James McParland
Encyclopedia
James McParland,There are various spellings of James McParland's name. His stenographer, Morris Friedman
, wrote a book about him — as "McParland." The Pinkerton Labor Spy, New York, Wilshire Book Co., 1907). also known as James McParlan,The Corpse On Boomerang Road, Telluride's War On Labor 1899-1908, MaryJoy Martin, 2004, page 10. He "signed his name as 'McParlan' on Pinkerton reports... He added the 'D' to the end in the 1880s yet dropped it again in 1900, only to restore it in 1901." (Irish
: Séamus Mac Parthaláin), was a Pinkerton
agent. Born in Ireland in 1843, he arrived in New York in 1867. He operated a liquor store in Chicago until the Great Chicago Fire
of 1871 destroyed his business. He then became a detective.
Sometimes referred to as the Great Detective, McParland was noted for success against the Molly Maguires
, failure against the leadership of the Western Federation of Miners, and a fictional appearance in The Valley of Fear
.
using the name James McKenna, he infiltrated and helped to dismantle an organization of rebellious Pennsylvania coal miners called the Molly Maguires
.
During the 1870s, miners in the region of the anthracite mines lived a life of "bitter, terrible struggle."The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, page 125. Wages were low, working conditions were atrocious, and deaths and serious injuries numbered in the hundreds each year. Conditions were certainly ripe for labor unrest:
Some faced the additional burden of prejudice and persecution. The Molly Maguires were Irish
and Catholic
in a time and place where there was frequent prejudice against such persons. It was a time of rampant beatings and murders in the mining district, some of which were allegedly committed by the Mollies.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, pages 126-129.
Franklin B. Gowen
, the President of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, and of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, a Protestant and "the wealthiest anthracite coal mine owner in the world," hired Allen Pinkerton's
services to deal with the Molly Maguires.
Pinkerton assigned McParland to the job. Although James McParland was an Irish Catholic like those he would be investigating, he and his brothers had been the only Catholic boys at a Protestant school in the parish of Mullaghbrack
, County Armagh
, Ireland
.Patrick Campbell, A Molly Maguire Story, 1992, pages 52 and 69. Parts of County Armagh, along with County Antrim and parts of County Down, had the highest living standard in Ireland. Conversely, North Leinster, south and west Ulster, and north and east Connacht, from which most of the Molly Maguires emigrated, were the most impoverished parts of Ireland.Kevin Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 1998, page 27.
McParland successfully infiltrated the secret organization, becoming a secretary for one of its local groups. McParland turned in reports daily, eventually collecting evidence of murder plots and intrigue, passing this information along to Benjamin Franklin, his Pinkerton manager. He also began working secretly with Robert Linden, a Pinkerton agent assigned to the Coal and Iron Police
for the purpose of coordinating the eventual arrest and prosecution of members of the Molly Maguires.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, pages 130-133.
On December 10, 1876, three men and two women with Molly connections were attacked in their house by masked men. One woman in the house, wife of one of the Molly Maguires, was taken outside of the house and shot dead. McParland was outraged that the information he had been providing had found its way into the hands of killers. McParland protested in a letter to his Pinkerton overseer which declared, in part:
McParland was prevailed upon not to resign. A man named Frank Winrich, a first lieutenant with the Pennsylvania National Guard, was arrested as the leader of the attackers, but was released on bail. Then another Molly Maguire, Hugh McGehan, a 21-year-old who had been secretly identified as a killer by McParland, was fired upon and wounded by unknown assailants. Later, the McGehans' house was attacked by gunfire.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, page 153.
Eventually enough evidence was collected on reprisal killings and assassinations that arrests could be made and, based primarily on McParland's testimony, ten Molly Maguires were sent to the gallows.
Some writers declare unequivocally that justice was done. Others have argued that,
Joseph G. Rayback, author of A History of American Labor, has observed:
, author of the Sherlock Holmes
detective novels. Conan Doyle wrote McParland into The Valley of Fear
, creating an encounter between the fictional Sherlock Holmes, and a character whose history loosely recalled McParland's experiences with the Molly Maguires.
Conan Doyle had encountered head of the Pinkerton Agency William Pinkerton on an ocean voyage, where the writer became fascinated by the "singular and terrible narrative" of the Molly Maguires.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 166. Later, however, "William Pinkerton's and Arthur Conan Doyle's friendship ended over the rendition of some Pinkerton exploits in fictional form..."The Eye That Never Sleeps, A History of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, Frank Morn, 1982, page 176. Patrick Campbell, a relative of one of the executed Mollies and author of A Molly Maguire Story, discovered from a McParland relative that James McParland's two brothers, Edward and Charles, also went undercover against the Mollies. This appears to have remained a closely guarded secret for many decades. Campbell speculates that the break between Pinkerton and Conan Doyle may have resulted because,
Railway Strike of 1886, James McParland worked undercover in Parsons, Kansas
for railroad tycoon Jay Gould
. McParland developed a relationship with Jacob McLaughlin of the notorious Grand Central Hotel which was near the railroad yards. Anthony Lukas recorded,
McLaughlin and his associate, Wash Bercaw, spent time in the county jail for liquor violations. They reportedly murdered a cellmate by the name of Frank P. Myers,One source spells the name Myres. a horse thief who had overheard them in the jail, by drowning him in the river. The two were charged with the murder just as troopers brought the strike under control. But the witnesses to the murder changed their stories, apparently due to behind-the-scenes operations by McParland. The witnesses admitted they had been bribed, and went to jail for perjury. E.C. Ward, McLauglin's lawyer, who had offered the bribes, was disbarred. McLaughlin walked free, and many in the community—judges, lawyers, and merchants—apparently shared the view that the pejured testimony was somehow McParland's doing. A meeting chaired by a local Socialist denounced the "infamous" detective. A statement was issued stating that when money could be made,
Lukas observes that it is "hard to imagine" how McParland became associated with "a scoundrel like McLaughlin," and then speculates that the connection must have resulted from activities relating to the strike.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 190.
More than two decades later, McParland would be interrogated about his time in Parsons while under cross-examination by attorney Edmund Richardson. This occurred during the first of three murder trials of Steve Adams
, this one taking place in Wallace, Idaho
. Immediately after the questioning, the attorney and the detective had a verbal confrontation in the courtroom. An Associated Press
writer wrote that spectators cheered the attorney, and hissed McParland. The detective later argued that the newspaper reporter must have been bribed to write such a story.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, pages 500-503.
, McParland discovered a conspiracy to dynamite Cherokee County's
records vault to hide fraudulent mortgages. McParland helped convict train robber Oliver Curtis Perry. He helped to apprehend a criminal who committed the largest bullion
theft in U.S. history—$320,000 in gold from a San Francisco
smelting company.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, pages 190-191.
opened an office in Denver
. Allan Pinkerton, who had died two years earlier, left the Pinkerton Detective Agency to his sons. The brothers opened their fourth office in Denver in order to compete with Thiel. They assigned Charles O. Eames to head the Denver office. When it appeared that Eames was running the western branch dishonestly, they assigned McParland to investigate. McParland discovered extensive abuses against clients and against the agency, and reported on them. Everyone was fired except for McParland and Charlie Siringo
.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, pages 191-192. McParland was named superintendent of Pinkerton's Denver office, and of the Pinkerton's western division.The Corpse On Boomerang Road, Telluride's War On Labor 1899-1908, MaryJoy Martin, 2004, page 10.
In April 1891, Mrs. Josephine Barnaby was murdered by poison. McParland tricked Thomas Thatcher Graves, her accused murderer, into traveling from Providence, Rhode Island
, to Denver where he was arrested and convicted of the crime.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 192.
McParland hired the notorious gunman Tom Horn
, who was executed for murder in Wyoming
. While in the pay of the Pinkerton agency, Horn killed seventeen men, according to a count by Siringo. While Horn had been working for Wyoming cattlemen, "it was the cattle interests who decreed that he must die," probably to keep him from talking.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, pages 192-193.
One of McParland's tasks was infiltrating and disrupting union activities. He successfully placed numerous spies within the Western Federation of Miners
(WFM) union, and more into the United Mine Workers
. Some of McParland's agents took part in the WFM strike that came to be called the Colorado Labor Wars
. One in particular was charged with sabotaging
the union's relief program during the strike. Bill Haywood
, Secretary Treasurer of the WFM, wrote about the sabotage in his autobiography:
The book The Pinkerton Labor Spy
was an exposé of the detective agency written by Morris Friedman
, who had been McParland's private stenographer.
crushed a rebellion of miners
during a labor dispute in Coeur d'Alene
. On December 30, 1905, Governor Steunenberg, now out of office, opened the front gate of the picket fence at his house, which set off an explosive device that took his life.Roughneck-- The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, page 86. A man using the name Tom Hogan had set the bomb. The man was born Albert Horsley
, but was better known as Harry Orchard. The killer left evidence in his hotel room, and did not try to flee.
After the assassination, Idaho's Chief Justice Stockslager drafted a telegram which invited the Pinkerton Agency to investigate.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, page 294. Idaho Governor Frank Gooding
was persuaded to approve the request, and Pinkerton agent McParland soon arrived to lead the investigation.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 88. McParland announced his suspicion that Orchard was "the tool of others."Famous American Trials, Biographies of Key Figures in the Haywood Trial, James McParland Biography, http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/haywood/HAY_BMCP.HTM Retrieved February 22, 2007. McParland frequently used the expression inner circle to describe a secret cabal in the Western Federation of Miners when pitching Pinkerton's services to mine owners. McParland's stenographer, Morris Friedman, observed that by portraying the WFM in this manner, the Pinkerton office in Denver had generated "as much, and at times even more business than five other offices of the Agency combined."The Pinkerton Labor Spy, Morris Friedman, Wilshire Book Company, 1907, page 23. Before the investigation began, McParland picked his targets in the WFM for prosecution — President Charles Moyer
, and Secretary-Treasurer William D. Haywood
.
McParland's first order was to have Orchard transferred from the relatively comfortable Caldwell
jail to death row in the Boise penitentiary, before any trial had occurred. The move was initially resisted by Judge Smith, who would be responsible for trying the case. The local judge anticipated a successful habeas corpus lawsuit against the tactic. McParland gave him "thirty precedents for the move." However, the sheriff in Caldwell also opposed the move.
Governor Gooding arranged a meeting between McParland and Chief Justice Stockslager, and then with Judge Smith. Before Smith arrived, McParland declared the county jail insecure, a potential target for dynamite. He also stated the purpose of the move to death row: "After three days I will attempt to get a confession." Chief Justice Stockslager approved of the move. In a pre-arranged plan, the Governor was called out of the room as soon as Judge Smith arrived, leaving McParland and the two judges alone. With the Chief Justice supporting the move to death row, Judge Smith also agreed.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, pages 296-297.
On death row Orchard was placed under a constant watch, and his food rations were cut.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 89. He was incarcerated next to two death row inmates who were awaiting execution. Relays of guards watched him night and day, but never spoke to him.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 174. The three day wait turned into nine days.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, page 297. The Lukas timeline appears to conflict with this statement. On January 22, the hungry prisoner was escorted into the warden's office and left alone with McParland. The two enjoyed a lavish meal followed by fine cigars.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 89. McParland threatened Orchard with immediate hanging, and said that he could avoid that fate only if he testified against leaders of the WFM. McParland allayed Orchard's skepticism by telling him about "Kelly the Bum," a confessed murderer who became a prosecution witness in the Molly Maguires
cases.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 90. McParland said that "Kelly" not only had received freedom as part of the deal, but he had been given "one thousand dollars to subsidize a new life abroad."Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 91. McParland also dismissed the possibility that Orchard would face charges in Colorado if allowed to go free in Idaho. McParland had offered a stark choice: an immediate visit to the gallows, or better treatment for the prisoner with the possibility of freedom, a possible financial reward, and the gratitude of the state of Idaho.
Orchard was known to Charles Moyer, having once acted as his body guard on a trip from Denver to Telluride. Orchard had also met Bill Haywood.The Autobiography of Big Bill Haywood, William D. Haywood, 1929, page 158. And, in 1899 he had been at the scene of the labor unrest in Coeur d'Alene when Steunenberg had severely punished the union miners for an act of violence. He chose to cooperate.
Orchard was immediately transferred from death row to a private bungalow in the prison yard. He was provided with special meals, new clothing, spending money, his favorite cigars, and a library of religious tracts. The current governor of Idaho
stopped by to shake his hand and congratulate him on cooperating.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 92.
McParland then had Western Federation of Miners
leaders Bill Haywood
, Charles Moyer
, and George Pettibone
arrested in Colorado, using extradition papers which falsely claimed that the three men had been present at Steunenberg's murder. In his book Roughneck, writer Peter Carlson described the arrest across the state line as a "kidnapping scheme," yet it went unchallenged by Colorado authorities.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 93.
McParland sought to bolster Harry Orchard's testimony by forcing another WFM miner, Steve Adams
, to turn state's evidence. With his wife and children also confined in the Idaho prison, allegedly for their own protection, Adams signed a confession, then later recanted. McParland sought leverage over Adams to force him to re-affirm the confession. Charges against Adams for several murders resulted in two hung juries and one acquittal.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 107. Also, see Lukas. As a result of Adams' first trial, in which he was defended by attorneys Clarence Darrow
and Edmund F. Richardson, details of McParland's coercive treatment of witnesses when seeking a confession were revealed on the witness stand.
McParland had contracted to provide Pinkerton services for Bulkeley Wells
, the president and manager of the Smuggler-Union Mining Company in Telluride, Colorado
. Together with Wells and others, McParland helped to concoct a plan to charge Adams with involvement after-the-fact in the murder of mine guard William J. Barney
, who had disappeared one week after accepting the job of guarding the Smuggler-Union mine. There was one difficulty with the accusation: William J. Barney hadn't been murdered; in fact, he was very much alive.The Corpse On Boomerang Road, Telluride's War On Labor 1899-1908, MaryJoy Martin, 2004, pages 11-24 and 231-232.
McParland then concocted a plot to turn conspiracy defendant Moyer against co-defendants Haywood and Pettibone by having a sheriff claim Pettibone, Adams, and Orchard were plotting to kill Moyer, but that plan wasn't put into action.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 107. A slightly different scheme was tried to split the trio, but Moyer didn't take the bait.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 118.
At the Haywood trial, which was funded, in part, by direct contributions from the Ceour d'Alene District Mine Owners' Association
to prosecuting attorneys,J. Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, pages 353-357. the only evidence against the WFM leader was Harry Orchard's testimony.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 107. But Orchard confessed to acting as a paid informant for the Mine Owners' Association
.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 119. He reportedly told a companion, G.L. Brokaw, that he had been a Pinkerton employee for some time.All That Glitters — Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek, Elizabeth Jameson, 1998, page 228, from Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, page 98. He was also a bigamist, and admitted to abandoning wives in Canada and Cripple Creek. He had burned businesses for the insurance money in Cripple Creek and Canada.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 118. Orchard had burglarized a railroad depot, rifled a cash register, stole sheep, and had made plans to kidnap children over a debt. He also sold fraudulent insurance policies.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 119. To satisfy McParland, Orchard had signed a confession to a series of bombings and shootings which had killed at least seventeen men, all of which he blamed on the Western Federation of Miners.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 92. The original confession was never made public,Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 92. This statement may be questionable; Horan et al. in The Pinkerton Story state that copies of the confession were sent to various places, including Governor Gooding, State Attorney Hawley, and William E. Borah (page 302). but a more comprehensive version released in 1907 included many pages of incriminating allegations."The confessions and autobiography of Harry Orchard", Albert Horsley A.K.A. Harry Orchard, publisher New York McClure, 1907.
Although at first his testimony on the witness stand in the Bill Haywood trial seemed both fantastic and plausible,Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 116. the defense pointed out some significant contradictions.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 119. Although Orchard had claimed his instructions came from Haywood and Moyer, the authors of The Pinkerton Story observe,
The defense called two surprise witnesses — Morris Friedman
, who had been McParland's private stenographer until 1905, testified about Pinkerton's practices of infiltration and sabotage of the WFM. And, McParland's brother Edward, who had been a shoemaker in the Cripple Creek District during the Colorado Labor Wars
, was also called. Edward testified that he had been working at his cobbler's bench in Victor when national guardsmen
,
The appearance of his brother Edward,James McParland's brothers Frank, Edward, and Charles accompanied him to the United States. Patrick Campbell, A Molly Maguire Story, 1992, page 68. writer Lukas observes, was intended "simply to embarrass" the detective, for it recounted "the imperial style of the Peabody
administration in Colorado, with which McParland and the Pinkertons had been closely associated."J. Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 689.
The majority of jurors in the Haywood trial found Orchard not to be a credible witness,Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 138. and Haywood was acquitted. In a separate trial for George Pettibone, the defense team declined to argue the case, resting upon a not guilty plea.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, page 306. Pettibone was also acquitted. Charges against Moyer were dropped.
After the cases against the WFM leaders failed, Harry Orchard was tried alone for Steunenberg's murder, was found guilty, and was sentenced to death. However, that sentence was commuted to life, and he lived out the rest of his life in his prison bungalow.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 140.
. During the Stuenenberg investigation, Swain set up shop in Caldwell, Idaho
, intimating to county authorities and to the governor that he'd been hired by the mine owners to investigate the crime. When he later presented his bill to the Canyon County Commissioners
, they felt that they had been conned. Meanwhile, McParland was interviewed for the investigation by the governor. McParland sought to further undermine the competition:
The rivalry was significant because, while the Pinkerton agency was associated with Colorado's mine owners, the Thiel agency had been closely tied to Idaho's mine owners. With the subsequent dismissal of the Thiel agency, Colorado's mine owners gained control of the Idaho investigation.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 167.
wrote his memoirs about working for the Pinkerton Agency, he accused James McParland of ordering him to commit voter fraud in the re-election attempt of Colorado Governor James Peabody
. The Corpse On Boomerang Road, Telluride's War On Labor 1899-1908, MaryJoy Martin, 2004, page 267.
The Pinkerton Agency suppressed Siringo's books, in one case with an accusation of libel.
MaryJoy Martin, author of The Corpse On Boomerang Road has written,
For Molly Maguires history:
For western mine wars:
Morris Friedman
Morris Friedman was, until 1905, the private stenographer for Pinkerton detective James McParland. Friedman came to the attention of the public when he published an exposé of anti-union actions by the private detective industry which was called The Pinkerton Labor Spy.The book focused in particular...
, wrote a book about him — as "McParland." The Pinkerton Labor Spy, New York, Wilshire Book Co., 1907). also known as James McParlan,The Corpse On Boomerang Road, Telluride's War On Labor 1899-1908, MaryJoy Martin, 2004, page 10. He "signed his name as 'McParlan' on Pinkerton reports... He added the 'D' to the end in the 1880s yet dropped it again in 1900, only to restore it in 1901." (Irish
Irish language
Irish , also known as Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is now spoken as a first language by a minority of Irish people, as well as being a second language of a larger proportion of...
: Séamus Mac Parthaláin), was a Pinkerton
Pinkerton National Detective Agency
The Pinkerton National Detective Agency, usually shortened to the Pinkertons, is a private U.S. security guard and detective agency established by Allan Pinkerton in 1850. Pinkerton became famous when he claimed to have foiled a plot to assassinate president-elect Abraham Lincoln, who later hired...
agent. Born in Ireland in 1843, he arrived in New York in 1867. He operated a liquor store in Chicago until the Great Chicago Fire
Great Chicago Fire
The Great Chicago Fire was a conflagration that burned from Sunday, October 8, to early Tuesday, October 10, 1871, killing hundreds and destroying about in Chicago, Illinois. Though the fire was one of the largest U.S...
of 1871 destroyed his business. He then became a detective.
Sometimes referred to as the Great Detective, McParland was noted for success against the Molly Maguires
Molly Maguires
The Molly Maguires were members of an Irish-American secret society, whose members consisted mainly of coal miners. Many historians believe the "Mollies" were present in the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania in the United States from approximately the time of the American Civil War until a...
, failure against the leadership of the Western Federation of Miners, and a fictional appearance in The Valley of Fear
The Valley of Fear
The Valley of Fear is the fourth and final Sherlock Holmes novel by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The story was first published in the Strand Magazine between September 1914 and May 1915, and the first book edition was published in New York on 27 February 1915.- Part I: The Tragedy of Birlstone...
.
Infiltration of the Molly Maguires
McParland first came to national attention when, as an undercover operativeLabor spies
Labor spies are persons recruited or employed for the purpose of gathering intelligence, committing sabotage, sowing dissent, or engaging in other similar activities, typically within the context of an employer/labor organization relationship....
using the name James McKenna, he infiltrated and helped to dismantle an organization of rebellious Pennsylvania coal miners called the Molly Maguires
Molly Maguires
The Molly Maguires were members of an Irish-American secret society, whose members consisted mainly of coal miners. Many historians believe the "Mollies" were present in the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania in the United States from approximately the time of the American Civil War until a...
.
During the 1870s, miners in the region of the anthracite mines lived a life of "bitter, terrible struggle."The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, page 125. Wages were low, working conditions were atrocious, and deaths and serious injuries numbered in the hundreds each year. Conditions were certainly ripe for labor unrest:
Labor angrily watched "railway directors (riding) about the country in luxurious private cars proclaiming their inability to pay living wages to hungry working men."
Some faced the additional burden of prejudice and persecution. The Molly Maguires were Irish
Irish people
The Irish people are an ethnic group who originate in Ireland, an island in northwestern Europe. Ireland has been populated for around 9,000 years , with the Irish people's earliest ancestors recorded having legends of being descended from groups such as the Nemedians, Fomorians, Fir Bolg, Tuatha...
and Catholic
Catholic
The word catholic comes from the Greek phrase , meaning "on the whole," "according to the whole" or "in general", and is a combination of the Greek words meaning "about" and meaning "whole"...
in a time and place where there was frequent prejudice against such persons. It was a time of rampant beatings and murders in the mining district, some of which were allegedly committed by the Mollies.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, pages 126-129.
Franklin B. Gowen
Franklin B. Gowen
Franklin Benjamin Gowen served as president of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad in the 1870s and 1880s....
, the President of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, and of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, a Protestant and "the wealthiest anthracite coal mine owner in the world," hired Allen Pinkerton's
Allan Pinkerton
Allan Pinkerton was a Scottish American detective and spy, best known for creating the Pinkerton National Detective Agency.-Early life, career and immigration:...
services to deal with the Molly Maguires.
Pinkerton assigned McParland to the job. Although James McParland was an Irish Catholic like those he would be investigating, he and his brothers had been the only Catholic boys at a Protestant school in the parish of Mullaghbrack
Mullaghbrack
Mullaghbrack or Mullaghbrac is a small village and townland in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It is on the road between Markethill and Hamiltonsbawn, just north of Gosford Forest Park. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 75.-History:...
, County Armagh
County Armagh
-History:Ancient Armagh was the territory of the Ulaid before the fourth century AD. It was ruled by the Red Branch, whose capital was Emain Macha near Armagh. The site, and subsequently the city, were named after the goddess Macha...
, Ireland
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
.Patrick Campbell, A Molly Maguire Story, 1992, pages 52 and 69. Parts of County Armagh, along with County Antrim and parts of County Down, had the highest living standard in Ireland. Conversely, North Leinster, south and west Ulster, and north and east Connacht, from which most of the Molly Maguires emigrated, were the most impoverished parts of Ireland.Kevin Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 1998, page 27.
McParland successfully infiltrated the secret organization, becoming a secretary for one of its local groups. McParland turned in reports daily, eventually collecting evidence of murder plots and intrigue, passing this information along to Benjamin Franklin, his Pinkerton manager. He also began working secretly with Robert Linden, a Pinkerton agent assigned to the Coal and Iron Police
Coal and Iron Police
The Coal and Iron Police was a private police force in the United States established by the Pennsylvania General Assembly but employed and paid by the various coal companies. The origins of the Coal and Iron Police begin in 1865...
for the purpose of coordinating the eventual arrest and prosecution of members of the Molly Maguires.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, pages 130-133.
On December 10, 1876, three men and two women with Molly connections were attacked in their house by masked men. One woman in the house, wife of one of the Molly Maguires, was taken outside of the house and shot dead. McParland was outraged that the information he had been providing had found its way into the hands of killers. McParland protested in a letter to his Pinkerton overseer which declared, in part:
Now I wake up this morning to find that I am the murderer of Mrs. McAlister. What had a woman to do with the case—did the [Molly Maguires] in their worst time shoot down women. If I was not here the Vigilante Committee would not know who was guilty and when I find them shooting women in their thirst for blood I hereby tender my resignation to take effect as soon as this message is received. It is not cowardice that makes me resign but just let them have it now I will no longer interfere as I see that one is the same as the other and I am not going to be an accessory to the murder of women and children. I am sure the [Molly Maguires] will not spare the women so long as the Vigilante has shown an example.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, pages 151-152.
McParland was prevailed upon not to resign. A man named Frank Winrich, a first lieutenant with the Pennsylvania National Guard, was arrested as the leader of the attackers, but was released on bail. Then another Molly Maguire, Hugh McGehan, a 21-year-old who had been secretly identified as a killer by McParland, was fired upon and wounded by unknown assailants. Later, the McGehans' house was attacked by gunfire.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, page 153.
Eventually enough evidence was collected on reprisal killings and assassinations that arrests could be made and, based primarily on McParland's testimony, ten Molly Maguires were sent to the gallows.
Some writers declare unequivocally that justice was done. Others have argued that,
...punishment had gone too far, and that the guilt of some of the condemned was that of association more than participation and but half established by other condemned men seeking clemency for themselves.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, pages 125.
Joseph G. Rayback, author of A History of American Labor, has observed:
The charge has been made that the Molly Maguires episode was deliberately manufactured by the coal operators with the express purpose of destroying all vestiges of unionism in the area... There is some evidence to support the charge... the "crime wave" that appeared in the anthracite fields came after the appearance of the Pinkertons, and... many of the victims of the crimes were union leaders and ordinary miners. The evidence brought against [the defendants], supplied by James McParlan, a Pinkerton, and corroborated by men who were granted immunity for their own crimes, was tortuous and contradictory, but the net effect was damning... The trial temporarily destroyed the last vestiges of labor unionism in the anthracite area. More important, it gave the public the impression... that miners were by nature criminal in character...A History of American Labor, Joseph G. Rayback, 1966, page 133.
The Valley of Fear: McParland "meets" Holmes
Reports about McParland's success against the Molly Maguires came to the attention of Sir Arthur Conan DoyleArthur Conan Doyle
Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle DL was a Scottish physician and writer, most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, generally considered a milestone in the field of crime fiction, and for the adventures of Professor Challenger...
, author of the Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes is a fictional detective created by Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The fantastic London-based "consulting detective", Holmes is famous for his astute logical reasoning, his ability to take almost any disguise, and his use of forensic science skills to solve...
detective novels. Conan Doyle wrote McParland into The Valley of Fear
The Valley of Fear
The Valley of Fear is the fourth and final Sherlock Holmes novel by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The story was first published in the Strand Magazine between September 1914 and May 1915, and the first book edition was published in New York on 27 February 1915.- Part I: The Tragedy of Birlstone...
, creating an encounter between the fictional Sherlock Holmes, and a character whose history loosely recalled McParland's experiences with the Molly Maguires.
Conan Doyle had encountered head of the Pinkerton Agency William Pinkerton on an ocean voyage, where the writer became fascinated by the "singular and terrible narrative" of the Molly Maguires.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 166. Later, however, "William Pinkerton's and Arthur Conan Doyle's friendship ended over the rendition of some Pinkerton exploits in fictional form..."The Eye That Never Sleeps, A History of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, Frank Morn, 1982, page 176. Patrick Campbell, a relative of one of the executed Mollies and author of A Molly Maguire Story, discovered from a McParland relative that James McParland's two brothers, Edward and Charles, also went undercover against the Mollies. This appears to have remained a closely guarded secret for many decades. Campbell speculates that the break between Pinkerton and Conan Doyle may have resulted because,
[The McParland character in The Valley of Fear] was portrayed as being very wealthy [suggesting a possible 'pay off' ... and] Pinkerton did not like the fact that [the McParland character] was characterized in the novel as having married a German girl from [the anthracite fields... Brother Charles had actually] married the German girl, not James, but Pinkerton must have disliked how close the novel was getting to the truth.Patrick Campbell, A Molly Maguire Story, 1992, pages 50 and 90.
Knights of Labor Railway Strike of 1886
During the Knights of LaborKnights of Labor
The Knights of Labor was the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. Its most important leader was Terence Powderly...
Railway Strike of 1886, James McParland worked undercover in Parsons, Kansas
Parsons, Kansas
Parsons is a city in the northern part of Labette County, located in Southeast Kansas, in the Central United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 10,500...
for railroad tycoon Jay Gould
Jay Gould
Jason "Jay" Gould was a leading American railroad developer and speculator. He has long been vilified as an archetypal robber baron, whose successes made him the ninth richest American in history. Condé Nast Portfolio ranked Gould as the 8th worst American CEO of all time...
. McParland developed a relationship with Jacob McLaughlin of the notorious Grand Central Hotel which was near the railroad yards. Anthony Lukas recorded,
For years, its staff had preyed on visitors—notably Texas cattlemen who, having driven their herds up the Chisholm Trail to Abilene, returned through Parsons with bulging pockets. The hotel provided everything the footloose cowboy or railway man might require: liquor, drugs, gambling, and prostitutes. But once a man had savored those delights, he was likely to find his pockets picked, his horse stolen. If a guest proved recalcitrant, he was chloroformed, butchered, then buried in the basement or thrown in the Neosho River.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 189.
McLaughlin and his associate, Wash Bercaw, spent time in the county jail for liquor violations. They reportedly murdered a cellmate by the name of Frank P. Myers,One source spells the name Myres. a horse thief who had overheard them in the jail, by drowning him in the river. The two were charged with the murder just as troopers brought the strike under control. But the witnesses to the murder changed their stories, apparently due to behind-the-scenes operations by McParland. The witnesses admitted they had been bribed, and went to jail for perjury. E.C. Ward, McLauglin's lawyer, who had offered the bribes, was disbarred. McLaughlin walked free, and many in the community—judges, lawyers, and merchants—apparently shared the view that the pejured testimony was somehow McParland's doing. A meeting chaired by a local Socialist denounced the "infamous" detective. A statement was issued stating that when money could be made,
...he will do anything, no matter how low or vile, to accomplish his purpose... There is not today, in the United States outside prison walls, a more conscienceless and desperate criminal than McParland.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 190.
Lukas observes that it is "hard to imagine" how McParland became associated with "a scoundrel like McLaughlin," and then speculates that the connection must have resulted from activities relating to the strike.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 190.
More than two decades later, McParland would be interrogated about his time in Parsons while under cross-examination by attorney Edmund Richardson. This occurred during the first of three murder trials of Steve Adams
Steve Adams (Western Federation of Miners)
Steve Adams, sometimes known as Stephen Adams, played a minor, but particularly revealing, role in events surrounding the murder trial of Harry Orchard, and the trials of Western Federation of Miners leaders Bill Haywood, Charles Moyer, and George Pettibone, all charged with conspiring to murder...
, this one taking place in Wallace, Idaho
Wallace, Idaho
Wallace is a historic city in the Panhandle region of the U.S. state of Idaho and the county seat of Shoshone County in the Silver Valley mining district...
. Immediately after the questioning, the attorney and the detective had a verbal confrontation in the courtroom. An Associated Press
Associated Press
The Associated Press is an American news agency. The AP is a cooperative owned by its contributing newspapers, radio and television stations in the United States, which both contribute stories to the AP and use material written by its staff journalists...
writer wrote that spectators cheered the attorney, and hissed McParland. The detective later argued that the newspaper reporter must have been bribed to write such a story.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, pages 500-503.
Criminal detection
In Columbus, KansasColumbus, Kansas
Columbus is the second largest city and county seat of Cherokee County, Kansas, United States, 15 miles south-southwest of Pittsburg, Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 3,312.-History:...
, McParland discovered a conspiracy to dynamite Cherokee County's
Cherokee County, Kansas
Cherokee County is a county located in Southeast Kansas, in the Central United States. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 21,603. Its county seat is Columbus, and its most populous city is Baxter Springs...
records vault to hide fraudulent mortgages. McParland helped convict train robber Oliver Curtis Perry. He helped to apprehend a criminal who committed the largest bullion
Precious metal
A precious metal is a rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical element of high economic value.Chemically, the precious metals are less reactive than most elements, have high lustre, are softer or more ductile, and have higher melting points than other metals...
theft in U.S. history—$320,000 in gold from a San Francisco
San Francisco, California
San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the financial, cultural, and transportation center of the San Francisco Bay Area, a region of 7.15 million people which includes San Jose and Oakland...
smelting company.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, pages 190-191.
McParland in Colorado
In 1885, the Thiel Detective AgencyThiel Detective Service Company
The Thiel Detective Service Company was a private detective agency formed by George H. Thiel, a former Civil War spy and Pinkerton employee.The Thiel Detective Service Company headquarters were in St. Louis, Missouri. The company was formed to be a direct competitor to the Pinkerton Detective...
opened an office in Denver
Denver, Colorado
The City and County of Denver is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Colorado. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains...
. Allan Pinkerton, who had died two years earlier, left the Pinkerton Detective Agency to his sons. The brothers opened their fourth office in Denver in order to compete with Thiel. They assigned Charles O. Eames to head the Denver office. When it appeared that Eames was running the western branch dishonestly, they assigned McParland to investigate. McParland discovered extensive abuses against clients and against the agency, and reported on them. Everyone was fired except for McParland and Charlie Siringo
Charlie Siringo
Charles Angelo Siringo , was an American lawman, detective, and agent for the Pinkerton National Detective Agency during the late 19th century and early 20th century.-Early life:...
.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, pages 191-192. McParland was named superintendent of Pinkerton's Denver office, and of the Pinkerton's western division.The Corpse On Boomerang Road, Telluride's War On Labor 1899-1908, MaryJoy Martin, 2004, page 10.
In April 1891, Mrs. Josephine Barnaby was murdered by poison. McParland tricked Thomas Thatcher Graves, her accused murderer, into traveling from Providence, Rhode Island
Providence, Rhode Island
Providence is the capital and most populous city of Rhode Island and was one of the first cities established in the United States. Located in Providence County, it is the third largest city in the New England region...
, to Denver where he was arrested and convicted of the crime.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 192.
McParland hired the notorious gunman Tom Horn
Tom Horn
Thomas "Tom" Horn, Jr. was an American Old West lawman, scout, soldier, hired gunman, detective, outlaw and assassin. On the day before his 43rd birthday, he was hanged in Cheyenne, Wyoming, for the murder of Willie Nickell.-Early life:Born to Thomas S. Horn, Sr...
, who was executed for murder in Wyoming
Wyoming
Wyoming is a state in the mountain region of the Western United States. The western two thirds of the state is covered mostly with the mountain ranges and rangelands in the foothills of the Eastern Rocky Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High...
. While in the pay of the Pinkerton agency, Horn killed seventeen men, according to a count by Siringo. While Horn had been working for Wyoming cattlemen, "it was the cattle interests who decreed that he must die," probably to keep him from talking.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, pages 192-193.
One of McParland's tasks was infiltrating and disrupting union activities. He successfully placed numerous spies within the Western Federation of Miners
Western Federation of Miners
The Western Federation of Miners was a radical labor union that gained a reputation for militancy in the mines of the western United States and British Columbia. Its efforts to organize both hard rock miners and smelter workers brought it into sharp conflicts – and often pitched battles...
(WFM) union, and more into the United Mine Workers
United Mine Workers
The United Mine Workers of America is a North American labor union best known for representing coal miners and coal technicians. Today, the Union also represents health care workers, truck drivers, manufacturing workers and public employees in the United States and Canada...
. Some of McParland's agents took part in the WFM strike that came to be called the Colorado Labor Wars
Colorado Labor Wars
Colorado's most significant battles between labor and capital occurred primarily between miners and mine operators. In these battles the state government, with one clear exception, always took the side of the mine operators....
. One in particular was charged with sabotaging
Sabotage
Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening another entity through subversion, obstruction, disruption, or destruction. In a workplace setting, sabotage is the conscious withdrawal of efficiency generally directed at causing some change in workplace conditions. One who engages in sabotage is...
the union's relief program during the strike. Bill Haywood
Bill Haywood
William Dudley Haywood , better known as "Big Bill" Haywood, was a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World , and a member of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America...
, Secretary Treasurer of the WFM, wrote about the sabotage in his autobiography:
I had been having some difficulty with the relief committee of the Denver smelter men. At first we had been giving out relief at such a rate that I had to tell the chairman that he was providing the smelter men with more than they had had while at work. Then he cut down the rations until the wives of the smelter men began to complain that they were not getting enough to eat. Years later, when his letters were published in The Pinkerton Labor Spy, I discovered that the chairman of the relief committe (sic) was a Pinkerton detective, who was carrying out the instructions of the agency in his methods of handling the relief work, deliberately trying to stir up bad feeling between the strikers and the relief committee.The Autobiography of Big Bill Haywood, William D. Haywood, 1929, pages 157-58.
The book The Pinkerton Labor Spy
The Pinkerton Labor Spy
The Pinkerton Labor Spy is a nonfiction book published in 1907 as an exposé of intrigue and abuses by the Pinkerton Detective Agency in general, and by chief agent James McParland in particular....
was an exposé of the detective agency written by Morris Friedman
Morris Friedman
Morris Friedman was, until 1905, the private stenographer for Pinkerton detective James McParland. Friedman came to the attention of the public when he published an exposé of anti-union actions by the private detective industry which was called The Pinkerton Labor Spy.The book focused in particular...
, who had been McParland's private stenographer.
The Steunenberg assassination
In 1899, Idaho Governor Frank SteunenbergFrank Steunenberg
Frank Steunenberg was the fourth Governor of the State of Idaho, serving from 1897 until 1901. He is perhaps best known for his 1905 assassination by one-time union member Harry Orchard, who was also a paid informant for the Cripple Creek Mine Owners' Association...
crushed a rebellion of miners
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899
There were two related incidents between miners and mine owners in Coeur d'Alene: the Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892, and the Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899....
during a labor dispute in Coeur d'Alene
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho
Coeur d'Alene is the largest city and county seat of Kootenai County, Idaho, United States. It is the principal city of the Coeur d'Alene Metropolitan Statistical Area. Coeur d'Alene has the second largest metropolitan area in the state of Idaho. As of the 2010 census the population of Coeur...
. On December 30, 1905, Governor Steunenberg, now out of office, opened the front gate of the picket fence at his house, which set off an explosive device that took his life.Roughneck-- The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, page 86. A man using the name Tom Hogan had set the bomb. The man was born Albert Horsley
Albert Horsley
Albert Edward Horsley , best known by the pseudonym Harry Orchard, was a miner convicted of the 1905 political assassination of former Idaho Governor Frank Steunenberg...
, but was better known as Harry Orchard. The killer left evidence in his hotel room, and did not try to flee.
After the assassination, Idaho's Chief Justice Stockslager drafted a telegram which invited the Pinkerton Agency to investigate.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, page 294. Idaho Governor Frank Gooding
Frank R. Gooding
Frank Robert Gooding was a Republican United States Senator and the seventh Governor of Idaho. The city of Gooding and Gooding County, both in southern Idaho, are named for him....
was persuaded to approve the request, and Pinkerton agent McParland soon arrived to lead the investigation.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 88. McParland announced his suspicion that Orchard was "the tool of others."Famous American Trials, Biographies of Key Figures in the Haywood Trial, James McParland Biography, http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/haywood/HAY_BMCP.HTM Retrieved February 22, 2007. McParland frequently used the expression inner circle to describe a secret cabal in the Western Federation of Miners when pitching Pinkerton's services to mine owners. McParland's stenographer, Morris Friedman, observed that by portraying the WFM in this manner, the Pinkerton office in Denver had generated "as much, and at times even more business than five other offices of the Agency combined."The Pinkerton Labor Spy, Morris Friedman, Wilshire Book Company, 1907, page 23. Before the investigation began, McParland picked his targets in the WFM for prosecution — President Charles Moyer
Charles Moyer
Charles Moyer was an American labor leader and president of the Western Federation of Miners from 1902 to 1926. He led the union through the Colorado Labor Wars, was kidnapped and accused of murdering an ex-governor of the state of Idaho, and shot in the back during a bitter copper mine strike...
, and Secretary-Treasurer William D. Haywood
Bill Haywood
William Dudley Haywood , better known as "Big Bill" Haywood, was a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World , and a member of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America...
.
McParland's first order was to have Orchard transferred from the relatively comfortable Caldwell
Caldwell, Idaho
Caldwell is a city in and the county seat of Canyon County, Idaho, United States. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population to be 43,281, as of July 2009.Caldwell is the home of the College of Idaho. It is considered part of the Boise metropolitan area....
jail to death row in the Boise penitentiary, before any trial had occurred. The move was initially resisted by Judge Smith, who would be responsible for trying the case. The local judge anticipated a successful habeas corpus lawsuit against the tactic. McParland gave him "thirty precedents for the move." However, the sheriff in Caldwell also opposed the move.
Governor Gooding arranged a meeting between McParland and Chief Justice Stockslager, and then with Judge Smith. Before Smith arrived, McParland declared the county jail insecure, a potential target for dynamite. He also stated the purpose of the move to death row: "After three days I will attempt to get a confession." Chief Justice Stockslager approved of the move. In a pre-arranged plan, the Governor was called out of the room as soon as Judge Smith arrived, leaving McParland and the two judges alone. With the Chief Justice supporting the move to death row, Judge Smith also agreed.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, pages 296-297.
On death row Orchard was placed under a constant watch, and his food rations were cut.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 89. He was incarcerated next to two death row inmates who were awaiting execution. Relays of guards watched him night and day, but never spoke to him.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 174. The three day wait turned into nine days.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, page 297. The Lukas timeline appears to conflict with this statement. On January 22, the hungry prisoner was escorted into the warden's office and left alone with McParland. The two enjoyed a lavish meal followed by fine cigars.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 89. McParland threatened Orchard with immediate hanging, and said that he could avoid that fate only if he testified against leaders of the WFM. McParland allayed Orchard's skepticism by telling him about "Kelly the Bum," a confessed murderer who became a prosecution witness in the Molly Maguires
Molly Maguires
The Molly Maguires were members of an Irish-American secret society, whose members consisted mainly of coal miners. Many historians believe the "Mollies" were present in the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania in the United States from approximately the time of the American Civil War until a...
cases.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 90. McParland said that "Kelly" not only had received freedom as part of the deal, but he had been given "one thousand dollars to subsidize a new life abroad."Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 91. McParland also dismissed the possibility that Orchard would face charges in Colorado if allowed to go free in Idaho. McParland had offered a stark choice: an immediate visit to the gallows, or better treatment for the prisoner with the possibility of freedom, a possible financial reward, and the gratitude of the state of Idaho.
Orchard was known to Charles Moyer, having once acted as his body guard on a trip from Denver to Telluride. Orchard had also met Bill Haywood.The Autobiography of Big Bill Haywood, William D. Haywood, 1929, page 158. And, in 1899 he had been at the scene of the labor unrest in Coeur d'Alene when Steunenberg had severely punished the union miners for an act of violence. He chose to cooperate.
Orchard was immediately transferred from death row to a private bungalow in the prison yard. He was provided with special meals, new clothing, spending money, his favorite cigars, and a library of religious tracts. The current governor of Idaho
Frank R. Gooding
Frank Robert Gooding was a Republican United States Senator and the seventh Governor of Idaho. The city of Gooding and Gooding County, both in southern Idaho, are named for him....
stopped by to shake his hand and congratulate him on cooperating.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 92.
McParland then had Western Federation of Miners
Western Federation of Miners
The Western Federation of Miners was a radical labor union that gained a reputation for militancy in the mines of the western United States and British Columbia. Its efforts to organize both hard rock miners and smelter workers brought it into sharp conflicts – and often pitched battles...
leaders Bill Haywood
Bill Haywood
William Dudley Haywood , better known as "Big Bill" Haywood, was a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World , and a member of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America...
, Charles Moyer
Charles Moyer
Charles Moyer was an American labor leader and president of the Western Federation of Miners from 1902 to 1926. He led the union through the Colorado Labor Wars, was kidnapped and accused of murdering an ex-governor of the state of Idaho, and shot in the back during a bitter copper mine strike...
, and George Pettibone
George Pettibone
George Pettibone was an Idaho miner. He was convicted of contempt of court and criminal conspiracy in the Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899....
arrested in Colorado, using extradition papers which falsely claimed that the three men had been present at Steunenberg's murder. In his book Roughneck, writer Peter Carlson described the arrest across the state line as a "kidnapping scheme," yet it went unchallenged by Colorado authorities.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 93.
The Steunenberg trials
McParland rounded up potential witnesses, assembled evidence, checked out potential jurors, and "leaked information that would tarnish the reputations of the defendants and their attorneys."Famous American Trials, Biographies of Key Figures in the Haywood Trial, James McParland Biography, http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/haywood/HAY_BMCP.HTM Retrieved February 22, 2007. McParland placed a spy, "Operative 21", on the defense team. The spy operated as a jury canvasser, and may have been instructed to provide the defense with erroneous reports of the preferences of potential jurors. However, the spy was discovered.Famous American Trials, Biographies of Key Figures in the Haywood Trial, THE TRIAL OF WILLIAM "BIG BILL" HAYWOOD by Douglas O. Linder, http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/haywood/HAY_ACCT.HTM Retrieved February 22, 2007. For more complete information, see Lukas.McParland sought to bolster Harry Orchard's testimony by forcing another WFM miner, Steve Adams
Steve Adams (Western Federation of Miners)
Steve Adams, sometimes known as Stephen Adams, played a minor, but particularly revealing, role in events surrounding the murder trial of Harry Orchard, and the trials of Western Federation of Miners leaders Bill Haywood, Charles Moyer, and George Pettibone, all charged with conspiring to murder...
, to turn state's evidence. With his wife and children also confined in the Idaho prison, allegedly for their own protection, Adams signed a confession, then later recanted. McParland sought leverage over Adams to force him to re-affirm the confession. Charges against Adams for several murders resulted in two hung juries and one acquittal.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 107. Also, see Lukas. As a result of Adams' first trial, in which he was defended by attorneys Clarence Darrow
Clarence Darrow
Clarence Seward Darrow was an American lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union, best known for defending teenage thrill killers Leopold and Loeb in their trial for murdering 14-year-old Robert "Bobby" Franks and defending John T...
and Edmund F. Richardson, details of McParland's coercive treatment of witnesses when seeking a confession were revealed on the witness stand.
McParland had contracted to provide Pinkerton services for Bulkeley Wells
Bulkeley Wells
Bulkeley Wells was born in Chicago on March 10, 1872, to businessman Samuel Edgar Wells and Marry Agnes Bulkeley. He was educated at Roxbury Latin School and at Harvard University. He married into the wealthy family of Colonel Thomas L. Livermore, to daughter Grace Livermore...
, the president and manager of the Smuggler-Union Mining Company in Telluride, Colorado
Telluride, Colorado
The town of Telluride is the county seat and most populous town of San Miguel County in the southwestern portion of the U.S. state of Colorado. The town is a former silver mining camp on the San Miguel River in the western San Juan Mountains...
. Together with Wells and others, McParland helped to concoct a plan to charge Adams with involvement after-the-fact in the murder of mine guard William J. Barney
William J. Barney
William Julius Barney was born to William Miles Barney and Millison J. "Melissa" Rannells, on August 14, 1867. William J. may have led a normal life, conducting normal business and living as a member of a normal family, but for one act: he quit a job as a Telluride, Colorado mine guard during a...
, who had disappeared one week after accepting the job of guarding the Smuggler-Union mine. There was one difficulty with the accusation: William J. Barney hadn't been murdered; in fact, he was very much alive.The Corpse On Boomerang Road, Telluride's War On Labor 1899-1908, MaryJoy Martin, 2004, pages 11-24 and 231-232.
McParland then concocted a plot to turn conspiracy defendant Moyer against co-defendants Haywood and Pettibone by having a sheriff claim Pettibone, Adams, and Orchard were plotting to kill Moyer, but that plan wasn't put into action.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 107. A slightly different scheme was tried to split the trio, but Moyer didn't take the bait.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 118.
At the Haywood trial, which was funded, in part, by direct contributions from the Ceour d'Alene District Mine Owners' Association
Mine Owners' Association
In the United States a Mine Owners' Association, also sometimes referred to as a Mine Operators' Association or a Mine Owners' Protective Association, is the combination of individual mining companies, or groups of mining companies, into an association, established for the purpose of promoting the...
to prosecuting attorneys,J. Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, pages 353-357. the only evidence against the WFM leader was Harry Orchard's testimony.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 107. But Orchard confessed to acting as a paid informant for the Mine Owners' Association
Mine Owners' Association
In the United States a Mine Owners' Association, also sometimes referred to as a Mine Operators' Association or a Mine Owners' Protective Association, is the combination of individual mining companies, or groups of mining companies, into an association, established for the purpose of promoting the...
.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 119. He reportedly told a companion, G.L. Brokaw, that he had been a Pinkerton employee for some time.All That Glitters — Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek, Elizabeth Jameson, 1998, page 228, from Dubofsky, We Shall Be All, page 98. He was also a bigamist, and admitted to abandoning wives in Canada and Cripple Creek. He had burned businesses for the insurance money in Cripple Creek and Canada.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 118. Orchard had burglarized a railroad depot, rifled a cash register, stole sheep, and had made plans to kidnap children over a debt. He also sold fraudulent insurance policies.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 119. To satisfy McParland, Orchard had signed a confession to a series of bombings and shootings which had killed at least seventeen men, all of which he blamed on the Western Federation of Miners.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 92. The original confession was never made public,Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 92. This statement may be questionable; Horan et al. in The Pinkerton Story state that copies of the confession were sent to various places, including Governor Gooding, State Attorney Hawley, and William E. Borah (page 302). but a more comprehensive version released in 1907 included many pages of incriminating allegations."The confessions and autobiography of Harry Orchard", Albert Horsley A.K.A. Harry Orchard, publisher New York McClure, 1907.
Although at first his testimony on the witness stand in the Bill Haywood trial seemed both fantastic and plausible,Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 116. the defense pointed out some significant contradictions.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 119. Although Orchard had claimed his instructions came from Haywood and Moyer, the authors of The Pinkerton Story observe,
It was impossible to establish beyond a reasonable doubt through any witness, except Orchard's wife, second and bigamous, the fact of private meetings between him and Haywood.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, page 306.
The defense called two surprise witnesses — Morris Friedman
Morris Friedman
Morris Friedman was, until 1905, the private stenographer for Pinkerton detective James McParland. Friedman came to the attention of the public when he published an exposé of anti-union actions by the private detective industry which was called The Pinkerton Labor Spy.The book focused in particular...
, who had been McParland's private stenographer until 1905, testified about Pinkerton's practices of infiltration and sabotage of the WFM. And, McParland's brother Edward, who had been a shoemaker in the Cripple Creek District during the Colorado Labor Wars
Colorado Labor Wars
Colorado's most significant battles between labor and capital occurred primarily between miners and mine operators. In these battles the state government, with one clear exception, always took the side of the mine operators....
, was also called. Edward testified that he had been working at his cobbler's bench in Victor when national guardsmen
Colorado National Guard
The Colorado Department of Military and Veterans Affairs is a state agency of the Government of Colorado. It supervises both the Colorado National Guard , and non-military state safety agencies.The Department consists of the Department of Military Affairs, and the Division of Veterans' Affairs, and...
,
...took him in custody, striking him several times with their gun butts for moving too slowly. After days in a Cripple Creek bullpen, he and seventy-seven others were put on a train and deported to neighboring Kansas...J. Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, pages 688-689.
The appearance of his brother Edward,James McParland's brothers Frank, Edward, and Charles accompanied him to the United States. Patrick Campbell, A Molly Maguire Story, 1992, page 68. writer Lukas observes, was intended "simply to embarrass" the detective, for it recounted "the imperial style of the Peabody
James Hamilton Peabody
James Hamilton Peabody was the 13th and 15th Governor of Colorado, and is noted for his public service in Cañon City.-Family background:...
administration in Colorado, with which McParland and the Pinkertons had been closely associated."J. Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 689.
The majority of jurors in the Haywood trial found Orchard not to be a credible witness,Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 138. and Haywood was acquitted. In a separate trial for George Pettibone, the defense team declined to argue the case, resting upon a not guilty plea.The Pinkerton Story, James D. Horan and Howard Swiggett, 1951, page 306. Pettibone was also acquitted. Charges against Moyer were dropped.
After the cases against the WFM leaders failed, Harry Orchard was tried alone for Steunenberg's murder, was found guilty, and was sentenced to death. However, that sentence was commuted to life, and he lived out the rest of his life in his prison bungalow.Roughneck, The Life and Times of Big Bill Haywood, Peter Carlson, 1983, page 140.
Competitive practices
McParland was a rival to Wilson S. Swain, northwestern manager of the Thiel Detective AgencyThiel Detective Service Company
The Thiel Detective Service Company was a private detective agency formed by George H. Thiel, a former Civil War spy and Pinkerton employee.The Thiel Detective Service Company headquarters were in St. Louis, Missouri. The company was formed to be a direct competitor to the Pinkerton Detective...
. During the Stuenenberg investigation, Swain set up shop in Caldwell, Idaho
Caldwell, Idaho
Caldwell is a city in and the county seat of Canyon County, Idaho, United States. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the population to be 43,281, as of July 2009.Caldwell is the home of the College of Idaho. It is considered part of the Boise metropolitan area....
, intimating to county authorities and to the governor that he'd been hired by the mine owners to investigate the crime. When he later presented his bill to the Canyon County Commissioners
Canyon County, Idaho
Canyon County is a county located in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2010 Census the county had a population of 188,923. The county seat is Caldwell, and its largest city is Nampa.. Canyon County is part of the Boise City–Nampa, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area.- History :The county was...
, they felt that they had been conned. Meanwhile, McParland was interviewed for the investigation by the governor. McParland sought to further undermine the competition:
[McParland] never lost an opportunity to remind [Idaho Governor] Gooding that Swain had committed a "cold-blooded murder" on Denver's Larimer Street twenty years before. More often he worked surreptitiously, passing stories he knew would be repeated, impugning Swain's investigative skills, ridiculing his minions, suggesting [Swain] was in league with the [Western Federation of Miners]. He'd taken care of Swain all right, he told his superiors, "but done it in such a way that I am not suspected."Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 166.
The rivalry was significant because, while the Pinkerton agency was associated with Colorado's mine owners, the Thiel agency had been closely tied to Idaho's mine owners. With the subsequent dismissal of the Thiel agency, Colorado's mine owners gained control of the Idaho investigation.Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 167.
Allegations
When gunman Charlie SiringoCharlie Siringo
Charles Angelo Siringo , was an American lawman, detective, and agent for the Pinkerton National Detective Agency during the late 19th century and early 20th century.-Early life:...
wrote his memoirs about working for the Pinkerton Agency, he accused James McParland of ordering him to commit voter fraud in the re-election attempt of Colorado Governor James Peabody
James Hamilton Peabody
James Hamilton Peabody was the 13th and 15th Governor of Colorado, and is noted for his public service in Cañon City.-Family background:...
. The Corpse On Boomerang Road, Telluride's War On Labor 1899-1908, MaryJoy Martin, 2004, page 267.
Charles A. Siringo, a Pinkerton who had worked for more than twenty years as an operative, detective, and spy, and McParland's personal bodyguard in Idaho, declared the agency "corrupt." [His 1915 book charged] the Pinkertons with election fraud, jury tampering, fabricated confessions, false witnesses, bribery, intimidation, and hiring killers for its clients... Documents and time sustained many of his assertions...The Corpse On Boomerang Road, Telluride's War On Labor 1899-1908, MaryJoy Martin, 2004, pages 311-312.
The Pinkerton Agency suppressed Siringo's books, in one case with an accusation of libel.
MaryJoy Martin, author of The Corpse On Boomerang Road has written,
McParland would stop at nothing to take down [unions such as the Western Federation of Miners] because he believed his authority came from "Divine Providence." To Carry out God's Will meant he was free to break laws and lie until every man he judged evil was hanging on the gallows. Since his days in Pennsylvania he was comfortable lying under oath. In the Haywood trial and the Adams trials, he lied frequently, even claiming he never joined the Ancient Order of Hibernians. Documents showed he had.The Corpse On Boomerang Road, Telluride's War On Labor 1899-1908, MaryJoy Martin, 2004, page 311.
Death
James McParland died on May 18, 1919, in Denver's Mercy Hospital. He had a widow, Mary H. McParland, but no children. MaryJoy Martin has written,
The Denver Post, Rocky Mountain News, and the Denver Catholic Register filled columns in tribute, recounting his Molly Maguire tales and Harry Orchard triumph, tucking in fiction and numerous lies along the way. It mattered little, since the man had become a legend...The Corpse On Boomerang Road, Telluride's War On Labor 1899-1908, MaryJoy Martin, 2004, page 312.
See also
- Anti-union violenceAnti-union violenceAnti-union violence may take the form of bullying of or aggression against union organisers or sympathisers in the workplace, or outside the workplace. It may happen at the instigation of management, may be committed by agents hired or recruited by management, or by government bodies or others...
For Molly Maguires history:
- Molly MaguiresMolly MaguiresThe Molly Maguires were members of an Irish-American secret society, whose members consisted mainly of coal miners. Many historians believe the "Mollies" were present in the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania in the United States from approximately the time of the American Civil War until a...
- Franklin B. GowenFranklin B. GowenFranklin Benjamin Gowen served as president of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad in the 1870s and 1880s....
For western mine wars:
- Harry OrchardAlbert HorsleyAlbert Edward Horsley , best known by the pseudonym Harry Orchard, was a miner convicted of the 1905 political assassination of former Idaho Governor Frank Steunenberg...
, convicted WFM murderer of former Idaho governor - Frank SteunenbergFrank SteunenbergFrank Steunenberg was the fourth Governor of the State of Idaho, serving from 1897 until 1901. He is perhaps best known for his 1905 assassination by one-time union member Harry Orchard, who was also a paid informant for the Cripple Creek Mine Owners' Association...
, murdered ex-governor of Idaho - Steve AdamsSteve Adams (Western Federation of Miners)Steve Adams, sometimes known as Stephen Adams, played a minor, but particularly revealing, role in events surrounding the murder trial of Harry Orchard, and the trials of Western Federation of Miners leaders Bill Haywood, Charles Moyer, and George Pettibone, all charged with conspiring to murder...
, accused WFM accomplice - Charles MoyerCharles MoyerCharles Moyer was an American labor leader and president of the Western Federation of Miners from 1902 to 1926. He led the union through the Colorado Labor Wars, was kidnapped and accused of murdering an ex-governor of the state of Idaho, and shot in the back during a bitter copper mine strike...
, WFM union leader accused of conspiracy to murder - George PettiboneGeorge PettiboneGeorge Pettibone was an Idaho miner. He was convicted of contempt of court and criminal conspiracy in the Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899....
, WFM union supporter accused of conspiracy to murder - Frank R. GoodingFrank R. GoodingFrank Robert Gooding was a Republican United States Senator and the seventh Governor of Idaho. The city of Gooding and Gooding County, both in southern Idaho, are named for him....
, Idaho Governor during Steunenberg murder and trials - Charlie SiringoCharlie SiringoCharles Angelo Siringo , was an American lawman, detective, and agent for the Pinkerton National Detective Agency during the late 19th century and early 20th century.-Early life:...
, Pinkerton agent and hired gunman - Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899There were two related incidents between miners and mine owners in Coeur d'Alene: the Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892, and the Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor confrontation of 1899....
, one alleged reason for the Steunenberg murder