Nikolai Gastello
Encyclopedia
Nikolai Frantsevich Gastello , Russia
n aviator
, Hero of the Soviet Union
. He is one of the best known Soviet war heroes, being the first Soviet pilot to conduct a "fire ram" - a suicide attack by an aircraft on a ground target.
on May 6, 1908. Some sources mistakenly claim that his father was German; however Franz Gastello was a Belarusian
. He had recently moved to Moscow and changed his Belarusian last name Gastylo to an exotic-sounding Gastello.
Nikolay Gastello graduated from a Sokolniki high school in Moscow in 1918, and his family then moved to Bashkiria, escaping the horrors of the Russian Civil War
. By 1923 Gastello was back in Moscow, where he worked at a factory as a fitter. In 1928 he became a member of the communist party, and in 1932 by special decree he is sent to the Lugansk Pilot's School. Graduating in 1933 as a bomber pilot, Gastello initially flew the Tupolev TB-3 heavy bomber. Gastello fought against the Japanese in Battle of Halhin Gol in 1939, where he was awarded the Order of Lenin
; he then saw action in the Winter War
with Finland
.
By the time Germany attacked
Soviet Union on June 22 of 1941, Gastello was a squadron
leader in a long-range bomber
regiment equipped with Ilyushin DB-3 medium bombers. On June 26, five days after the war started, a pair of aircraft led by the Gastello bombed German position near the village of Dekshany in Belarus
. Gastello's bomber was reportedly hit by flak, with his wing fuel tank being ruptured and the aircraft subsequently becoming engulfed in flames. He then deliberately directed the doomed aircraft into a German Panzer column, performing the first "fire taran
" of the German-Soviet War.
Gastello was posthumously awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union
, one of the first Soviet soldiers to receive the title in World War II. Subsequently he became one of the best-known heroes of the war, with his story and that of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
taking up the bulk of Soviet text books on the early years of the German-Soviet War.
The next day, the 26th of June, Gastello's regiment, the 207th flew multiple sorties targeting enemy transport columns along the Molodechno - Radoshkovichi highway. Bombers were launched in single pairs, without fighter escort, with about two hour intervals between pairs. The day's first sortie took off at 0830, led by Captain Maslov. Senior Lt Viskovsky's pair took off at 1000. Captain Gastello's zveno (flight) of DB-3F's took off at 1200. Gastello's wingman was Lt Vorobiev.
A total of four people were in Gastello's aircraft: Gastello himself, his navigator lieutenant
Anatoly Burdenyuk, sergeant
Aleksy Kalinin in the dorsal gunner turret, and lieutenant Grigory Skorobogaty in the ventral gunner position. Skorobogatov was the squadron adjutant
, a staff officer, and gunner stations were usually manned by NCOs; however Skorobogatov decided to jump into Gastello's bomber at the last minute, for uncertain reasons.
The only surviving aircraft of Gastello's flight, Lt Vorobiev's bomber, returned to base sometime after 2 pm. The only known crewmen of the second bomber are lieutenant
Vorobiev and his navigator
lieutenant Rybas. They reported that after about an hour in the air, they located a large armored column on the highway near the village of Dekshany, and conducted a bombing run from 400 meters of altitude. Having expended his bomb load, Gastello then flew a low-level pass, with his defensive gunners firing their 12.7mm (.50 cal) machine-guns at enemy vehicles. Gastello's plane received a direct hit in the fuel tank and caught fire. Initially set on a return course, his burning bomber then turned around, headed back to the transport column, and dove straight in, causing a "powerful explosion that shook the gaggle of enemy armored vehicles, and caused a burning storm that engulfed other enemy tanks".
The report of a large number of German tanks destroyed in the suicide attack apparently was deemed important enough to require independent proof. The next day regiment HQ ordered a reconnaissance flight to photograph the strike area. The photos it brought back reportedly showed a typical large crater, with multiple burned-out German tanks surrounding it.
On July 6, 1941, a report of Gastello's mission was read all over the Soviet Union in the official daily radio news report. Soviet newspapers immediately took up the story, praising Gastello's heroism, but leaving most of the details very scarce. The accuracy of these early reports varies greatly, and even the date of Gastello's final mission is often incorrectly given as June 28th and sometimes even July 3rd.
On July 25th, Gastello was posthumously awarded the Gold Star
of the Hero of the Soviet Union
. His other crew members received only minor medals.
Gastello's regiment meanwhile continued to suffer very heavy losses. In the first month of the war they lost 47 bombers with their crews. Out of 148 men lost, the details of only 12 are known; the rest are lost over enemy-held territory with no witnesses. Out of 27 planes sent to Radoshkovichi only one plane returned, that of Lt Vorobiev. By September the regiment had lost all of its battle strength and existed only on paper. It was quietly disbanded.
After the fall of communism in the late 1990s several reporters began disputing the official accounts. Some of the claims made were:
These claims, made in 1994 and then in 2001 in Russia's leading newspapers, Izvestia
and then Moskovskiy Komsomoletz, caused a firestorm in the former Soviet Union. They have been aggressively debunked by journalists and official historians ever since. The regiment's official logs, locked away in Soviet archives, indeed record Gastello's flight as only including two aircraft, his and Lt Vorobiev's. Few reasons exist to doubt Lt Vorobiev's actual report: he could gain nothing from it personally, and indeed perished in battle just a few days later. The official log, however, does list a single unidentified crew member as bailing out from Gastello's plane.
Supporters of the official version of events also doubt the accuracy of the 1951 reburial story, as an aircraft that dives into the ground and explodes in a fireball is unlikely to include entire bodies with intact parachutes they can be wrapped in. If such bodies were indeed located and buried, it is not surprising they would be from a crew other than Gastello's.
Both sides however agree that, whoever it was that exploded amidst German tanks on June 26th, 1941, the pilot's motivation will never be truly known. No radio transmissions were received from the aircraft, as it most likely did not even have a radio, and it is impossible to know if the ramming of the German column was deliberate or accidental.
The publicity led to President Boris Yeltsin
awarding Captain Maslov the Hero of Russia in 1996. On the other hand, First Lieutenant Isaac Presaizen was never awarded a Hero for a confirmed hit to this day.
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n aviator
Aviator
An aviator is a person who flies an aircraft. The first recorded use of the term was in 1887, as a variation of 'aviation', from the Latin avis , coined in 1863 by G. de la Landelle in Aviation Ou Navigation Aérienne...
, Hero of the Soviet Union
Hero of the Soviet Union
The title Hero of the Soviet Union was the highest distinction in the Soviet Union, awarded personally or collectively for heroic feats in service to the Soviet state and society.-Overview:...
. He is one of the best known Soviet war heroes, being the first Soviet pilot to conduct a "fire ram" - a suicide attack by an aircraft on a ground target.
Biography
Nikolay Gastello was born in MoscowMoscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
on May 6, 1908. Some sources mistakenly claim that his father was German; however Franz Gastello was a Belarusian
Belarusians
Belarusians ; are an East Slavic ethnic group who populate the majority of the Republic of Belarus. Introduced to the world as a new state in the early 1990s, the Republic of Belarus brought with it the notion of a re-emerging Belarusian ethnicity, drawn upon the lines of the Old Belarusian...
. He had recently moved to Moscow and changed his Belarusian last name Gastylo to an exotic-sounding Gastello.
Nikolay Gastello graduated from a Sokolniki high school in Moscow in 1918, and his family then moved to Bashkiria, escaping the horrors of the Russian Civil War
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party. Soviet forces first assumed power in Petrograd The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) was a...
. By 1923 Gastello was back in Moscow, where he worked at a factory as a fitter. In 1928 he became a member of the communist party, and in 1932 by special decree he is sent to the Lugansk Pilot's School. Graduating in 1933 as a bomber pilot, Gastello initially flew the Tupolev TB-3 heavy bomber. Gastello fought against the Japanese in Battle of Halhin Gol in 1939, where he was awarded the Order of Lenin
Order of Lenin
The Order of Lenin , named after the leader of the Russian October Revolution, was the highest decoration bestowed by the Soviet Union...
; he then saw action in the Winter War
Winter War
The Winter War was a military conflict between the Soviet Union and Finland. It began with a Soviet offensive on 30 November 1939 – three months after the start of World War II and the Soviet invasion of Poland – and ended on 13 March 1940 with the Moscow Peace Treaty...
with Finland
Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
.
By the time Germany attacked
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa was the code name for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II that began on 22 June 1941. Over 4.5 million troops of the Axis powers invaded the USSR along a front., the largest invasion in the history of warfare...
Soviet Union on June 22 of 1941, Gastello was a squadron
Squadron (aviation)
A squadron in air force, army aviation or naval aviation is mainly a unit comprising a number of military aircraft, usually of the same type, typically with 12 to 24 aircraft, sometimes divided into three or four flights, depending on aircraft type and air force...
leader in a long-range bomber
Bomber
A bomber is a military aircraft designed to attack ground and sea targets, by dropping bombs on them, or – in recent years – by launching cruise missiles at them.-Classifications of bombers:...
regiment equipped with Ilyushin DB-3 medium bombers. On June 26, five days after the war started, a pair of aircraft led by the Gastello bombed German position near the village of Dekshany in Belarus
Belarus
Belarus , officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno , Gomel ,...
. Gastello's bomber was reportedly hit by flak, with his wing fuel tank being ruptured and the aircraft subsequently becoming engulfed in flames. He then deliberately directed the doomed aircraft into a German Panzer column, performing the first "fire taran
Ramming
In warfare, ramming is a technique that was used in air, sea and land combat. The term originated from battering ram, a siege weapon used to bring down fortifications by hitting it with the force of the ram's momentum...
" of the German-Soviet War.
Gastello was posthumously awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union
Hero of the Soviet Union
The title Hero of the Soviet Union was the highest distinction in the Soviet Union, awarded personally or collectively for heroic feats in service to the Soviet state and society.-Overview:...
, one of the first Soviet soldiers to receive the title in World War II. Subsequently he became one of the best-known heroes of the war, with his story and that of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya, alternatively Romanised as Kosmodem'yanskaya was a Soviet partisan, and a Hero of the Soviet Union...
taking up the bulk of Soviet text books on the early years of the German-Soviet War.
Official Details of the Final Mission
In the first three days of the war, the commanders of the Soviet 3rd Air Corps still attempted to use their DB-3 bombers in their primary role, as a medium altitude level bomber, operating mainly at night. However the losses the Soviet aviation suffered were too heavy to allow such luxuries. By the 25th the 207th BAP (Bomber Aviation Regiment) of the 3rd DBAK (Long-Range Bomber Corps) was forced to launch small flights of unescorted DB-3s on low-level ground attack missions that these large lumbering aircraft were hardly suitable for. Having flown three conventional night-time bombing missions, Gastello was facing increasingly unfavorable odds. The day before his final sortie he returned to base with heavy battle damage, and his regular navigator heavily wounded.The next day, the 26th of June, Gastello's regiment, the 207th flew multiple sorties targeting enemy transport columns along the Molodechno - Radoshkovichi highway. Bombers were launched in single pairs, without fighter escort, with about two hour intervals between pairs. The day's first sortie took off at 0830, led by Captain Maslov. Senior Lt Viskovsky's pair took off at 1000. Captain Gastello's zveno (flight) of DB-3F's took off at 1200. Gastello's wingman was Lt Vorobiev.
A total of four people were in Gastello's aircraft: Gastello himself, his navigator lieutenant
Lieutenant
A lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer in many nations' armed forces. Typically, the rank of lieutenant in naval usage, while still a junior officer rank, is senior to the army rank...
Anatoly Burdenyuk, sergeant
Sergeant
Sergeant is a rank used in some form by most militaries, police forces, and other uniformed organizations around the world. Its origins are the Latin serviens, "one who serves", through the French term Sergent....
Aleksy Kalinin in the dorsal gunner turret, and lieutenant Grigory Skorobogaty in the ventral gunner position. Skorobogatov was the squadron adjutant
Adjutant
Adjutant is a military rank or appointment. In some armies, including most English-speaking ones, it is an officer who assists a more senior officer, while in other armies, especially Francophone ones, it is an NCO , normally corresponding roughly to a Staff Sergeant or Warrant Officer.An Adjutant...
, a staff officer, and gunner stations were usually manned by NCOs; however Skorobogatov decided to jump into Gastello's bomber at the last minute, for uncertain reasons.
The only surviving aircraft of Gastello's flight, Lt Vorobiev's bomber, returned to base sometime after 2 pm. The only known crewmen of the second bomber are lieutenant
Lieutenant
A lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer in many nations' armed forces. Typically, the rank of lieutenant in naval usage, while still a junior officer rank, is senior to the army rank...
Vorobiev and his navigator
Flight officer
The title flight officer was a military rank used by the United States Armed Forces where it was an air force warrant officer rank. It was also an air force rank in several Commonwealth nations where it was used for female officers and was equivalent to the rank of flight lieutenant...
lieutenant Rybas. They reported that after about an hour in the air, they located a large armored column on the highway near the village of Dekshany, and conducted a bombing run from 400 meters of altitude. Having expended his bomb load, Gastello then flew a low-level pass, with his defensive gunners firing their 12.7mm (.50 cal) machine-guns at enemy vehicles. Gastello's plane received a direct hit in the fuel tank and caught fire. Initially set on a return course, his burning bomber then turned around, headed back to the transport column, and dove straight in, causing a "powerful explosion that shook the gaggle of enemy armored vehicles, and caused a burning storm that engulfed other enemy tanks".
The report of a large number of German tanks destroyed in the suicide attack apparently was deemed important enough to require independent proof. The next day regiment HQ ordered a reconnaissance flight to photograph the strike area. The photos it brought back reportedly showed a typical large crater, with multiple burned-out German tanks surrounding it.
On July 6, 1941, a report of Gastello's mission was read all over the Soviet Union in the official daily radio news report. Soviet newspapers immediately took up the story, praising Gastello's heroism, but leaving most of the details very scarce. The accuracy of these early reports varies greatly, and even the date of Gastello's final mission is often incorrectly given as June 28th and sometimes even July 3rd.
On July 25th, Gastello was posthumously awarded the Gold Star
Gold Star
The Gold Star medal is a special insignia that identifies recipients of the title "Hero" in the Soviet Union and its communist allies, and several post-Soviet states.-Soviet origin:...
of the Hero of the Soviet Union
Hero of the Soviet Union
The title Hero of the Soviet Union was the highest distinction in the Soviet Union, awarded personally or collectively for heroic feats in service to the Soviet state and society.-Overview:...
. His other crew members received only minor medals.
Gastello's regiment meanwhile continued to suffer very heavy losses. In the first month of the war they lost 47 bombers with their crews. Out of 148 men lost, the details of only 12 are known; the rest are lost over enemy-held territory with no witnesses. Out of 27 planes sent to Radoshkovichi only one plane returned, that of Lt Vorobiev. By September the regiment had lost all of its battle strength and existed only on paper. It was quietly disbanded.
Controversy
The details of Gastello's final mission are hard to substantiate due to lack of reliable data or witnesses. The only people alive to see Gastello's final plunge, the crew of Lt. Vorobiev, were killed in action just a few days after Gastello.After the fall of communism in the late 1990s several reporters began disputing the official accounts. Some of the claims made were:
- Gastello did not perform the attack deliberately.
- The target of the fire-taran was not a column of tanks, but a stationary flak gun, apparently the one that dealt the burning aircraft the fatal blow.
- The suicide attack was performed by another pilot from the same squadron, Captain Maslov.
- Gastello's flight included not two, but three aircraft, with Maslov flying the third bomber.
- Gastello's plane was hit, but it flew away from the battle, with one crew member being seen to bail out.
- A man who was 15 years old in 1941 claimed he saw a jump off the left wing of the aircraft, which is only possible for the pilot to do; and the bailed out airman, who he believes to be Gastello, was captured by the Germans.
- A burned out body was discovered in the woods in July 1941 by a group of peasants, far away from the location of the fire taran, with an undelivered letter and a cigarette case identifying it as a member of Gastello's crew.
- A 1951 Soviet reburial effort exhumed the graves of Gastello's crew, who were wrapped in parachutes and hastily buried by peasants the night after their death. A map case and a medallion belonged to Captain Maslov and his gunner were found on the bodies. The entire affair was subsequently swept under the rug.
- Both Gastello and Maslov didn't manage to hit anything of value, and the actual fire-taran was performed a day later, by Presaizen Isaac Zilovich, reported by Squadron Commander Captain Beletsky and verified from the air the next day by 128 Air Regiment Second in Command V.Sandalov. Isaac Presaizen was recommended for Hero of the Soviet Union award, the recommendation still stands in the archives, never answered. The actual air photos taken by V.Sandalov were used to award Gastello his fame for non-existent attack.
These claims, made in 1994 and then in 2001 in Russia's leading newspapers, Izvestia
Izvestia
Izvestia is a long-running high-circulation daily newspaper in Russia. The word "izvestiya" in Russian means "delivered messages", derived from the verb izveshchat . In the context of newspapers it is usually translated as "news" or "reports".-Origin:The newspaper began as the News of the...
and then Moskovskiy Komsomoletz, caused a firestorm in the former Soviet Union. They have been aggressively debunked by journalists and official historians ever since. The regiment's official logs, locked away in Soviet archives, indeed record Gastello's flight as only including two aircraft, his and Lt Vorobiev's. Few reasons exist to doubt Lt Vorobiev's actual report: he could gain nothing from it personally, and indeed perished in battle just a few days later. The official log, however, does list a single unidentified crew member as bailing out from Gastello's plane.
Supporters of the official version of events also doubt the accuracy of the 1951 reburial story, as an aircraft that dives into the ground and explodes in a fireball is unlikely to include entire bodies with intact parachutes they can be wrapped in. If such bodies were indeed located and buried, it is not surprising they would be from a crew other than Gastello's.
Both sides however agree that, whoever it was that exploded amidst German tanks on June 26th, 1941, the pilot's motivation will never be truly known. No radio transmissions were received from the aircraft, as it most likely did not even have a radio, and it is impossible to know if the ramming of the German column was deliberate or accidental.
The publicity led to President Boris Yeltsin
Boris Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin was the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.Originally a supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin emerged under the perestroika reforms as one of Gorbachev's most powerful political opponents. On 29 May 1990 he was elected the chairman of...
awarding Captain Maslov the Hero of Russia in 1996. On the other hand, First Lieutenant Isaac Presaizen was never awarded a Hero for a confirmed hit to this day.
External links
Sources
- Bio at airwar.ru (in Russian)
- Nikolai Gastello from the Legends and Facts series (in Russian)
- Legends of WWII (in Russian)
- Presaizen Isaac Zilovich at airwar.ru (in Russian)
- Word of the disabled veteran - Слово инвалида войны. №9, 1994, page 36. (Israel)