Javakhk
Encyclopedia
Javakhk was a historical region of Kingdom of Armenia and a canton (gavar) of Gugark
province (ashkharh). It is currently located in the territory of modern Georgia
roughly corresponding to the Javakheti
region.
.
From 6th to 4th centuries BC the region was part of the Armenian Kingdom
.
According to Georgian historians, Javakheti was one of the major places of Kingdom of Kartli from ancient times and was in between of both East Georgian and West Georgian cultural and historical elements (Javakheti, as the whole south-western typonomic of Georgia has elements of Zani Language).
Historical Javakheti was divided as Upper Javakheti (Akhalkalaki
plateau) and Lowland Javakheti (with canyon on left side of Mtkvari River).
In the 3rd century BC, the region became part of the Kingdom of Kartli, but again became part of the Artaxiad Armenia
under Artaxias I
(189-160 BC) as part of Gugark province.
. From 10th century the center of lowland Javakheti was Tmogvi. In the centuries of rise of Georgian kingdom (11th-13th centuries) Javakheti was also in the uprising period - bridges, churches, monasteries, royal residences, (Lgivi, Ghrtila, Bozhano, Vardzia
) were built. From 12th century domain was ruled by representatives of feudal family of Toreli
.
From 13th century, in administrative borders of region was combining in addition Palakatsio (modern Turkey) and part of Samtskhe. In 15th century, Javakheti was part of Samtskhe-Saabatago feudal head. In 16th century region, as other territories of southern Georgia was occupied by Ottoman Empire
. Georgian population of Javakheti was displaced to inner regions of Georgia - part to the Imereti
and another to the Kartli
. Who stood on the place became Muslims
.
. In 1828, because of luck of Russian army in battle with Turks made the decision real to move people to Samtskhe-Javakheti. Trialeti
and Javakheti was filled with Christian Armenians and Greeks. In the early 20th century, a large number of Armenian
refugees from the Armenian genocide
in the Ottoman Empire
, and Doukhobor
sect members of Russian Empire
, settled the region;
December 3, 1829, general Ivan Paskevich
created special committee for relocation with chairmanship of governor Piotr Zaveleisky . Committee created act for relocation. Аccording to preliminary calculations, committee planned to displace 8000 families from Kars
, Erzurum
and Doğubeyazıt
, but after short time start was grown up to 14000.
Political target of Tsarist Russia was to get ethnical colours in Georgia, while king-loving Georgian people was not very happy with Russian rule, because of this was refused to move Meskhetians
from Imereti
back to their homes in freed places of Javakheti and other southern regions.
After offensive on Akhaltsikhe
, sons of Mesketian families of 16th-17th centuries - Tsitsishvili, Avalishvili, Muskhelishvili and others get to Ivan Paskevich
and requested the return of legitimate lands on according to conservated sigheles issued Georgian kings. Paskevich refused their request with some regrets.
Gugark
Gugark was the 13th province of Greater Armenia. It now comprises parts of northern Armenia, northeast Turkey, and southwest Georgia.-History:...
province (ashkharh). It is currently located in the territory of modern Georgia
Georgia (country)
Georgia is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the southwest by Turkey, to the south by Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of...
roughly corresponding to the Javakheti
Javakheti
Javakheti is a historical region of the nation of Georgia, in the southeastern part of the country's Samtskhe-Javakheti province. Today it comprises the Akhalkalaki and Ninotsminda municipal territories. It was historically bordered in the west with both sides of the Mtkvari river, in the north,...
region.
Antiquity
In the sources the region was recorded as Zabakha in 785 BC by the king Argishti I of UrartuUrartu
Urartu , corresponding to Ararat or Kingdom of Van was an Iron Age kingdom centered around Lake Van in the Armenian Highland....
.
From 6th to 4th centuries BC the region was part of the Armenian Kingdom
Orontid Dynasty
The Orontid Dynasty The Orontid Dynasty The Orontid Dynasty (also known by their native name, Yervanduni was a hereditary Armenian dynasty and the rulers of the successor state to the Iron Age kingdom of Ararat...
.
According to Georgian historians, Javakheti was one of the major places of Kingdom of Kartli from ancient times and was in between of both East Georgian and West Georgian cultural and historical elements (Javakheti, as the whole south-western typonomic of Georgia has elements of Zani Language).
Historical Javakheti was divided as Upper Javakheti (Akhalkalaki
Akhalkalaki
Akhalkalaki is a small city in Georgia's southern region of Samtskhe-Javakheti with a population of 60,975. Akhalkalaki lies on the edge of the Javakheti Volcanic Plateau. The city is located about 30 km from the border with Turkey. 90 percent of the city's population are ethnic Armenians...
plateau) and Lowland Javakheti (with canyon on left side of Mtkvari River).
In the 3rd century BC, the region became part of the Kingdom of Kartli, but again became part of the Artaxiad Armenia
Artaxiad Dynasty
The Artaxiad Dynasty or Ardaxiad Dynasty ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 189 BC until their overthrow by the Romans in AD 12. Their realm included Greater Armenia, Sophene and intermittently Lesser Armenia and parts of Mesopotamia...
under Artaxias I
Artaxias I
Artaxias I was the founder of the Artaxiad Dynasty whose members ruled the Kingdom of Armenia for nearly two centuries....
(189-160 BC) as part of Gugark province.
Middle Ages
From 11th century center of upper Javakheti became AkhalkalakiAkhalkalaki
Akhalkalaki is a small city in Georgia's southern region of Samtskhe-Javakheti with a population of 60,975. Akhalkalaki lies on the edge of the Javakheti Volcanic Plateau. The city is located about 30 km from the border with Turkey. 90 percent of the city's population are ethnic Armenians...
. From 10th century the center of lowland Javakheti was Tmogvi. In the centuries of rise of Georgian kingdom (11th-13th centuries) Javakheti was also in the uprising period - bridges, churches, monasteries, royal residences, (Lgivi, Ghrtila, Bozhano, Vardzia
Vardzia
The cave city of Vardzia is a cave monastery dug into the side of the Erusheli mountain in southern Georgia near Aspindza on the left bank of the Mtkvari River. It was founded by Queen Tamar in 1185....
) were built. From 12th century domain was ruled by representatives of feudal family of Toreli
Toreli
The Toreli , earlier known as the Gamrekeli , were a noble family in medieval Georgia, known from the 10th century and prominent into the 14th...
.
From 13th century, in administrative borders of region was combining in addition Palakatsio (modern Turkey) and part of Samtskhe. In 15th century, Javakheti was part of Samtskhe-Saabatago feudal head. In 16th century region, as other territories of southern Georgia was occupied by Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
. Georgian population of Javakheti was displaced to inner regions of Georgia - part to the Imereti
Imereti
Imereti is a province in Georgia situated along the middle and upper reaches of the Rioni river. It consists of the following Georgian administrative-territorial units:#Kutaisi #Baghdati region#Vani region#Zestafoni region...
and another to the Kartli
Kartli
Kartli is a historical region in central-to-eastern Georgia traversed by the river Mtkvari , on which Georgia's capital, Tbilisi, is situated. Known to the Classical authors as Iberia, Kartli played a crucial role in ethnic and political consolidation of the Georgians in the Middle Ages...
. Who stood on the place became Muslims
Islam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
.
Russian Empire
In the first third of the 19th century, Russia conquered the Southern Caucasus, and the whole of Georgia, along with the rest of the Caucasus, was incorporated within the Russian EmpireRussian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
. In 1828, because of luck of Russian army in battle with Turks made the decision real to move people to Samtskhe-Javakheti. Trialeti
Trialeti
Trialeti is a mountainous area in central Georgia. In Georgian its name means "a place of wandering". The Trialeti Range is a part of the greater Trialeti Region....
and Javakheti was filled with Christian Armenians and Greeks. In the early 20th century, a large number of Armenian
Armenians
Armenian people or Armenians are a nation and ethnic group native to the Armenian Highland.The largest concentration is in Armenia having a nearly-homogeneous population with 97.9% or 3,145,354 being ethnic Armenian....
refugees from the Armenian genocide
Armenian Genocide
The Armenian Genocide—also known as the Armenian Holocaust, the Armenian Massacres and, by Armenians, as the Great Crime—refers to the deliberate and systematic destruction of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire during and just after World War I...
in the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
, and Doukhobor
Doukhobor
The Doukhobors or Dukhobors , earlierDukhobortsy are a group of Russian origin.The Doukhobors were one of the sects - later defined as a religious philosophy, ethnic group, social movement, or simply a "way of life" - known generically as Spiritual Christianity. The origin of the Doukhobors is...
sect members of Russian Empire
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
, settled the region;
December 3, 1829, general Ivan Paskevich
Ivan Paskevich
Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich was a Ukrainian-born military leader. For his victories, he was made Count of Erivan in 1828 and Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland in 1831...
created special committee for relocation with chairmanship of governor Piotr Zaveleisky . Committee created act for relocation. Аccording to preliminary calculations, committee planned to displace 8000 families from Kars
Kars Province, Ottoman Empire
Eyalet of Kars was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. Its reported area in the 19th century was .The town of Kars, which had been levelled to the ground by the Timur in 1368, was rebuilt as an Ottoman fortress in 1579 by Lala Mustafa Pasha, and became capital of an eyalet of six sanjaks and also a...
, Erzurum
Erzurum
Erzurum is a city in Turkey. It is the largest city, the capital of Erzurum Province. The city is situated 1757 meters above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 361,235 in the 2000 census. .Erzurum, known as "The Rock" in NATO code, served as NATO's southeastern-most air force post during the...
and Doğubeyazıt
Dogubeyazit
Doğubeyazıt is a city and district of Ağrı Province of Turkey, and is Turkey's most eastern district, the border crossing to Iran. Elevation 1625 m. Area 2.383 km². Population 115.354 of which 69.447 live in the town of Doğubeyazıt, the remainder in the surrounding countryside...
, but after short time start was grown up to 14000.
Political target of Tsarist Russia was to get ethnical colours in Georgia, while king-loving Georgian people was not very happy with Russian rule, because of this was refused to move Meskhetians
Meskhetians
Meskhetian Turks, also known as Ahıska Turks are the former Turkish inhabitants of Meskheti , along the border with Turkey. They were deported to Central Asia during November 15–25, 1944 by Joseph Stalin and settled within Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. Of the 120,000 forcibly deported...
from Imereti
Imereti
Imereti is a province in Georgia situated along the middle and upper reaches of the Rioni river. It consists of the following Georgian administrative-territorial units:#Kutaisi #Baghdati region#Vani region#Zestafoni region...
back to their homes in freed places of Javakheti and other southern regions.
After offensive on Akhaltsikhe
Akhaltsikhe
Akhaltsikhe is a small city in Georgia's southwestern region of Samtskhe-Javakheti. It is situated on the both banks of a small river Potskhovi, which separates the city to the old city in the north and new in the south. The name of the city translates from Georgian as "new fortress".- History...
, sons of Mesketian families of 16th-17th centuries - Tsitsishvili, Avalishvili, Muskhelishvili and others get to Ivan Paskevich
Ivan Paskevich
Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich was a Ukrainian-born military leader. For his victories, he was made Count of Erivan in 1828 and Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland in 1831...
and requested the return of legitimate lands on according to conservated sigheles issued Georgian kings. Paskevich refused their request with some regrets.