nonlinear media are essential for nonlinear optics
. However most optical materials have a relatively weak nonlinear response, meaning that their properties only change by a small amount for large changes in intensity of the electromagnetic field
. Nonlinear metamaterials can overcome this limitation, since the local fields of the inclusions can be much larger than the average value of the field.
in 1967.
Nonlinear metamaterials, a type of metamaterial
, are being developed in order to manipulate electromagnetic radiation
in new ways. Optical and electromagnetic properties of natural materials are often altered through chemsitry. With metamaterials optical and electromagnetic properties can be engineered through the geometry of its unit cells. The unit cells are materials that are ordered in geometric arrangements with dimensions that are fractions of the wavelength of the radiated electromagnetic wave.
By having the freedom to alter effects by adjusting the configurations and sizes of the unit cells, control over permittivity
and magnetic permeability can be achieved. These two parameters (or quantities) determine the propagation of electromagnetic waves in matter. Therefore, the achievable electromagnetic and optical effects can be extended.
Optical properties can be expanded beyond the capabilities of lenses, mirrors, and other conventional materials. One of the effects most studied is the negative index of refraction firs proposed by Victor Veselago in 1967. Negative index materials, exhibit optical properties opposite to those of glass, air, and the other conventional materials. At the correct frequencies, the negative index metamaterial refracts electromagnetic waves in novel ways, to a zero index or negative index. Also, energy can propagate in the opposite direction which can result in compensation mechanisms, among other possibilities.
or other electromagnetic waves create a general physical process where the different frequencies of light are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory. It is because, physically, the material is non-uniform at one, or more, or many places.
Furthermore, the optical sciences make predictions about the path of light traversing through a material. When light deviates from its predicted (reflected) path, this also is considered scattering
. The split ring resonators which make up metamaterials are engineered to scatter light at resonance. Moreover, these resonant scattering elements are purposely designed at a uniform size throughout the material. This uniform size is much smaller than the wavelength
of the frequency
of light propagating
through the material.
Since the repeating, scattering, resonant elements, which make up the engineered material are much smaller than the frequency of propagating light, metamaterials can now, also, be described in terms of macroscopic
quantities. This description is simply another way to view metamaterials. And these are electric permittivity
, ε and magnetic permeability, μ.
Hence, by designing the individual, geometrically shaped unit of the material, called a cell, as the right kind of composite, it becomes a material with macroscopic properties that do not occur in nature.
Of particular interest regarding nonlinear metamaterials, is the artificially induced macroscopic property known as negative refractive index. This effect is created by Negative index metamaterials
, which are employed for use as nonlinear metamaterials.
were focused on the linear properties of the medium during wave propagation
. In such cases, the view was that magnetic permeability and material permittivity are each non-dependent on the intensity of the electromagnetic field. However, creating tunable structures requires knowledge of non-linear properties where the intensity of the electromagnetic field
alters the permittivity, or permeability, or both, which in turn effects the range of transmission spectra
or stop band spectra
. Hence, the effective permeability is dependendent on the macroscopic
magnetic field intensity. As the field intensity is varied, switching between its positive and negative values can occur. Consequently, the material can switch from being left-handed to being right-handed, or vice versa.
A composite structure consisting of a square lattice of the periodic arrays of conducting wires and split-ring resonators, produces an enhanced magnetic response. Without the correct magnetic response, it is not possible to produce a left-handed material.
of near infrared wavelength
s are applied to a metamaterial
system. The index of refraction can be reconfigured to exhibit negative values, zero, or positive values.
al studies of the properties of the first nonlinear tunable metamaterial operating at microwave
frequencies. Such a metamaterial was fabricated by modifying the properties of SRRs and introducing varactor diodes in each SRR element of the composite structure such that the whole structure becomes dynamically tunable by varying the amplitude
of the propagating electromagnetic waves. In particular, the power dependent transmission of the left-handed and magnetic metamaterials at higher powers is demonstrated, as was suggested earlier theoretically and selective generation of higher harmonics.
nonlinear tunable magnetic metamaterial operating at microwave frequencies. Varactor diodes are symmetrically introduced, whch results in dynamic tunability for the whole structure. Since the magnetic component of the interaction determines the application, the power dependency is demonstrated. Nonlinearity-dependent enhancement or suppression of the transmission is turns out to be dynamcially tunable.
Nonlinear resonators are designed in a similar fashion. A strong nonlinear electric response is obtained.
(EM) fields and can thus be used as electromagnetic shielding materials. However, conventional linear LHMs cannot be used to shield electromagnetic fields. This is drastically modified when nonlinearity of the magnetic response is taken into account, creating a controllable shielding effect in LHMs, accompanied by a parametric reflection.
Metamaterials scientists
Electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space...
can be characterized by its permittivity
Permittivity
In electromagnetism, absolute permittivity is the measure of the resistance that is encountered when forming an electric field in a medium. In other words, permittivity is a measure of how an electric field affects, and is affected by, a dielectric medium. The permittivity of a medium describes how...
and material permeability. The product of the permittivity and permeability results in the refractive index
Refractive index
In optics the refractive index or index of refraction of a substance or medium is a measure of the speed of light in that medium. It is expressed as a ratio of the speed of light in vacuum relative to that in the considered medium....
. Unlike natural materials, nonlinear metamaterials can produce a negative refractive index. These can also produce a more pronounced nonlinear response than naturally occurring materials.
Nonlinear metamaterials are a periodic
Periodic function
In mathematics, a periodic function is a function that repeats its values in regular intervals or periods. The most important examples are the trigonometric functions, which repeat over intervals of length 2π radians. Periodic functions are used throughout science to describe oscillations,...
, nonlinear, transmission medium
Transmission medium
A transmission medium is a material substance that can propagate energy waves...
. These are a type of negative index metamaterial where the nonlinearity is available because the microscopic electric field
Electric field
In physics, an electric field surrounds electrically charged particles and time-varying magnetic fields. The electric field depicts the force exerted on other electrically charged objects by the electrically charged particle the field is surrounding...
of the inclusions can be larger than the macroscopic electric field
Electric field
In physics, an electric field surrounds electrically charged particles and time-varying magnetic fields. The electric field depicts the force exerted on other electrically charged objects by the electrically charged particle the field is surrounding...
of the electromagnetic (EM) source. This then becomes a useful tool which allows for enhancing the nonlinear behavior
Nonlinear optics
Nonlinear optics is the branch of optics that describes the behavior of light in nonlinear media, that is, media in which the dielectric polarization P responds nonlinearly to the electric field E of the light...
of the metamaterial
Metamaterial
Metamaterials are artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in nature. Metamaterials usually gain their properties from structure rather than composition, using small inhomogeneities to create effective macroscopic behavior....
. A dominant nonlinear response, however, can be derived from the hysteresis-type
Hysteresis
Hysteresis is the dependence of a system not just on its current environment but also on its past. This dependence arises because the system can be in more than one internal state. To predict its future evolution, either its internal state or its history must be known. If a given input alternately...
dependence of the material's magnetic permeability on the magnetic component of the incident electromagnetic wave (light) propagating through the material. Furthermore, the hysteresis-type dependence of the magnetic permeability on the field intensity allows changing the material from left to right-handed and back.
Nonlinear media are essential for nonlinear optics
Nonlinear optics
Nonlinear optics is the branch of optics that describes the behavior of light in nonlinear media, that is, media in which the dielectric polarization P responds nonlinearly to the electric field E of the light...
. However most optical materials have a relatively weak nonlinear response, meaning that their properties only change by a small amount for large changes in intensity of the electromagnetic field
Electromagnetic field
An electromagnetic field is a physical field produced by moving electrically charged objects. It affects the behavior of charged objects in the vicinity of the field. The electromagnetic field extends indefinitely throughout space and describes the electromagnetic interaction...
. Nonlinear metamaterials can overcome this limitation, since the local fields of the inclusions can be much larger than the average value of the field.
Overview of metamaterials
Metamaterials are incarnations of materials first proposed by a Russian theorist, Victor VeselagoVictor Veselago
Victor Georgievich Veselago is a Russian physicist. In 1967, he was the first to publish a theoretical analysis of materials with negative permittivity, ε, and permeability μ....
in 1967.
Nonlinear metamaterials, a type of metamaterial
Metamaterial
Metamaterials are artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in nature. Metamaterials usually gain their properties from structure rather than composition, using small inhomogeneities to create effective macroscopic behavior....
, are being developed in order to manipulate electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic radiation
Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space...
in new ways. Optical and electromagnetic properties of natural materials are often altered through chemsitry. With metamaterials optical and electromagnetic properties can be engineered through the geometry of its unit cells. The unit cells are materials that are ordered in geometric arrangements with dimensions that are fractions of the wavelength of the radiated electromagnetic wave.
By having the freedom to alter effects by adjusting the configurations and sizes of the unit cells, control over permittivity
Permittivity
In electromagnetism, absolute permittivity is the measure of the resistance that is encountered when forming an electric field in a medium. In other words, permittivity is a measure of how an electric field affects, and is affected by, a dielectric medium. The permittivity of a medium describes how...
and magnetic permeability can be achieved. These two parameters (or quantities) determine the propagation of electromagnetic waves in matter. Therefore, the achievable electromagnetic and optical effects can be extended.
Optical properties can be expanded beyond the capabilities of lenses, mirrors, and other conventional materials. One of the effects most studied is the negative index of refraction firs proposed by Victor Veselago in 1967. Negative index materials, exhibit optical properties opposite to those of glass, air, and the other conventional materials. At the correct frequencies, the negative index metamaterial refracts electromagnetic waves in novel ways, to a zero index or negative index. Also, energy can propagate in the opposite direction which can result in compensation mechanisms, among other possibilities.
Interactions
Materials which scatter lightLight
Light or visible light is electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, and is responsible for the sense of sight. Visible light has wavelength in a range from about 380 nanometres to about 740 nm, with a frequency range of about 405 THz to 790 THz...
or other electromagnetic waves create a general physical process where the different frequencies of light are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory. It is because, physically, the material is non-uniform at one, or more, or many places.
Furthermore, the optical sciences make predictions about the path of light traversing through a material. When light deviates from its predicted (reflected) path, this also is considered scattering
Scattering
Scattering is a general physical process where some forms of radiation, such as light, sound, or moving particles, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by one or more localized non-uniformities in the medium through which they pass. In conventional use, this also includes deviation of...
. The split ring resonators which make up metamaterials are engineered to scatter light at resonance. Moreover, these resonant scattering elements are purposely designed at a uniform size throughout the material. This uniform size is much smaller than the wavelength
Wavelength
In physics, the wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the spatial period of the wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.It is usually determined by considering the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase, such as crests, troughs, or zero crossings, and is a...
of the frequency
Frequency
Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency.The period is the duration of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency...
of light propagating
Wave propagation
Wave propagation is any of the ways in which waves travel.With respect to the direction of the oscillation relative to the propagation direction, we can distinguish between longitudinal wave and transverse waves....
through the material.
Since the repeating, scattering, resonant elements, which make up the engineered material are much smaller than the frequency of propagating light, metamaterials can now, also, be described in terms of macroscopic
Macroscopic
The macroscopic scale is the length scale on which objects or processes are of a size which is measurable and observable by the naked eye.When applied to phenomena and abstract objects, the macroscopic scale describes existence in the world as we perceive it, often in contrast to experiences or...
quantities. This description is simply another way to view metamaterials. And these are electric permittivity
Permittivity
In electromagnetism, absolute permittivity is the measure of the resistance that is encountered when forming an electric field in a medium. In other words, permittivity is a measure of how an electric field affects, and is affected by, a dielectric medium. The permittivity of a medium describes how...
, ε and magnetic permeability, μ.
Hence, by designing the individual, geometrically shaped unit of the material, called a cell, as the right kind of composite, it becomes a material with macroscopic properties that do not occur in nature.
Of particular interest regarding nonlinear metamaterials, is the artificially induced macroscopic property known as negative refractive index. This effect is created by Negative index metamaterials
Negative index metamaterials
Negative index metamaterials or negative index materials are artificial structures where the refractive index has a negative value over some frequency range. This does not occur in any known natural materials, and thus is only achievable with engineered structures known as metamaterials...
, which are employed for use as nonlinear metamaterials.
Non-linear properties of left-handed metamaterials
Previous studies of left-handed or negative index metamaterialsNegative index metamaterials
Negative index metamaterials or negative index materials are artificial structures where the refractive index has a negative value over some frequency range. This does not occur in any known natural materials, and thus is only achievable with engineered structures known as metamaterials...
were focused on the linear properties of the medium during wave propagation
Wave propagation
Wave propagation is any of the ways in which waves travel.With respect to the direction of the oscillation relative to the propagation direction, we can distinguish between longitudinal wave and transverse waves....
. In such cases, the view was that magnetic permeability and material permittivity are each non-dependent on the intensity of the electromagnetic field. However, creating tunable structures requires knowledge of non-linear properties where the intensity of the electromagnetic field
Electromagnetic field
An electromagnetic field is a physical field produced by moving electrically charged objects. It affects the behavior of charged objects in the vicinity of the field. The electromagnetic field extends indefinitely throughout space and describes the electromagnetic interaction...
alters the permittivity, or permeability, or both, which in turn effects the range of transmission spectra
Transmission coefficient
The transmission coefficient is used in physics and electrical engineering when wave propagation in a medium containing discontinuities is considered...
or stop band spectra
Reflection coefficient
The reflection coefficient is used in physics and electrical engineering when wave propagation in a medium containing discontinuities is considered. A reflection coefficient describes either the amplitude or the intensity of a reflected wave relative to an incident wave...
. Hence, the effective permeability is dependendent on the macroscopic
Macroscopic
The macroscopic scale is the length scale on which objects or processes are of a size which is measurable and observable by the naked eye.When applied to phenomena and abstract objects, the macroscopic scale describes existence in the world as we perceive it, often in contrast to experiences or...
magnetic field intensity. As the field intensity is varied, switching between its positive and negative values can occur. Consequently, the material can switch from being left-handed to being right-handed, or vice versa.
A composite structure consisting of a square lattice of the periodic arrays of conducting wires and split-ring resonators, produces an enhanced magnetic response. Without the correct magnetic response, it is not possible to produce a left-handed material.
Tunable split-ring resonators for nonlinear negative-index metamaterials
Variable capacitance diodes are incorporated into the split-ring cell producing a dynamic tunable system.Reconfigurable refractive index (infrared)
Source radiationInfrared
Infrared light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light, measured from the nominal edge of visible red light at 0.74 micrometres , and extending conventionally to 300 µm...
of near infrared wavelength
Wavelength
In physics, the wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the spatial period of the wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.It is usually determined by considering the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase, such as crests, troughs, or zero crossings, and is a...
s are applied to a metamaterial
Metamaterial
Metamaterials are artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in nature. Metamaterials usually gain their properties from structure rather than composition, using small inhomogeneities to create effective macroscopic behavior....
system. The index of refraction can be reconfigured to exhibit negative values, zero, or positive values.
SRR microwave nonlinear tunable metamaterial
Fabrication and experimentExperiment
An experiment is a methodical procedure carried out with the goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis. Experiments vary greatly in their goal and scale, but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results...
al studies of the properties of the first nonlinear tunable metamaterial operating at microwave
Microwave
Microwaves, a subset of radio waves, have wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. This broad definition includes both UHF and EHF , and various sources use different boundaries...
frequencies. Such a metamaterial was fabricated by modifying the properties of SRRs and introducing varactor diodes in each SRR element of the composite structure such that the whole structure becomes dynamically tunable by varying the amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude is the magnitude of change in the oscillating variable with each oscillation within an oscillating system. For example, sound waves in air are oscillations in atmospheric pressure and their amplitudes are proportional to the change in pressure during one oscillation...
of the propagating electromagnetic waves. In particular, the power dependent transmission of the left-handed and magnetic metamaterials at higher powers is demonstrated, as was suggested earlier theoretically and selective generation of higher harmonics.
SRR microwave nonlinear magnetic metamaterials
The fabrication and experimental studies of the properties of thenonlinear tunable magnetic metamaterial operating at microwave frequencies. Varactor diodes are symmetrically introduced, whch results in dynamic tunability for the whole structure. Since the magnetic component of the interaction determines the application, the power dependency is demonstrated. Nonlinearity-dependent enhancement or suppression of the transmission is turns out to be dynamcially tunable.
SRR microwave nonlinear electric metamaterials
A new type of nonlinear metamaterials, is proposed and designed, exhibiting a resonant electric response at microwave frequencies. By introducing a varactor diode as a nonlinear element within each resonator, the frequency of the electric mode stop band is shifted by changing the incident power without affecting the magnetic response. These elements could be combined with the previously developed nonlinear magnetic metamaterials in order to create negative index media with a control over both electric and magnetic nonlinearities.Nonlinear resonators are designed in a similar fashion. A strong nonlinear electric response is obtained.
Sub-diffraction limit for non-linear metamaterial lens
By covering a thin flat nonlinear lens on the sources, the sub-diffraction-limit observation can be achieved by measuring either the near-field distribution or the far-field radiation of the sources at the harmonic frequencies and calculating the IFT to obtain the sub-wavelength imaging. The higher order harmonics are used, the higher resolution is obtained.Non-linear electric metamaterial
A new type of nonlinear metamaterial is designed, and analyzed with a dominant negative electric response. Introducing nonlinearity into the electric response makes it tunable while leaving the magnetic response unchanged. A nonlinear NIM containing tunable electric and magnetic elements, which can respond independently is possible.EM field shielding by non-linear metamaterials
It is well known that over certain frequencies, typical metals can reflect electromagnetic(EM) fields and can thus be used as electromagnetic shielding materials. However, conventional linear LHMs cannot be used to shield electromagnetic fields. This is drastically modified when nonlinearity of the magnetic response is taken into account, creating a controllable shielding effect in LHMs, accompanied by a parametric reflection.
Meta-dimer metamaterial
A meta-dimer is composed of two spatially separated SRRs, with the two SRRs identical in each unit cell. The proximity of the SRRs in the dimer results in relatively strong coupling between them. A metamaterial comprising a large number of such metadimers can be utilized as an actively tunable medium at optical wavelengths. If either or both of the SRRs in the meta-dimer become nonlinear, the metamaterial itself acquires nonlinear properties. This can allow for nonlinear behavior, such as tunability in real time. Stereometamaterials are also a type of meta-dimer.See also
- History of metamaterialsHistory of metamaterialsHistory of metamaterials shares a common history with artificial dielectrics in microwave engineering, as it developed just after World War II. However, there are seminal explorations of artificial materials for manipulating electromagnetic waves at the end of the 19th century...
- Negative index metamaterialsNegative index metamaterialsNegative index metamaterials or negative index materials are artificial structures where the refractive index has a negative value over some frequency range. This does not occur in any known natural materials, and thus is only achievable with engineered structures known as metamaterials...
- SuperlensSuperlensA superlens, super lens or perfect lens is a lens which uses metamaterials to go beyond the diffraction limit. The diffraction limit is an inherent limitation in conventional optical devices or lenses. In 2000, a type of lens was proposed, consisting of a metamaterial that compensates for wave...
- Metamaterial cloakingMetamaterial cloakingMetamaterial cloaking is the scientific application of metamaterials in order to achieve invisibility-cloaking. This is accomplished by manipulating the paths traversed by light through a novel optical material....
- Photonic metamaterialsPhotonic metamaterialsPhotonic metamaterials, also known as Optical metamaterials, are a type of electromagnetic metamaterial, which are designed to interact with optical frequencies which are terahertz , infrared , and eventually, visible wavelengths. As a type of metamaterial, the periodic structures are made up of...
- Metamaterial antennasMetamaterial antennasMetamaterial antennas are a class of antennas which use metamaterials to increase performance of miniaturized antenna systems. Their purpose, as with any electromagnetic antenna, is to launch energy into free space...
- Photonic crystalPhotonic crystalPhotonic crystals are periodic optical nanostructures that are designed to affect the motion of photons in a similar way that periodicity of a semiconductor crystal affects the motion of electrons...
- Seismic metamaterialsSeismic metamaterialsSeismic metamaterials, are metamaterials which are designed to counteract the adverse effects of seismic waves on artificial structures, which exist on or near the surface of the earth...
- Split-ring resonator
- Acoustic metamaterialsAcoustic metamaterialsAcoustic metamaterials are artificially fabricated materials designed to control, direct, and manipulate sound in the form of sonic, infrasonic, or ultrasonic waves, as these might occur in gases, liquids, and solids. The hereditary line into acoustic metamaterials follows from theory and research...
- Metamaterial absorberMetamaterial absorberA metamaterial absorber manipulates the loss components of the complex effective parameters, permittivity and magnetic permeability of metamaterials, to create a material with particularly high absorption...
- MetamaterialMetamaterialMetamaterials are artificial materials engineered to have properties that may not be found in nature. Metamaterials usually gain their properties from structure rather than composition, using small inhomogeneities to create effective macroscopic behavior....
- Plasmonic metamaterialsPlasmonic metamaterialsPlasmonic metamaterials are negative index metamaterials that exploit surface plasmons, which are produced from the interaction of light with metal-dielectric materials. Under specific conditions, the incident light couples with the surface plasmons to create self-sustaining, propagating...
- Terahertz metamaterialsTerahertz metamaterialsTerahertz metamaterials are a new class of composite, artificial materials which interact at terahertz frequencies. The terahertz frequency range used in materials research is usually defined as 0.1 to 10 THz...
- Tunable metamaterialsTunable metamaterialsA tunable metamaterial is a metamaterial with a variable response to an incident electromagnetic wave. This includes remotely controlling how an incident electromagnetic wave interacts with a metamaterial. This means the capablitity to determine whether the EM wave is transmitted, reflected, or...
- Transformation opticsTransformation opticsTransformation optics represents an advancement in the design of optical devices. It is the basis for conceptualizing complex tools in the electromagnetic regime which allows for novel control of light, also known as electromagnetic waves. The mathematics underpinning transformation optics is...
- Theories of cloaking
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- Academic journals
- Metamaterials (journal)Metamaterials (journal)Metamaterials is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in March 2007. It is published by Elsevier in association with the Metamorphose Network of Excellence. The Coordinating Editor is Mikhail Lapine. The journal is published quarterly, with occasional special issues...
- Metamaterials (journal)
- Metamaterials books
- Metamaterials HandbookMetamaterials HandbookMetamaterials Handbook is a two-volume handbook on metamaterials edited by Filippo Capolino .The series is designed to cover all theory and application topics related to electromagnetic metamaterials. Disciplines have combined to study, and develop electromagnetic metamaterials...
- Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering ExplorationsMetamaterials: Physics and Engineering ExplorationsMetamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations is a book length introduction to the fundamental research and advancements in electromagnetic composite substances known as electromagnetic metamaterials. The discussion encompasses examination of the physics of metamaterial interactions, the...
- Metamaterials Handbook
- Academic journals
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Metamaterials scientists
- John PendryJohn PendrySir John Brian Pendry, FRS FInstP is an English theoretical physicist known for his research into refractive indexes and creation of the first practical "Invisibility Cloak"...
- David R. SmithDavid R. SmithDavid R. Smith is a renowned American physicist and professor of electrical and computer engineering at Duke University in North Carolina. Smith's research focuses on electromagnetic metamaterials, or materials with a negative index of refraction...
- Richard W. ZiolkowskiRichard W. ZiolkowskiRichard W. Ziolkowski is a past president of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society , and a former vice president of this same society . In 2006 he was awarded OSA Fellow. He is also an IEEE Fellow....
- Nader EnghetaNader EnghetaNader Engheta is an Iranian scientist and engineer. He has significantly contributed to novel artificial materials, photonics, nano-structured materials, novel graphene materials, and plasmonics....
- Ulf Leonhardt
- Vladimir ShalaevVladimir ShalaevVladimir M. Shalaev , the Robert and Anne Burnett Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Purdue University, specializes in metamaterials, transformation optics, nanophotonics and plasmonics...