Cardiovascular

• Angina
  Angina
  Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is chest pain due to ischemia of the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries . Coronary artery disease, the main cause of angina, is due to atherosclerosis of the cardiac arteries...
  
  
• Acute coronary syndrome
  Acute coronary syndrome
  Acute coronary syndrome is usually one of three diseases involving the coronary arteries: ST elevation myocardial infarction , non ST elevation myocardial infarction , or unstable angina ....
  
  
• Alexia
• Anomia (aphasia-associated)
• Aortic dissection
  Aortic dissection
  Aortic dissection occurs when a tear in the inner wall of the aorta causes blood to flow between the layers of the wall of the aorta and force the layers apart. The dissection typically extends anterograde, but can extend retrograde from the site of the intimal tear. Aortic dissection is a medical...
  
  
• Aortic regurgitation
• Aortic stenosis
• Apoplexy
  Apoplexy
  Apoplexy is a medical term, which can be used to describe 'bleeding' in a stroke . Without further specification, it is rather outdated in use. Today it is used only for specific conditions, such as pituitary apoplexy and ovarian apoplexy. In common speech, it is used non-medically to mean a state...
  
  
• Apraxia
  Apraxia
  Apraxia is a disorder caused by damage to specific areas of the cerebrum. Apraxia is characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned purposeful movements, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements...
  
  
• Arrhythmias
• Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH)
• Atherosclerosis
  Atherosclerosis
  Atherosclerosis is a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol...
  
  
• Atrial flutter
  Atrial flutter
  Atrial flutter is an abnormal heart rhythm that occurs in the atria of the heart. When it first occurs, it is usually associated with a fast heart rate or tachycardia , and falls into the category of supra-ventricular tachycardias. While this rhythm occurs most often in individuals with...
  
  
• Atrial septal defect
  Atrial septal defect
  Atrial septal defect is a form of congenital heart defect that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum. The interatrial septum is the tissue that divides the right and left atria...
  
  
• Atrioventricular canal defect
• Atrioventricular septal defect
  Atrioventricular septal defect
  Atrioventricular septal defect or atrioventricular canal defect , previously known as "common atrioventricular canal" or "endocardial cushion defect", is characterized by a deficiency of the atrioventricular septum of the heart...
  
  
• Avascular necrosis
  Avascular necrosis
  Avascular necrosis is a disease where there is cellular death of bone components due to interruption of the blood supply. Without blood, the bone tissue dies and the bone collapses...
  
  

Cardiac electrophysiology

• AV nodal reentrant tachycardia
  AV nodal reentrant tachycardia
  AV nodal reentrant tachycardia , or atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, is a type of tachycardia of the heart. It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia , meaning that it originates from a location within the heart above the bundle of His. AV nodal reentrant tachycardia is the most...
  
   (Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia)
• Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
  Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
  In accelerated idioventricular rhythm, the rate of cardiac contraction is determined by the intrinsic rate of depolarisation of the cardiac cells.It can be present at birth.-Pathophysiology:...
  
  
• Andersen–Tawil syndrome (Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, Andersen syndrome, Long QT syndrome 7; Periodic paralysis, potassium-sensitive cardiodysrhythmic type)
• Ashman phenomenon
  Ashman phenomenon
  First described by Gouaux and Ashman in 1947, Ashman phenomenon, also known as Ashman beats, describes a particular type of wide complex tachycardia that is often seen in atrial fibrillation...
  
   (Ashman beats)
• Atrial fibrillation
  Atrial fibrillation
  Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac arrhythmia . It is a common cause of irregular heart beat, identified clinically by taking a pulse. Chaotic electrical activity in the two upper chambers of the heart result in the muscle fibrillating , instead of achieving coordinated contraction...
  
  
• Atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response
• Atrial flutter
  Atrial flutter
  Atrial flutter is an abnormal heart rhythm that occurs in the atria of the heart. When it first occurs, it is usually associated with a fast heart rate or tachycardia , and falls into the category of supra-ventricular tachycardias. While this rhythm occurs most often in individuals with...
  
  
• Atrial tachycardia
  Atrial tachycardia
  Atrial tachycardia is a type of atrial arrhythmia in which the heart's electrical impulse comes from an ectopic atrial pacemaker rather than from the SA node. Atrial tachycardias are characterized by very regular rates ranging from 140–220 bpm....
  
  
• Bifascicular block
  Bifascicular block
  Bifascicular block is a conduction abnormality in the heart where two of the three main fascicles of the His/Purkinje system are blocked.Most commonly, it refers to a combination of right bundle branch block and either left anterior fascicular block or left posterior fascicular block , with the...
  
  
• Brugada syndrome
  Brugada syndrome
  The Brugada syndrome is a genetic disease that is characterised by abnormal electrocardiogram findings and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. It is named by the Spanish cardiologists Pedro Brugada and Josep Brugada...
  
   (Sudden Unexpected Death Syndrome)
• Bundle branch block
  Bundle branch block
  A bundle branch block refers to a defect of the heart's electrical conduction system.-Anatomy and physiology:The heart's electrical activity begins in the sinoatrial node , which is situated on the upper right atrium. The impulse travels next through the left and right atria and summates at the...
  
  
• Cardiac dysrhythmia
  Cardiac dysrhythmia
  Cardiac dysrhythmia is any of a large and heterogeneous group of conditions in which there is abnormal electrical activity in the heart. The heart beat may be too fast or too slow, and may be regular or irregular.Some arrhythmias are life-threatening medical emergencies that can result in cardiac...
  
   (Cardiac arrhythmia)
• Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
  Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
  Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia is an electrophysiological disorder of the heart that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals...
  
  
• Ectopic beat (cardiac ectopy)
• Ectopic pacemaker
  Ectopic pacemaker
  An ectopic pacemaker or ectopic focus is an excitable group of cells that causes a premature heart beat outside the normally functioning SA node of the human heart. Acute occurrence is usually non-life threatening, but chronic occurrence can progress into tachycardia, bradycardia or ventricular...
  
   (Ectopic focus)
• First-degree atrioventricular block (First-degree AV block, PR prolongation)
• Heart block
  Heart block
  A heart block can be a blockage at any level of the electrical conduction system of the heart .* Blocks that occur within the sinoatrial node are described as SA nodal blocks....
  
  
• Inappropriate sinus tachycardia
  Inappropriate sinus tachycardia
  Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia is a rare type of cardiac arrhythmia, within the category of supraventricular tachycardia , although doctors believe it stems from dysautonomia, a disturbance and/or failure of the autonomic nervous system....
  
  
• Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
  Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
  Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, a type of long QT syndrome, causes the cardiac muscle to take longer than usual to recharge between beats. If untreated, the irregular heartbeats, called arrhythmias, can lead to fainting, seizures, or sudden death...
  
  
• Junctional escape beat
  Junctional escape beat
  A junctional escape beat is a delayed heartbeat originating not from the atrium but from an ectopic focus somewhere in the AV junction. It occurs when the rate of depolarization of the sinoatrial node falls below the rate of the atrioventricular node. This dysrhythmia also may occur when the...
  
  
• Junctional rhythm
  Junctional rhythm
  Junctional rhythm describes an abnormal heart rhythm resulting from impulses coming from a locus of tissue in the area of the atrioventricular node, the "junction" between atria and ventricles....
  
  
• Left bundle branch block
  Left bundle branch block
  Left bundle branch block is a cardiac conduction abnormality seen on the electrocardiogram . In this condition, activation of the left ventricle is delayed, which results in the left ventricle contracting later than the right ventricle....
  
  
• Left anterior fascicular block
  Left anterior fascicular block
  Left anterior fascicular block is a cardiac condition, distinguished from left bundle branch block.It is caused by only the anterior half of the bundle of His being defective...
  
  
• Left axis deviation
  Left axis deviation
  Left axis deviation is a condition whereby the mean electrical axis of ventricular contraction of the heart lies in a frontal plane direction between -30° and -90°...
  
  
• Lev's disease
  Lev's disease
  Lev's disease is an acquired complete heart block due to idiopathic fibrosis and calcification of the electrical conduction system of the heart...
  
   (Lenegre-Lev syndrome)
• Long QT syndrome
  Long QT syndrome
  The long QT syndrome is a rare inborn heart condition in which delayed repolarization of the heart following a heartbeat increases the risk of episodes of torsade de pointes . These episodes may lead to palpitations, fainting and sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation...
  
  
• Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome
  Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome
  Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome is a syndrome of pre-excitation of the ventricles due to an accessory pathway providing an abnormal electrical communication from the atria to the ventricles. It is grouped with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome as an atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia . The syndrome...
  
  
• Multifocal atrial tachycardia
  Multifocal atrial tachycardia
  Multifocal atrial tachycardia is a cardiac arrhythmia, specifically a type of supraventricular tachycardia."Multifocal atrial rhythm" is the condition in the absence of tachycardia.-Causes and epidemiology:It is more common in the elderly....
  
  
• Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
  Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
  Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome is a disorder of the heart in which the ventricles of the heart contract prematurely due to an accessory pathway known as the bundle of Kent. This accessory pathway is an abnormal electrical communication from the atria to the ventricles...
  
  

Congenital heart disease

• Aortic coarctation
  Aortic coarctation
  Coarctation of the aorta, or aortic coarctation, is a congenital condition whereby the aorta narrows in the area where the ductus arteriosus inserts.-Types:There are three types:...
  
   (Aortic coarctation)
• Acyanotic heart defect
  Acyanotic heart defect
  ----Acyanotic heart defect have normal levels of oxyhemoglobin saturation in systemic circulation. This tends to be left to right side heart shunts, whereas cyanotic heart disease is right to left shunts which lowers oxygen saturation level....
  
  
• Atrial septal defect
  Atrial septal defect
  Atrial septal defect is a form of congenital heart defect that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum. The interatrial septum is the tissue that divides the right and left atria...
  
  
• Cor triatriatum
  Cor triatriatum
  Cor triatriatum is a congenital heart defect where the left atrium or right atrium is subdivided by a thin membrane, resulting in three atrial chambers . The membrane may be complete or may contain one or more fenestrations of varying size...
  
  
• Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries
  Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries
  dextro-Transposition of the great arteries , sometimes also referred to as complete transposition of the great arteries, is a birth defect in the large arteries of the heart...
  
  
• Double aortic arch
  Double aortic arch
  Double aortic arch is a relatively rare congenital cardiovascular malformation. DAA is an of the aortic arch in which two aortic arches form a complete vascular ring that can compress the trachea and/or esophagus. Most commonly there is a larger right arch behind and a smaller left aortic...
  
  
• Double inlet left ventricle
  Double inlet left ventricle
  A double inlet left ventricle is a congenital heart defect where both the left atrium and the right atrium feed into the left ventricle. Usually a hypoplastic right ventricle also exists...
  
  
• Double outlet right ventricle
  Double outlet right ventricle
  Double outlet right ventricle is a form of congenital heart disease where both of the great arteries connect to the right ventricle...
  
  
• Ebstein's anomaly
  Ebstein's anomaly
  Ebstein anomaly is a congenital heart defect in which the opening of the tricuspid valve is displaced towards the apex of the right ventricle of the heart.-Presentation:...
  
  
• GUCH
  GUCH
  GUCH is an acronym for Grown Ups with Congenital Heart defects. Adults with congenital heart defects is a group of patients which is fast growing in numbers, due to advances in cardiac surgery and intensive care in the 1970s and 80s...
  
  

Cyanotic heart defect

Cyanotic heart defect

A cyanotic heart defect is a group-type of congenital heart defects . The patient appears blue , due to deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation...

• Tetralogy of Fallot
  Tetralogy of Fallot
  Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect which is classically understood to involve four anatomical abnormalities...
  
   (ToF)
• Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
  Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
  Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection , also known as total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and total anomalous pulmonary venous return , is a rare cyanotic congenital heart defect in which all four pulmonary veins are malpositioned and make anomalous connections to the systemic venous...
  
  
• Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
  Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
  Hypoplastic left heart syndrome , is a rare congenital heart defect in which the left ventricle of the heart is severely underdeveloped.-Causes:...
  
   (HLHS)
• Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA)
• Truncus arteriosus (Persistent)
  Persistent truncus arteriosus
  Persistent truncus arteriosus , also known as Common arterial trunk, is a rare form of congenital heart disease that presents at birth...
  
  
• Tricuspid atresia
  Tricuspid atresia
  Tricuspid atresia is a form of congenital heart disease whereby there is a complete absence of the tricuspid valve. Therefore, there is an absence of right atrioventricular connection. This leads to a hypoplastic or absent right ventricle....
  
  
• Interrupted aortic arch
  Interrupted aortic arch
  Interrupted aortic arch is a very rare heart defect in which the aorta is not completely developed. There is a gap between the ascending and descending thoracic aorta. Almost all patients also have other cardiac anomalies. Interrupted aortic arch is often associated with DiGeorge...
  
  
• Coarctation of aorta
• Pulmonary atresia
  Pulmonary atresia
  Pulmonary atresia is a congenital malformation of the pulmonary valve in which the valve orifice fails to develop. The valve is completely closed thereby obstructing the outflow of blood from the heart to the lungs. The pulmonary valve is located on the right side of the heart between the right...
  
   (PA)
• Pulmonary stenosis (critical)

Non-cyanotic heart defects

• Atrial septal defect
  Atrial septal defect
  Atrial septal defect is a form of congenital heart defect that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum. The interatrial septum is the tissue that divides the right and left atria...
  
  
• Ventricular septal defect
  Ventricular septal defect
  A ventricular septal defect is a defect in the ventricular septum, the wall dividing the left and right ventricles of the heart.The ventricular septum consists of an inferior muscular and superior membranous portion and is extensively innervated with conducting cardiomyocytes.The membranous...
  
  
• Patent ductus arteriosus
  Patent ductus arteriosus
  Patent ductus arteriosus is a congenital disorder in the heart wherein a neonate's ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth. Early symptoms are uncommon, but in the first year of life include increased work of breathing and poor weight gain...
  
   and
• Coarctation of aorta (may cause cyanosis in some cases)

Ischemic heart diseases

• Angina pectoris
• Acute coronary syndrome
  Acute coronary syndrome
  Acute coronary syndrome is usually one of three diseases involving the coronary arteries: ST elevation myocardial infarction , non ST elevation myocardial infarction , or unstable angina ....
  
  
• Acute myocardial infarction

Valvular heart disease

• Aortic insufficiency
  Aortic insufficiency
  Aortic insufficiency , also known as aortic regurgitation , is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle....
  
  
• Mitral stenosis
  Mitral stenosis
  Mitral stenosis is a valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the orifice of the mitral valve of the heart.-Signs and symptoms:Symptoms of mitral stenosis include:...
  
  
• Tricuspid valve stenosis
  Tricuspid valve stenosis
  Tricuspid valve stenosis is a valvular heart disease which results in the narrowing of the orifice of the tricuspid valve of the heart. It is a relatively rare condition that causes stenosis- increased resistance to blood flow through the valve.-Causes:...
  
  
• Pulmonary valve stenosis
  Pulmonary valve stenosis
  Pulmonary valve stenosis is a heart valve disorder in which outflow of blood from the right ventricle of the heart is obstructed at the level of the pulmonic valve. This results in the reduction of flow of blood to the lungs. Valvular pulmonic stenosis accounts for 80% of right ventricular outflow...
  
  
• Mitral insufficiency/regurgitation
• Tricuspid insufficiency/regurgitation
• Pulmonary insufficiency/regurgitation