Justin Pierre Marie Macquart
Encyclopedia
Justin Pierre Marie Macquart (1776–1855) was a French
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

 entomologist specialising in the study of Diptera
Diptera
Diptera , or true flies, is the order of insects possessing only a single pair of wings on the mesothorax; the metathorax bears a pair of drumstick like structures called the halteres, the remnants of the hind wings. It is a large order, containing an estimated 240,000 species, although under half...

. He worked on world species as well as European and described many new species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...

.

Early years

Macquart was born in Hazebrouck
Hazebrouck
-Communications:The town enjoys excellent rail connections, with frequent daily services to Lille and Paris, some by High Speed Line. There is a small international airport, concentrating on business flights, at Merville-Calonne just 12 kilometre / 8 miles away...

, France in 1776 and died in Lestrem
Lestrem
Lestrem is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France.-Geography:A small farming and light industrial town, situated some north of Béthune and west of Lille, on the D122, D178 and D975 roads, by the banks of the Lawe River.-History:The town was all but...

, Pas-de-Calais (or Lille) in 1855.
He was interested in natural history from an early age due to his older brother who was an ornithologist and a Fellow of the Société de Sciences de l’Agriculture et des Arts de la Ville de Lille and whose bird
Bird
Birds are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic , egg-laying, vertebrate animals. Around 10,000 living species and 188 families makes them the most speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. They inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from...

 collection became the foundation of the societies museum, the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Lille
Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Lille
The Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Lille, or Lille Natural History Museum, was founded in 1822. It houses zoological and geological collections. Its holdings have recently been enhanced by ethnographic specimens from the Musée Moillet and industrial objects from the old Musée Industriel et...

. A second brother founded a botanic garden with a collection of over 3000 species of plants. Macquart, too became interested in natural history.
In 1796 he joined the staff of General Armand Samuel then campaigning in the Revolutionary Wars
French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1796
The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1795, with the French in an increasingly strong position as members of the First Coalition made separate peaces. Austria and Great Britain were the main remaining members of the coalition...

. He was a secretary and draftsman. The general staff was stationed in Schwetzingen
Schwetzingen
Schwetzingen is a German town situated in the northwest of Baden-Württemberg, around southwest of Heidelberg and southeast of Mannheim.Schwetzingen is one of the 5 biggest cities of the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis district and it is a medium-sized centre including the cities and municipalities of...

, then Heidelberg
Heidelberg
-Early history:Between 600,000 and 200,000 years ago, "Heidelberg Man" died at nearby Mauer. His jaw bone was discovered in 1907; with scientific dating, his remains were determined to be the earliest evidence of human life in Europe. In the 5th century BC, a Celtic fortress of refuge and place of...

 , Mainz
Mainz
Mainz under the Holy Roman Empire, and previously was a Roman fort city which commanded the west bank of the Rhine and formed part of the northernmost frontier of the Roman Empire...

, Arau
Arau
Arau is the royal capital of Perlis in Malaysia. It is located in Peninsular Malaysia, 14 kilometers southeast of the official state capital of Kangar. The red-roofed Istana is a mixture of colonial and pseudo-Moorish architectural styles...

, Basel
Basel
Basel or Basle In the national languages of Switzerland the city is also known as Bâle , Basilea and Basilea is Switzerland's third most populous city with about 166,000 inhabitants. Located where the Swiss, French and German borders meet, Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany...

 and Zurich
Zürich
Zurich is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich. It is located in central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zurich...

.He left the army in 1798 returning to Lille with German books, insects and birds.

French Diptera, Meigen and Marriage

He then worked fulltime on insects and studying in the library and on 27 Nivôse
Nivôse
For the frigate of the French Navy, see Nivôse Nivôse was the fourth month in the French Republican Calendar. The month was named after the Latin word nivosus, which means snow....

, Year 11 of the French Revolutionary Calendar (1802) he was elected a Fellow of the Société de Sciences de l’Agriculture et des Arts de la Ville de Lille. Soon he began travelling around France and went several times to Paris where he met Pierre André Latreille
Pierre André Latreille
Pierre André Latreille was a French zoologist, specialising in arthropods. Having trained as a Roman Catholic priest before the French Revolution, Latreille was imprisoned, and only regained his freedom after recognising a rare species he found in the prison, Necrobia ruficollis...

 who suggested to specialize on Diptera, following the pioneering work of Johann Wilhelm Meigen
Johann Wilhelm Meigen
Johann Wilhelm Meigen was a German entomologist famous for his pioneering work on Diptera.-Early years:Meigen was born in Solingen, the fifth of eight children of Johann Clemens Meigen and Sibylla Margaretha Bick. His parents, though not poor, were not wealthy either. The ran a small shop in...

. After some time in Holland he married and moved from Hazebrouck
Hazebrouck
-Communications:The town enjoys excellent rail connections, with frequent daily services to Lille and Paris, some by High Speed Line. There is a small international airport, concentrating on business flights, at Merville-Calonne just 12 kilometre / 8 miles away...

 to Lestrem
Lestrem
Lestrem is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France.-Geography:A small farming and light industrial town, situated some north of Béthune and west of Lille, on the D122, D178 and D975 roads, by the banks of the Lawe River.-History:The town was all but...

 where he became a Conseillers régionaux of the Conseil régional du Nord-Pas-de-Calais..

At this time he began intensive studies of Diptera examining the collections of
Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville was a French zoologist and anatomist.Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. In about 1796 he went to Paris to study painting, but he ultimately devoted himself to natural history, and attracted the attention of Georges Cuvier, for whom he occasionally...

, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire was a French naturalist who established the principle of "unity of composition". He was a colleague of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and expanded and defended Lamarck's evolutionary theories...

, André Étienne d'Audebert de Férussac
André Étienne d'Audebert de Férussac
Baron André Étienne Justin Pascal Joseph François d'Audebert de Férussac was a French naturalist best known for his studies of molluscs...

 , Amédée Louis Michel Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau
Amédée Louis Michel Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau
Amédée Louis Michel le Peletier, comte de Saint-Fargeau , also spelled Lepeletier or Lepelletier, was a French entomologist, and specialist in the Hymenoptera....

, Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville
Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville
Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville was a French entomologist, born on November 11, 1775 in Paris. He died on March 27 , 1858 in La Ferté-sous-Jouarre....

, Alexandre Louis Lefèbvre de Cérisy
Alexandre Louis Lefèbvre de Cérisy
Alexandre Louis Lefebvre de Cérisy Alexandre Louis Lefebvre de Cérisy Alexandre Louis Lefebvre de Cérisy (14 November 1798 Paris - 1867 le Bouchevilliers, near Gisors was a French entomologistde Cérisy worked as clerk to a solicitor. It was Jean-Baptist Godart (1775-1825) who introduced him to...

, Gaspard Auguste Brullé
Gaspard Auguste Brullé
Gaspard Auguste Brullé was a French entomologist.Passionnate about insects from a young age and through the intervention of Georges Cuvier, he participated in the Morea expedition organised by Jean Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent in 1829.In 1832, he participated in the foundation of the Société...

 and François Louis de la Porte, comte de Castelnau
François Louis de la Porte, comte de Castelnau
François Louis Nompar de Caumont LaPorte, comte de Castelnau was a French naturalist, known also as François Laporte or Francis de Castelnau.-Life:Born in London, he studied natural history in Paris...

 in France. He also went to Hamburg where Wilhelm von Winthem
Wilhelm von Winthem
Wilhelm von Winthem was a naturalist and entomologist from Hamburg, Germany, who was chiefly interested in Diptera and Hymenoptera. Well placed in a port city, von Winthem built a world collection....

 had assembled the largest collection of Diptera in the world. At the age of 25 he was one of the founders of the Société d’Amateurs des Sciences et Arts de la Ville de Lille. Many of his publications were published in the Mémoires of this Society. He also expanded the natural history holdings of the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Lille
Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Lille
The Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Lille, or Lille Natural History Museum, was founded in 1822. It houses zoological and geological collections. Its holdings have recently been enhanced by ethnographic specimens from the Musée Moillet and industrial objects from the old Musée Industriel et...

.

In these years he wrote Insectes diptères du nord de la France published in Lille in 1829. This prompted Latreille to enlist him as the author of the Diptera volumes of Suites à Buffon
Suites à Buffon
Les Suites à Buffon is a French nineteenth-century scientific publicationLes Suites à Buffon carries the complete title Suites à Buffon formant avec les œuvres de cet auteur un cours complet d'histoire naturelle embrassant les trois règnes de la nature, confié aux plus célèbres naturalistes et...

 under his editorship. This arrangement was continued by Nicolas Roret
Nicolas Roret
Nicolas-Edme Roret was a French editor and publisher known for an important series of manuals and encyclopaedias.- Sources :* Articles and reviews:...

 when Latreille was ill. Two volumes were published as Histoire naturelle des insectes Dipteres. World Diptera were treated as well as French.

In 1839 Macquart visited Johann Wilhelm Meigen
Johann Wilhelm Meigen
Johann Wilhelm Meigen was a German entomologist famous for his pioneering work on Diptera.-Early years:Meigen was born in Solingen, the fifth of eight children of Johann Clemens Meigen and Sibylla Margaretha Bick. His parents, though not poor, were not wealthy either. The ran a small shop in...

, then aged 75, in Stolberg
Stolberg
- Towns in Germany :* Stolberg, Saxony-Anhalt in the district of Sangerhausen in Saxony-Anhalt, seat of the counts of Stolberg* Stolberg in the district of Aachen in North Rhine-Westphalia, part of the Duchy of Jülich until 1794, awarded to Prussia in 1815* Stollberg, in the Erzgebirgskreis in the...

, acquiring his notes and drawings and
bringing his collection to Paris where it is now in the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
The Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle is the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, France.- History :The museum was formally founded on 10 June 1793, during the French Revolution...

. This was an amical arrangement, though the collection was purchased. This established Macquart as Meigen's successor and Paris as the centre of Dipterology.

World Diptera

The only works on world Diptera at this time were those of Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann
Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann
Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann , was a German physician, historian, naturalist and entomologist...

 particularly Tabulae animalium invertebratorum (1810) and Diptera exotica (1820-). He had not seen the imposing collections in Paris and these were to occupy Macquart for the rest of his life. Between 1838 and 1855 he described nearly 2,000 new species in supplements to Histoire naturelle des Insectes and Insectes diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus (1838) which lists the collections examined to that date. They are those of :-Jules Dumont d'Urville
Jules Dumont d'Urville
Jules Sébastien César Dumont d'Urville was a French explorer, naval officer and rear admiral, who explored the south and western Pacific, Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica.-Childhood:Dumont was born at Condé-sur-Noireau...

 with René-Primevère Lesson
René-Primevère Lesson
René Primevère Lesson was a French surgeon, naturalist, ornithologist, and herpetologist.Lesson was born at Rochefort, and at the age of sixteen he entered the Naval Medical School there...

 (the largest including material from the Falkland Islands
Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located about from the coast of mainland South America. The archipelago consists of East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 lesser islands. The capital, Stanley, is on East Falkland...

, the coast of Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...

 and Peru
Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....

, the southern and western Pacific, Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...

, New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...

 and New Guinea
New Guinea
New Guinea is the world's second largest island, after Greenland, covering a land area of 786,000 km2. Located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, it lies geographically to the east of the Malay Archipelago, with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago...

); Justin Goudot
Justin Goudot
Justin Goudot was a French explorer, and naturalist collector.Goudot, born in the Jura , lived in Bogata. He was attached to Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris as a collector naturalist...

 who had explored South America
South America
South America is a continent situated in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere. The continent is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east...

 from 1822 (and continued to until 1842); a Louis Pilate who was based in Georgia
Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia is a state located in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1732, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies. The state is named after King George II of Great Britain. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2, 1788...

 and Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties...

 U.S.A. but lived for five years in Mérida, Yucatán
Mérida, Yucatán
Mérida is the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Yucatán and the Yucatán Peninsula. It is located in the northwest part of the state, about from the Gulf of Mexico coast...

; Auguste Sallé
Auguste Sallé
Auguste Sallé was a French traveller and entomologistwho specialised in Coleoptera.Following expeditions to the Southern States of the USA , West India, Central America and Venezuela on behalf of Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat) and accompanied by his mother and a M...

, a young collector later to become a Paris insect dealer with South American connections; Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny who between 1826 and 1823 had travelled, on a mission for the Paris Museum
Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
The Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle is the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, France.- History :The museum was formally founded on 10 June 1793, during the French Revolution...

, in to Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...

, Argentina
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...

, Paraguay
Paraguay
Paraguay , officially the Republic of Paraguay , is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the...

, Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...

, Bolivia
Bolivia
Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...

 and Peru
Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....

 returning France with an enormous collection of more than 10,000 natural history specimens;Peter Claussen (c. 1800–1855) a Danish naturalist who collected in Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...

, a M. Giesebrecht , Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire was a French naturalist who established the principle of "unity of composition". He was a colleague of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and expanded and defended Lamarck's evolutionary theories...

 (Diptera from Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...

) and three members of a Belgian
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...

 Commission for the exploration of tropical countries, August Giesebreght (1810–1893), Nicholas Funk (1817–1896) and Jean Jules Linden
Jean Jules Linden
Jean Jules Linden , was a Belgian botanist and explorer, horticulturist and businessman, specialising in orchids, on which subject he wrote a number of books....

 (1817–1898). Material continued to pour into the museum from these and other sources as Macquarts reputation spread.

Last years

In 1845 Macquart went to Switzerland to see Maximilian Perty
Maximilian Perty
Josef Anton Maximilian Perty was a German naturalist and entomologist. He was a professor of natural history at the University of Bern.-Works:...

 and from there to Germany, aware that events were moving rapidly to the revolutions of 1848
Revolutions of 1848
The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It was the first Europe-wide collapse of traditional authority, but within a year reactionary...

. This was his last journey outside Paris. He is buried in Lille.

Societies

Macquart was a Member of the
Entomological Society of Stettin, the Linnean Society of London
Linnean Society of London
The Linnean Society of London is the world's premier society for the study and dissemination of taxonomy and natural history. It publishes a zoological journal, as well as botanical and biological journals...

 and the Société entomologique de France
Société entomologique de France
The Société entomologique de France, or French Entomological Society, is devoted to the study of insects. It was founded in 1832.The society was created by eighteen Parisian entomologists on January 31, 1832...


Works

  • 1819. Notice sur les insectes Hemiptères du genre Psylle. Seanc Soc Sci Agr Arts Lille 5: 81-86. (first published paper)
  • 1826 Insectes diptères du nord de la France 1 and 2 Asiliques, bombyliers, xylotomes, leptides, vésiculeux, stratiomydes, xylophagites, tabaniens Lille : impr. L. Danel.
  • 1827 Insectes diptères du nord de la France 3 Platypézines, dolichopodes, empides, hybotides Lille : impr. L. Danel.
  • 1829 Insectes diptères du nord de la France 4, Syrphies Lille : impr. L. Danel.
  • 1834-1835. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Dipteres Paris : Roret.
  • 1838 Insectes diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Two volumes.Paris : Roret.

All these works are available as free electronic texts from the National Library of France, Gallica.
  • 1839 Diptéres. In ‘ Histoire naturelle des Iles Canaries,’ by Philip Barker Webb
    Philip Barker Webb
    Philip Barker Webb was an English botanist.Webb, who was born to a wealthy aristocratic family studied languages, botany, and geology at Harrow and Oxford. He collected plants in Italy, Spain and Portugal, and was the first person to collect in the Tetuan Mountains of Morocco...

     and Sabin Berthelot
    Sabin Berthelot
    Sabin Berthelot was a French naturalist and ethnologist. He was resident on the Canary Islands for part of his life, and co-authored L'Histoire Naturelle des Îles Canaries with Philip Barker Webb....

    ,

vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 97. Paris.
  • 1842 Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus Mémoires Soc Sci Agr Arts Lille 1841(1): 62-200.
  • 1843 Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus Mémoires Soc Sci Agr Arts Lille 1842: 162-460.
  • 1848 Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus Mémoires Soc Sci Agr Arts Lille 1847(2): 161-237.
  • 1850 Facultés intérieures des Animaux invertébrés. 8vo. Lille. This includes an 80 page autobiography.
  • 1855 Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connusMémoires Soc Sci Agr Arts Lille (2)1: 25-156.

Collections

  • Natural History Museum, Lille, France
  • Hope Department of Entomology Oxford University Museum, England
  • Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle
    Muséum national d'histoire naturelle
    The Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle is the National Museum of Natural History in Paris, France.- History :The museum was formally founded on 10 June 1793, during the French Revolution...

    Paris Natural History Museum, France.

External links

  • Bigot-Macquart Type database OUM
  • BHL Insectes diptères du nord de la France Lille,Impr. de Leleux[ 1823-33] Volumes 2 and 3
  • BHL Histoire naturelle des insectes. Dipteres Paris : Roret.
  • BHL Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus Mémoires Soc Sci Agr Arts Lille
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