John IV of Portugal
Encyclopedia
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John IV was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 1640 to his death. He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza
, who had in 1580 claimed the Portuguese crown and sparked the struggle for the throne of Portugal
. John was nicknamed John the Restorer (João o Restaurador). On the eve of his death in 1656, the Portuguese Empire
reached its zenith, spanning almost 3000000000 acres (12,140,580 km²).
and succeeded his father Teodósio II
as Duke of Braganza
when the latter died insane in 1630. He married Luisa de Guzman (1613–1666), eldest daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia
, in 1633. He was raised to the throne of Portugal (of which he was held to be the legitimate heir) during the revolution on 1 December 1640, against the Spanish king
Philip IV
.
His accession led to a protracted war (the Portuguese Restoration War
) with Spain
, which only ended with the recognition of Portuguese independence in a subsequent reign (1668). Portugal signed alliances with France
(1 June 1641) and Sweden
(August 1641) but by necessity its only contributions in the Thirty Years' War
were in the field against Spain and against Dutch
encroachments on the Portuguese colonies
.
In Spain, a Portuguese invasion force defeated the Spanish at Montijo
, near Badajoz
, in 1644. Abroad, the Dutch took Malacca
(Jan 1641) and the Sultan of Oman
captured Muscat
(1650). Nevertheless the Portuguese, despite having to divide their forces among Europe, Brazil and Africa, managed to retake Luanda
, in Angola
, from the Dutch in 1648 and, by 1654, had recovered most of Brazil
, effectively ceasing to be a viable Dutch colony. This was countered by the loss of Ceilan (Portuguese Ceilão), present day Sri Lanka
, to the Dutch who took Colombo
in 1656.
, married King Charles II of England
.
John was a patron of music and the arts, and a considerably sophisticated writer on music; in addition to this, he was a composer. During his reign he collected one of the largest libraries in the world, but it was destroyed in the Lisbon earthquake of 1755
. Among his writings is a defense of Palestrina
, and a Defense of Modern Music (Lisbon, 1649). His most famous composition is a setting of the Crux fidelis, a work that remains highly popular during Lent
amongst church choirs.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
|colspan=4|By Luisa de Guzman ( 13 October 1613 – 27 February 1666; married on 12 January 1633)
|-
|Infante Teodósio
|| 8 February 1634|| 13 May 1653||Prince of Brazil
and 9th Duke of Braganza
. Died young.
|-
|Ana de Bragança|| 21 January 1635|| 21 January 1635||
|-
|Infanta Joana
(Joan)|| 18 September 1635|| 17 November 1653||
|-
|Infanta Catarina
(Catherine)|| 25 November 1638|| 31 December 1705||Commonly known as Catherine of Braganza. Queen consort
through marriage to Charles II of England
.
|-
|Manuel de Bragança|| 6 September 1640|| 6 September 1640||
|-
|Infante Afonso|| 21 August 1643|| 12 September 1683||Prince of Brazil and 10th Duke of Braganza. Succeeded him as Afonso VI, 21st (or 22nd according to some historians) King of Portugal.
|-
|Infante Pedro (Peter)|| 26 April 1648|| 9 December 1706||Duke of Beja, Constable of the Kingdom, Lord of the House of Infantado and Regent of the Kingdom before succeeding his brother Afonso as Peter II, 22nd (or 23rd according to some historians) King of Portugal.
|-
|colspan=4|Illegitimate offspring
|-
|Maria de Bragança|| 30 April 1644|| 7 February 1693||Natural daughter.
|}
|
John IV was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 1640 to his death. He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza
Catherine, Duchess of Braganza
Infanta Catherine of Guimarães, Duchess of Braganza by marriage was a Portuguese infanta claimant to the throne following the death of King Henry of Portugal in 1580....
, who had in 1580 claimed the Portuguese crown and sparked the struggle for the throne of Portugal
Struggle for the throne of Portugal
The 1580 Portuguese succession crisis came about as a result of the 1578 death of young King Sebastian I of Portugal in the Battle of Ksar El Kebir...
. John was nicknamed John the Restorer (João o Restaurador). On the eve of his death in 1656, the Portuguese Empire
Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire , also known as the Portuguese Overseas Empire or the Portuguese Colonial Empire , was the first global empire in history...
reached its zenith, spanning almost 3000000000 acres (12,140,580 km²).
Succession
John was born at Vila ViçosaVila Viçosa
Vila Viçosa is a municipality in Portugal with a total area of 195.0 km² and a total population of 8,745 inhabitants.The municipality is composed of 5 parishes, and is located in the District of Évora....
and succeeded his father Teodósio II
Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza
Teodósio II of Bragança , was the 7th Duke of Braganza. He was the son of John I, 6th Duke of Bragança by his wife, Infanta Catherine of Guimarães ....
as Duke of Braganza
Duke of Braganza
The title Duke of Braganza in the House of Braganza is one of the most important titles in the peerage of Portugal. Since the House of Braganza acceded to the throne of Portugal in 1640, the male heir of the Portuguese Crown was known as the Duke of Braganza and Prince of Brazil until 1822, or...
when the latter died insane in 1630. He married Luisa de Guzman (1613–1666), eldest daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia
Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia
Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán y Silva , was a Spanish noble and 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia.He was the son of Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia, commander-in-chief of the Spanish Armada and Ana de Silva y Mendoza, daughter of Ana de Mendoza, Princess of Éboli.He married in 1598, aged...
, in 1633. He was raised to the throne of Portugal (of which he was held to be the legitimate heir) during the revolution on 1 December 1640, against the Spanish king
Spanish monarchy
The Monarchy of Spain, constitutionally referred to as The Crown and commonly referred to as the Spanish monarchy or Hispanic Monarchy, is a constitutional institution and an historic office of Spain...
Philip IV
Philip IV of Spain
Philip IV was King of Spain between 1621 and 1665, sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands, and King of Portugal until 1640...
.
His accession led to a protracted war (the Portuguese Restoration War
Portuguese Restoration War
Portuguese Restoration War was the name given by nineteenth-century 'romantic' historians to the war between Portugal and Spain that began with the Portuguese revolution of 1640 and ended with the Treaty of Lisbon . The revolution of 1640 ended the sixty-year period of dual monarchy in Portugal...
) with Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, which only ended with the recognition of Portuguese independence in a subsequent reign (1668). Portugal signed alliances with France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
(1 June 1641) and Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....
(August 1641) but by necessity its only contributions in the Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most countries in Europe. It was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history....
were in the field against Spain and against Dutch
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
encroachments on the Portuguese colonies
Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire , also known as the Portuguese Overseas Empire or the Portuguese Colonial Empire , was the first global empire in history...
.
In Spain, a Portuguese invasion force defeated the Spanish at Montijo
Battle of Montijo
The Battle of Montijo was fought on May 26, 1644, in Montijo, Spain, between Portuguese and Spanish forces. Although the battle ended with a Portuguese victory, the Spanish saw it as a strategic success as they claimed to have prevented Matias de Albuquerque to capture Badajoz, despite Albuquerque...
, near Badajoz
Badajoz
Badajoz is the capital of the Province of Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain, situated close to the Portuguese border, on the left bank of the river Guadiana, and the Madrid–Lisbon railway. The population in 2007 was 145,257....
, in 1644. Abroad, the Dutch took Malacca
Malacca
Malacca , dubbed The Historic State or Negeri Bersejarah among locals) is the third smallest Malaysian state, after Perlis and Penang. It is located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, on the Straits of Malacca. It borders Negeri Sembilan to the north and the state of Johor to the south...
(Jan 1641) and the Sultan of Oman
Sultan of Oman
-List of Imams :-Nabhan Dynasty :-Ya'ariba Dynasty :-Banu Ghafir Dynasty :-Ya'ariba Dynasty :-Al Said Dynasty :-See also:...
captured Muscat
Muscat, Oman
Muscat is the capital of Oman. It is also the seat of government and largest city in the Governorate of Muscat. As of 2008, the population of the Muscat metropolitan area was 1,090,797. The metropolitan area spans approximately and includes six provinces called wilayats...
(1650). Nevertheless the Portuguese, despite having to divide their forces among Europe, Brazil and Africa, managed to retake Luanda
Luanda
Luanda, formerly named São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda, is the capital and largest city of Angola. Located on Angola's coast with the Atlantic Ocean, Luanda is both Angola's chief seaport and its administrative center. It has a population of at least 5 million...
, in Angola
Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola , is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city...
, from the Dutch in 1648 and, by 1654, had recovered most of Brazil
Brazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
, effectively ceasing to be a viable Dutch colony. This was countered by the loss of Ceilan (Portuguese Ceilão), present day Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent. Known until 1972 as Ceylon , Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the...
, to the Dutch who took Colombo
Colombo
Colombo is the largest city of Sri Lanka. It is located on the west coast of the island and adjacent to Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte, the capital of Sri Lanka. Colombo is often referred to as the capital of the country, since Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte is a satellite city of Colombo...
in 1656.
Death and legacy
King John IV died in 1656 and was succeeded by his son Afonso VI. His daughter, Catherine of BraganzaCatherine of Braganza
Catherine of Braganza was a Portuguese infanta and queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland as the wife of King Charles II.She married the king in 1662...
, married King Charles II of England
Charles II of England
Charles II was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.Charles II's father, King Charles I, was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War...
.
John was a patron of music and the arts, and a considerably sophisticated writer on music; in addition to this, he was a composer. During his reign he collected one of the largest libraries in the world, but it was destroyed in the Lisbon earthquake of 1755
1755 Lisbon earthquake
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, also known as the Great Lisbon Earthquake, was a megathrust earthquake that took place on Saturday 1 November 1755, at around 9:40 in the morning. The earthquake was followed by fires and a tsunami, which almost totally destroyed Lisbon in the Kingdom of Portugal, and...
. Among his writings is a defense of Palestrina
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was an Italian Renaissance composer of sacred music and the best-known 16th-century representative of the Roman School of musical composition...
, and a Defense of Modern Music (Lisbon, 1649). His most famous composition is a setting of the Crux fidelis, a work that remains highly popular during Lent
Lent
In the Christian tradition, Lent is the period of the liturgical year from Ash Wednesday to Easter. The traditional purpose of Lent is the preparation of the believer – through prayer, repentance, almsgiving and self-denial – for the annual commemoration during Holy Week of the Death and...
amongst church choirs.
Marriages and descendants
John married Luisa de Guzman, daughter of Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzman, 8th Duke of Medina-Sidonia. From that marriage several children were born. Because some of John's children were born and died before their father became king they are not considered infantes or infantas of Portugal.{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
|colspan=4|By Luisa de Guzman ( 13 October 1613 – 27 February 1666; married on 12 January 1633)
|-
|Infante Teodósio
Teodósio, Prince of Brazil
The Infante Teodósio, Prince of Brazil was a Portuguese infante son of John IV of Portugal and his wife Luisa de Guzmán . In 1645 he was given the title of Prince of Brazil, a new crown-princely position thus created...
|| 8 February 1634|| 13 May 1653||Prince of Brazil
Prince of Brazil
Prince of Brazil was a title used in the Kingdom of Portugal, for the heir of the royal House of Braganza.The title was created by King John IV of Portugal on 27 October 1645 in favor of his eldest son and heir prince Teodósio, soon after Portugal had got rid of its Spanish rulers...
and 9th Duke of Braganza
Duke of Braganza
The title Duke of Braganza in the House of Braganza is one of the most important titles in the peerage of Portugal. Since the House of Braganza acceded to the throne of Portugal in 1640, the male heir of the Portuguese Crown was known as the Duke of Braganza and Prince of Brazil until 1822, or...
. Died young.
|-
|Ana de Bragança|| 21 January 1635|| 21 January 1635||
|-
|Infanta Joana
Joana, Princess of Beira
The Infanta Joana, Princess of Beira was a Portuguese infanta , the eldest surviving daughter of John IV, King of Portugal and his wife Luisa de Guzmán , and as such was styled Princess of Beira.-Biography:Joana was born in Vila Viçosa on September 18, 1635 and died in Lisbon on November...
(Joan)|| 18 September 1635|| 17 November 1653||
|-
|Infanta Catarina
Catherine of Braganza
Catherine of Braganza was a Portuguese infanta and queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland as the wife of King Charles II.She married the king in 1662...
(Catherine)|| 25 November 1638|| 31 December 1705||Commonly known as Catherine of Braganza. Queen consort
Queen consort
A queen consort is the wife of a reigning king. A queen consort usually shares her husband's rank and holds the feminine equivalent of the king's monarchical titles. Historically, queens consort do not share the king regnant's political and military powers. Most queens in history were queens consort...
through marriage to Charles II of England
Charles II of England
Charles II was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.Charles II's father, King Charles I, was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War...
.
|-
|Manuel de Bragança|| 6 September 1640|| 6 September 1640||
|-
|Infante Afonso|| 21 August 1643|| 12 September 1683||Prince of Brazil and 10th Duke of Braganza. Succeeded him as Afonso VI, 21st (or 22nd according to some historians) King of Portugal.
|-
|Infante Pedro (Peter)|| 26 April 1648|| 9 December 1706||Duke of Beja, Constable of the Kingdom, Lord of the House of Infantado and Regent of the Kingdom before succeeding his brother Afonso as Peter II, 22nd (or 23rd according to some historians) King of Portugal.
|-
|colspan=4|Illegitimate offspring
|-
|Maria de Bragança|| 30 April 1644|| 7 February 1693||Natural daughter.
|}
Ancestry
External links
- Crux fidelis Recording of John's best-known choral work