Jozef Cywinski
Encyclopedia
Jozef Cywinski born on the 13th of March 1936 in Warsaw
, Poland
, is an American scientist, specialist in the field of biomedical engineering
and specifically in electrical stimulation of human tissues. His work has been the subject of 12 patent
s, 2 books and over 100 scientific publications. He developed several first-on-the market electro medical devices like cardiac pacemakers
, train-of-four stimulators, PACS
, EMS
, TENS
and Veinoplus
calf pump stimulators.
, Poland
, lived and survived there in 1939 until 1944. Due to the war the Cywinski's lost the residence and resources, so they moved to Bielsko in Silesia. Thanks to displaced professors from Lvov, and Vilnius universities
, who taught him personally, Jozef acquired a highly sophisticated and rapid formation, so he obtained his A-level there (High School im. Pawla Findera) “Mature” Diplome in 1952 at the age of 16. He was immediately admitted to the University to study his two favorite subjects, simultaneously: Engineering and Medicine. Married in 1957 to Hanna Zawistowska. Their first and only son Lucjan Marek Cywinski was born in 1958.
Warsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
, Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
, is an American scientist, specialist in the field of biomedical engineering
Biomedical engineering
Biomedical Engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology. This field seeks to close the gap between engineering and medicine: It combines the design and problem solving skills of engineering with medical and biological sciences to improve...
and specifically in electrical stimulation of human tissues. His work has been the subject of 12 patent
Patent
A patent is a form of intellectual property. It consists of a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for the public disclosure of an invention....
s, 2 books and over 100 scientific publications. He developed several first-on-the market electro medical devices like cardiac pacemakers
Artificial pacemaker
A pacemaker is a medical device that uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contacting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart...
, train-of-four stimulators, PACS
Picture archiving and communication system
A picture archiving and communication system is a medical imaging technology which provides economical storage of, and convenient access to, images from multiple modalities . Electronic images and reports are transmitted digitally via PACS; this eliminates the need to manually file, retrieve, or...
, EMS
Electrical muscle stimulation
Electrical muscle stimulation , also known as neuromuscular electrical stimulation or electromyostimulation, is the elicitation of muscle contraction using electric impulses...
, TENS
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is the use of electric current produced by a device to stimulate the nerves for therapeutic purposes...
and Veinoplus
Veinoplus
Veinoplus is a class IIa medical device with CE marking. It is indicated for the treatment of vascular diseases. This is a neuromuscular stimulator developed by an American scientist, Jozef Cywinski.- History :* 2004: Veinoplus design...
calf pump stimulators.
Early life
Jozef Cywinski, born on the 13th of March 1936 in WarsawWarsaw
Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly from the Baltic Sea and from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most...
, Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
, lived and survived there in 1939 until 1944. Due to the war the Cywinski's lost the residence and resources, so they moved to Bielsko in Silesia. Thanks to displaced professors from Lvov, and Vilnius universities
Vilnius University
Vilnius University is the oldest university in the Baltic states and one of the oldest in Eastern Europe. It is also the largest university in Lithuania....
, who taught him personally, Jozef acquired a highly sophisticated and rapid formation, so he obtained his A-level there (High School im. Pawla Findera) “Mature” Diplome in 1952 at the age of 16. He was immediately admitted to the University to study his two favorite subjects, simultaneously: Engineering and Medicine. Married in 1957 to Hanna Zawistowska. Their first and only son Lucjan Marek Cywinski was born in 1958.
Education and degrees
- 1952-1960: He studied at Warsaw Technical UniversityWarsaw University of TechnologyThe Warsaw University of Technology is one of the leading institutes of technology in Poland, and one of the largest in Central Europe. It employs 2,453 teaching faculty, with 357 professors . The student body numbers 36,156 , mostly full-time. There are 17 faculties covering almost all fields of...
(Politechnika Warszawska) and University of Warsaw Medical SchoolMedical University of WarsawThe Medical University of Warsaw was founded in January 1950, building on the University of Warsaw's former Faculty of Medicine, which had been established in the early nineteenth century...
. In 1960, he got a Master of Science in Medical Electronics and Telecom-Engineer.
- 1964-1967: For postgraduate study he worked at the Institute of Cardiology, University of Warsaw Medical School as a Head of Medical Electronics Laboratory. He wrote papers on the electro-stimulation of organs and a doctorate thesis on automatic analysis radio chromatograms of blood. During this period, he also developed an external P-wave synchronous-pacemakerArtificial pacemakerA pacemaker is a medical device that uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contacting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart...
and a new technique for ECG recording.
- 1967: He obtained a joint Doctorate of Science in BioengineeringBiomedical engineeringBiomedical Engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology. This field seeks to close the gap between engineering and medicine: It combines the design and problem solving skills of engineering with medical and biological sciences to improve...
and MedicineMedicineMedicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
at Warsaw Technical University for the research jointly done at Politechnika Warszawska and Institute of Cardiology. His doctoral thesis was graded jointly by Politechnika Warszawska and by Schools of Medicine in Warsaw and Wroclaw.
- 1967: Via France, immigrated to USA and joined the faculty of University of PennsylvaniaUniversity of PennsylvaniaThe University of Pennsylvania is a private, Ivy League university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Penn is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States,Penn is the fourth-oldest using the founding dates claimed by each institution...
.
Professional career
- 1960-1967: While studying at PolytechnicWarsaw University of TechnologyThe Warsaw University of Technology is one of the leading institutes of technology in Poland, and one of the largest in Central Europe. It employs 2,453 teaching faculty, with 357 professors . The student body numbers 36,156 , mostly full-time. There are 17 faculties covering almost all fields of...
, he co-founded Ridan Instruments, Warsaw, Poland. There he developed and manufactured a line of “Diadynamic” neuromuscular stimulators and the devices for blood pH and pCO2 analyses and for other diagnostic purposes.
- 5/1967 – 11/1967: While in France, he developed the first satellite transmission device for telediagnosis with USA of vectocardiograms from Hospital Foch in Suresnes (Prof. R. Koechlin), Paris. This was shown live at Tours University to General de GaulleCharles de GaulleCharles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969....
and to the French Government on 14.07.1967. As a result, he was instantly engaged by Gen. Beauregard of ELA in Montrouge, where he developed a first European implantable on-demand cardiac pacemakerArtificial pacemakerA pacemaker is a medical device that uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contacting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart...
pioneered by dr. Mugica at Pitié-Salpêtrière HospitalPitié-Salpêtrière HospitalThe Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital is a teaching hospital located in Paris, France. Part of the Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, it is one of Europe's largest hospitals...
. It became a base for the ELA-SORINSorin GroupThe Sorin Group is a medical products group based in Italy, with significant operations in France, the United States, and Japan, specializing in cardiac devices...
factory, currently supplying implantable cardiac stimulators for Europe.
- 11/1967-8/1969: He become a Research Associate at Bockus Research University of PennsylvaniaUniversity of PennsylvaniaThe University of Pennsylvania is a private, Ivy League university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Penn is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States,Penn is the fourth-oldest using the founding dates claimed by each institution...
, Philadelphia, and joined NIHNational Institutes of HealthThe National Institutes of Health are an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and are the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. Its science and engineering counterpart is the National Science Foundation...
artificial heart program. He developed analog computer model of the neural control of heart.
- 1969-1970: He was an associate professor of Radiology and Electrical Engineering at the University of Missouri Medical SchoolUniversity of Missouri School of MedicineThe University of Missouri School of Medicine is located in the southern part of the University of Missouri campus in Columbia, Missouri. It was the first publicly supported medical school west of the Mississippi River. The school offers a program that emphasizes a medical education founded on...
. Jointly with the University of Missouri in Columbia, MOSchool of Engineering and Applied ScienceSchool of Engineering and Applied Science is the name of several engineering schools at universities in the United States.*Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science at Columbia University, founded in 1896...
, he developed and taught course on electronic devices for diagnosis and therapy.
- 1970-1982: As the Principal Associate in Anesthesiology and Biomedical Engineering of Harvard Medical SchoolHarvard Medical SchoolHarvard Medical School is the graduate medical school of Harvard University. It is located in the Longwood Medical Area of the Mission Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts....
, BostonBostonBoston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...
, Massachusetts, he focused his researches on safety of electrical stimulation. His research on safety of stimulators become a basis for the now globally accepted standard, undersigned by the US National Bureau of Standards (ANBS) AAMIAssociation for the Advancement of Medical InstrumentationThe Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation founded in 1966, is a voluntary consensus organization which promotes knowledge and use of medical instrumentation. It creates standards, educates and certifies technicians, and publishes technical documents, books, periodicals, and...
, and US FDAFood and Drug AdministrationThe Food and Drug Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments...
. In his MGH lab he also developed devices and methods for patient monitoring, as well the stimulators for pain research and for bone fracture healing. In parallel, he created and become a director of the Medical Engineering Department at one of the world-leading health care providers: the Massachusetts General HospitalMassachusetts General HospitalMassachusetts General Hospital is a teaching hospital and biomedical research facility in the West End neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts...
(MGH) in Boston. His activities included planning, development, purchase and service of patient monitoring in this 2000 bed hospital.
- 1971-1982: Simultaneously he was a Lecturer at Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyThe Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific and technological education and research.Founded in 1861 in...
(MIT). He established there an HST-510 (Health Science and Technology) graduate course in Medical Engineering. At the same time he developed bio-galvanic implantable power cells and cardiac stimulators.
- 1982-1986: Jozef was the executive vice president and co-founder of Medinet, Inc, NY. There he developed world-first computerized medical PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication SystemPicture archiving and communication systemA picture archiving and communication system is a medical imaging technology which provides economical storage of, and convenient access to, images from multiple modalities . Electronic images and reports are transmitted digitally via PACS; this eliminates the need to manually file, retrieve, or...
) and imaging workstations for Doppler ultrasound scanners.
- 1976-1993: He was the president and founder of a consulting company for medical technologies: the Corsan Engineering Inc., in Duxbury, MA and Rockville CenterRockville Centre, New YorkRockville Centre is a village located in Nassau County, New York, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the village had a total population of 24,023. The town is made up of middle to upper middle class residents, most of the wealthier residents residing on the north side of town near the...
, NY. The sample list of clients includes Agfa-Matrix, Bio-Medical Research Ltd, Du Pont, IBM-Medical, Med. & Biol. Instruments Inc., Philips-Medical, Siemens-Medical, Sony-Medical, and Vitatron N.V. and a court-appointed expert in cases involving pacers.
- 1986-1993: He developed and patented a “Device for trophic neuromuscular stimulation” using MUAP (Motor UnitMotor unit”A motor unit is a single α-motor neuron and all of the corresponding muscle fibers it innervates; all of these fibers will be of the same type . When a motor unit is activated, all of its fibers contract...
Action Potential) pattern.
- 1989-1993: He was the vice president and co-founder in partnership with The Polish American Enterprise Fund and Politechnika Warszawska, of Secura Ltd, Warsaw, Poland. It developed and marketed ultrafiltrationUltrafiltrationUltrafiltration is a variety of membrane filtration in which hydrostatic pressure forces a liquid against a semipermeable membrane. Suspended solids and solutes of high molecular weight are retained, while water and low molecular weight solutes pass through the membrane...
devices for medical and industrial applications as well as for environmental projects.
- 1994-2005: He was the Managing Director, CEO and co-founder of Valmed, S.A., Sion, SwitzerlandSwitzerlandSwitzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
. Valmed manufactures and distributes neuromuscular stimulators for physiotherapy and sport medicine patented by Cywinski.
- 1995-2007: Simultaneously, he was a founder and the President of the Institute of Medical Technology (ITM), Sion-Orsières, Switzerland. ITM was a non-profit foundation for R&D in new medical technologies.
- 1999-2002: As a visiting professor at the Department of Health Sciences at the University of East LondonUniversity of East LondonThe University of East London is a university located in the London Borough of Newham, East London, England, based at two campuses in Stratford and Docklands areas...
, UKUnited KingdomThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
, his Institute participated at the inter-university international research programs. This resulted in several publications in the field of electro stimulation.
- 2005-now: He is the Chief Technology Officer of Ad Rem Technology SARL, Paris, France, which develops and distributes VeinoplusVeinoplusVeinoplus is a class IIa medical device with CE marking. It is indicated for the treatment of vascular diseases. This is a neuromuscular stimulator developed by an American scientist, Jozef Cywinski.- History :* 2004: Veinoplus design...
stimulators.
- 2007-now: He is the Managing Director and founder of Emstim EURL, ParisParisParis is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
, France, a Research Institute for development of medical deviceMedical deviceA medical device is a product which is used for medical purposes in patients, in diagnosis, therapy or surgery . Whereas medicinal products achieve their principal action by pharmacological, metabolic or immunological means. Medical devices act by other means like physical, mechanical, thermal,...
s and therapeutics. Emstim is currently qualified as CFI (R&D) institution by the Ministry of Higher Education of France. This resulted in a VeinoplusVeinoplusVeinoplus is a class IIa medical device with CE marking. It is indicated for the treatment of vascular diseases. This is a neuromuscular stimulator developed by an American scientist, Jozef Cywinski.- History :* 2004: Veinoplus design...
patent (assigned to Ad Rem Technology) and to more developments of novel electro-stimulation devices/techniques.
Major Professional Distinctions
- 1968: Senior Member of Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersInstitute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a non-profit professional association headquartered in New York City that is dedicated to advancing technological innovation and excellence...
Inc (IEEE)
- 1974: International Certificate in Clinical Engineering by the Association for the Advancement of Medical InstrumentationAssociation for the Advancement of Medical InstrumentationThe Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation founded in 1966, is a voluntary consensus organization which promotes knowledge and use of medical instrumentation. It creates standards, educates and certifies technicians, and publishes technical documents, books, periodicals, and...
(AAMI)
- 1978: Fellow of American College of CardiologyAmerican College of CardiologyThe American College of Cardiology is a nonprofit medical association established in 1949 to advocate for quality cardiovascular care through education, research promotion, development and application of standards and guidelines, and to influence health care policy...
(FACC)
Selected early research papers (1965-1970)
- J. Cywinski, M. Stopczyk. Differential calculations of biological electrograms in the applications of cardiology. Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw. 19(6), p:789-92, Nov-Dec 1965. PMID: 5863050
- J.K. Cywinski and W.J. Wajszczuk. The recording of DC and very low frequency components of ECG. Med. Biol. Eng., 4 :179, 1966
- Wajszczuk W.J., Cywinski J.K. Observations on D.C. and very low frequency components of the electrocardiogram. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 123(1), p42-7, Oct 1966 PMID: 5924453
- J.K. Cywinski. The digital method of radio-chromatography analysis (in polish) Doctoral thesis at Dept. of Electronics, Technical University of Warsaw, Poland, May, 1967
- M. Stopczyk and J.K. Cywinski. An implantable ventricular-controlled cardiac pacemaker. Proc. of 7th Int. Conf. Med. Bio. Eng., p69, Stockholm, Sweden, August, 1967
- M. Stopczyk and J.K. Cywinski. The effects of the electrical currents used for stimualtion and defibrillation of the heart (in Polish). Pol. Archiw. Med. Wewn. 40 : 131, 1968
- J. Cywinski, M. Stopczyk. Adaptation of stimulator controlled by heart impulses for clinical purposes. Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn. 40(1) p:29-33, 1968 PMID: 5638935
- J.K. Cywinski, A.C.K. Kutty and W.J. Wajzuck. An analogue of the nervous control of intrinsic cardiac pacemaker. Proc. 8th Int. Conf. On Med. Biol. Eng., p20-25, Chicago, July, 1969
- Z. Askanas, J.K. Cywinski, M. Stopczyk, Z. Kraszewski, L. Korczak, B. Bukowiecki. Tele-electrocardiographic equipment and its possibilities. In Materials Reh. Council of Int. Society of Cardiology, p123-130, Hohenried, West Germany, 1969
- E.L. Hall, J.K. Cywinski, G.E. Flaishchli and S.J. Dwyer. Digital filters for noise suppression in the exercise electrocardiogram. Proc. San Diego Biomed. Symposium, p23-26, 1970
Selected research papers (1971-1985)
- J.K. Cywinski, A.W. Hahn and J.B. Cooper. Implantable transmitters powered by bio-galvanic cells. In proceedings of 1972 San Diego Biomedical Symposium, p:113-120, published by San Diego Biomedical Symposium, 1972.
- J.K. Cywinski. Implantation of microelectronics and biotelemetry. Engineering in the Hospital, NEREM Record, part 2, p 113-117, Boston, Ma. November, 1972
- J.K. Cywinski, H.H. Ali, R. Clintron, and R.S. Newbower. Neuromuscular Transmission Monitor. In proceedings of 27 ACEMB, p85, published by the Alliances for Engineering in Medecine and Biology, Chevy Chase, Md, October, 1974.
- J.K. Cywinski. AAdvances in Cardiac Pacemakers. New power Sources and Circuit Technology. In IEEE Intercon Conference Record, Session 2 : Electronic Instrumentation in Medecine, p2/4-1 to 2/4-4. Published by IEEE Inc., New-York, 1975.
- P.B. Kurnik, J.K. Cywinski, L.M. Zir, J.B. Newell, J.W. Harthorne. Frequency and amplitude analysis of endocardial electrograms. Implications for demand pacemaker design. Proceedings of International Conference on Biomedical Transducers, Additif aux actes du Colloque Biocapt 75, p A.I.9, 3-10, Paris, November, 1975.
- J.K. Cywinski. Biopotentials. Session Chairman at Colloque International sur les Capteurs Biomédicaux, Biocapt. 75, Paris, November 1975
- W.H. Harris, E.L. Thrasher, B.J-L. Moyen, R.H. Cobden, L.A. Davis, D.A. Mackenzie, J.K. Cywinski. Stimulation of fracture healing by direct current : an experimental study in dogs. In transactions of 22 Annual Conf. of orthopaedic Research Society, p203, New Orleans, Louisiana, January, 1976.
- W.H. Harris, B. J-L. Moyen, E.L. Thrasher, L.A. Davis, R.H. Cobden, D.A. MacKenzie, J.K. Cywinski. Differential response to electrical stimulation : a distinction between induced osteogenesis in intact tibiae and the effect on fresh fracture defects in radii. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research p:31-10, 1977
- W. Irnich, J.K. Cywinski, P.W. DeSalvo. Clinical Engineering at the Massachusette General Hospital in Boston (in German). Biomedizinische Technik. Band 22 s. 207-211, Heft 12/1977
- J.K. Cywinski, A.W. Hahn, F. Nichols and J.R. Easley. Performance of implanted biogalavanic pacemakers. PACE-pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology p:117-125, Vol.1, n°1, Jan. 1978
- J.K. Cywinski. Transcutaneous stimulation. Roundtable Chairman, AAMI, 17th annual meeting, San Francisco, May, 1982
- J.K. Cywinski, L.M. Cywinski, L. Lee. Medical Image distribution, storageand retrieval network : the M/NET. Proceedings of SPIE vol. 418, p74-79. Publ. by Soc. for optical engineering SPIE May, 1983
- L.M. Cywinski, T.R. Cram, J. Cywinski. Medical Image viewing station design in a picture archiving and communication system (PACS). Proc. MEDCOMP 83 IEEE computer Soc. Int. Conf. SSept. 1983, Athens, Ohio
- J.K. Cywinski, L.M. Cywinski, L. Lee. Medical Image Distribution, Storage, and Retrieval Network : the M/NET. Proceedings of International Cofnerence PACS II on Medical Applications of PACS. SPIE Publications, Vol.418, p74-79, Bellingham, WA. 1983
- M. Gray, J.K. Cywinski, L.M. Cywinski. Features of a Networked Medical Image Workstation called M/NET. SPIE Proceedings of Third International Conference on PACS, vol 536, p117/125, Societyy of Photo-Optical Instrument. Engineers, Bellingham. WA. 1985
Selected research papers (last 25 years)
- J.K. Cywinski. Issues in automated handling and archiving of medical diagnostic images. IEEE Symposium on Policy Issues in Information and Communication Technologies in Medical Applications. IEEE cat N° UH 0181-8, p31-33 Rockville, Md. Sept. 1988
- G. Kidd, A. Maher, J.K. Cywinski. Programmable Muscle Stimulator. US patent 4,712,558 1988
- J.K. Cywinski, J.A. Vanden Brink. Review of Experience with PACS Cost Analysis Model. SPIE Proceedings, Medical Imaging III. Vol 1093, p535-538. SPIE Publ., Bellingham. WA. fEB. 1989
- J.K. Cywinski. Device for trophic stimulation of muscles. US Patent nr. 5,350,415; issued in 1994, European Appl. EP0706 806 Al publ. 1996 Canadian Patent nr. 2,132,157 issued in 1999
- A. Höflchner, E. Müller, J. Cywinski. Comparison of training effects on isometric strength of quadriceps femoris after training with electrical stimulation, voluntary exercise training and combined training. Presented and printed (abstract) in the Proceedings of the 4th Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Rome, July, 1999
- I.O.W. Man, M.C. Morrissey, J. Cywinski. Effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on knee swelling after knee surgery : preliminary findings. Phys. Ther. Vol 86, n°7, July 2000
- P. Flaction, J. Cywinski. Effects of Electrostimulation vs. physical training on quadriceps force difference : implciations for skiers. p381-390 in Science and skiing, E. Müller et al., eds Verlagkovac, Hamburg, Germany, 2001. ISBN 3-8300-0287-4
- I.O.W. Man, G.S. Lepar, M.C. Morrissey, J.K. Cywinski. Effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on foot/ankle volume during standing. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 35(4), p:630-4, Apr. 2003 PMID: 12673147
- I.O.W. Man, M.C. Morrissey, J.K. Cywinski. Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on ankle swelling in the early period after ankle sprain. Physical therapy. p53-65 Vol. 87, n°1. Jan. 2007