Iran Software & Hardware Co. (NOSA)
Encyclopedia
Iran Software & Hardware Co. (NOSA) is an independently owned development and consulting corporation, which provides software applications and support to businesses of all sizes located in Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...

. Since its founding in 1988, NOSA has engaged in the development and distribution of a range of integrated business software
Business software
This article is about software made for business, if you were looking for the business of selling software, see Software business.Business software is generally any software program that helps a business increase productivity or measure their productivity...

, library systems
Integrated library system
An integrated library system , also known as a library management system ,is an enterprise resource planning system for a library, used to track items owned, orders made, bills paid, and patrons who have borrowed....

 and related products designed to meet the needs of public, private and not-for-profit organizations in the region.

Operations

NOSA currently operates from 7 locations in Tehran
Tehran
Tehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...

, Isfahan, Mashhad
Mashhad
Mashhad , is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Muslim world. It is also the only major Iranian city with an Arabic name. It is located east of Tehran, at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Its...

, Yazd
Yazd
Yazd is the capital of Yazd Province in Iran, and a centre of Zoroastrian culture. The city is located some 175 miles southeast of Isfahan. At the 2006 census, the population was 423,006, in 114,716 families....

, Kerman
Kerman
- Geological characteristics :For the Iranian paleontologists, Kerman has always been considered a fossil paradise. Finding new dinosaur footprints in 2005 has now revealed new hopes for paleontologists to better understand the history of this area.- Economy :...

, Khorram Abad, and Qazvin
Qazvin
Qazvin is the largest city and capital of the Province of Qazvin in Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 349,821, in 96,420 families....

 supporting and servicing over 3,000 clients across the region.

Corporation's future plans include two sites in construction, its new headquarters which will be located in Pardis Technology Park
Pardis Technology Park
Pardis Technology Park is an technology park, based in Pardis, a satellite city outside of the Tehran metropolitan area, in the Islamic Republic of Iran....

 and its documentation facility which will be located in Sheikh Bahai Technology Park
Science and technology in Iran
Persia was a cradle of science in earlier times. Persian scientists contributed to the current understanding of nature, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy. Persians made important contributions to algebra and chemistry, invented the wind-power machine, and the first distillation of alcohol...

.

History

NOSA was originally founded in 1988 by a group of Sharif University of Technology
Sharif University of Technology
Sharif University of Technology is a university of higher education in technology, engineering and physical sciences in Tehran. Sharif University of Technology is one of the most prestigious universities in the country, and is considered Iran's MIT...

 professors and graduates who specialized in networks, software and hardware engineering. The corporation eventually limited its participation in hardware development and focused its resources in order to design and produce professional business management, automation and information software.

Few years after its creation, NOSA developed the first web-based integrated library system in Iran known as Simorgh network and soon thereafter it managed to provide integrated centralized accounting software. In 2004 the company implemented RFID technology into its systems.

Products

NOSA's products are categorized into three main fields of enterprise resource planning
Enterprise resource planning
Enterprise resource planning systems integrate internal and external management information across an entire organization, embracing finance/accounting, manufacturing, sales and service, customer relationship management, etc. ERP systems automate this activity with an integrated software application...

, enterprise content management
Enterprise content management
Enterprise Content Management is a formalized means of organizing and storing an organization's documents, and other content, that relate to the organization's processes...

, and radio frequency identification
Radio Frequency Identification
Radio-frequency identification is a technology that uses radio waves to transfer data from an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a reader for the purpose of identifying and tracking the object. Some RFID tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the...

 solutions each with an integrated package of customize-able modules.

NOSA XP

Iran Software & Hardware Company's integrated resource planning
Enterprise resource planning
Enterprise resource planning systems integrate internal and external management information across an entire organization, embracing finance/accounting, manufacturing, sales and service, customer relationship management, etc. ERP systems automate this activity with an integrated software application...

 and financial automation modular platform
Modular programming
Modular programming is a software design technique that increases the extent to which software is composed of separate, interchangeable components called modules by breaking down program functions into modules, each of which accomplishes one function and contains everything necessary to accomplish...

 is an n-tier
Multitier architecture
In software engineering, multi-tier architecture is a client–server architecture in which the presentation, the application processing, and the data management are logically separate processes. For example, an application that uses middleware to service data requests between a user and a database...

 web configured
Web application
A web application is an application that is accessed over a network such as the Internet or an intranet. The term may also mean a computer software application that is coded in a browser-supported language and reliant on a common web browser to render the application executable.Web applications are...

 client–server Embarcadero Delphi program based on Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft.Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20, 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world's personal...

 which uses Unicode
Unicode
Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems...

 computing
Computing
Computing is usually defined as the activity of using and improving computer hardware and software. It is the computer-specific part of information technology...

 standards and Structured Query Language (SQL)
SQL
SQL is a programming language designed for managing data in relational database management systems ....

 database
Database
A database is an organized collection of data for one or more purposes, usually in digital form. The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality , in a way that supports processes requiring this information...

. NOSA XP manages live and centralized
Centralized system
In telecommunications, a centralized, or centralised system, is one in which most communications are routed through one or more major central hubs. Such a system allows certain functions to be concentrated in the system's hubs, freeing up resources in the peripheral units...

 data transmission
Data transmission
Data transmission, digital transmission, or digital communications is the physical transfer of data over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires, optical fibres, wireless communication channels, and storage media...

 using SOAP
SOAP
SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks...

 application layer
Application layer
The Internet protocol suite and the Open Systems Interconnection model of computer networking each specify a group of protocols and methods identified by the name application layer....

 and DCOM
Distributed component object model
Distributed Component Object Model is a proprietary Microsoft technology for communication among software components distributed across networked computers. DCOM, which originally was called "Network OLE", extends Microsoft's COM, and provides the communication substrate under Microsoft's COM+...

 protocol which in combination with a web accessible
Web application
A web application is an application that is accessed over a network such as the Internet or an intranet. The term may also mean a computer software application that is coded in a browser-supported language and reliant on a common web browser to render the application executable.Web applications are...

 thin client
Thin client
A thin client is a computer or a computer program which depends heavily on some other computer to fulfill its traditional computational roles. This stands in contrast to the traditional fat client, a computer designed to take on these roles by itself...

 enable it to work over internet
Internet
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide...

 and other networks
Computer network
A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information....

.
Based on its configurations
Configuration management
Configuration management is a field of management that focuses on establishing and maintaining consistency of a system or product's performance and its functional and physical attributes with its requirements, design, and operational information throughout its life.For information assurance, CM...

 and installation
Installation (computer programs)
Installation of a program is the act of putting the program onto a computer system so that it can be executed....

, NOSA XP can be utilized for a single client up to a large enterprise with many concurrent user each with definable set of parameters such as currency
Currency
In economics, currency refers to a generally accepted medium of exchange. These are usually the coins and banknotes of a particular government, which comprise the physical aspects of a nation's money supply...

 and reporting language
Language
Language may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication...

. NOSA XP is currently being used by private entities, holdings and government agencies, including accounting firms.

NOSA XP contains some of the following modules
Modular programming
Modular programming is a software design technique that increases the extent to which software is composed of separate, interchangeable components called modules by breaking down program functions into modules, each of which accomplishes one function and contains everything necessary to accomplish...

:
  • Administration Module
    System administrator
    A system administrator, IT systems administrator, systems administrator, or sysadmin is a person employed to maintain and operate a computer system and/or network...

    , where configuration is performed, base currency
    Currency pair
    A currency pair is the quotation of the relative value of a currency unit against the unit of another currency in the foreign exchange market. The currency that is used as the reference is called the counter currency or quote currency and the currency that is quoted in relation is called the base...

     is defined, security is set and databases are created for single or multiple companies.
  • Financial Module
    General ledger
    The main accounting record of a business which uses double-entry bookkeeping. It will usually include accounts for such items as current assets, fixed assets, liabilities, revenue and expense items, gains and losses. Each General Ledger is divided into debits and credits sections. The left hand...

    , where various accounting and financial activities are conducted. This is the base module which uses double-entry bookkeeping
    Double-entry bookkeeping system
    A double-entry bookkeeping system is a set of rules for recording financial information in a financial accounting system in which every transaction or event changes at least two different nominal ledger accounts....

     to insure higher accuracy.
  • Corporate Structure Module, where corporate structures and access to sections such as shell corporations are defined.
  • Tax Module
    Tax
    To tax is to impose a financial charge or other levy upon a taxpayer by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law. Taxes are also imposed by many subnational entities...

    , where taxes are calculated and tax reports are formed.
  • Contracts Module
    Contract
    A contract is an agreement entered into by two parties or more with the intention of creating a legal obligation, which may have elements in writing. Contracts can be made orally. The remedy for breach of contract can be "damages" or compensation of money. In equity, the remedy can be specific...

    , where contract are created and contract fees are controlled.
  • Sales Module
    Sales Order
    The sales order, sometimes abbreviated as SO, is an order issued by a business to a customer. A sales order may be for products and/or services. Given the wide variety of businesses, this means that the orders can be fulfilled in several ways...

    , where orders are entered, tracked, shipped and invoiced.
  • Sales Opportunities Module (CRM)
    Customer relationship management
    Customer relationship management is a widely implemented strategy for managing a company’s interactions with customers, clients and sales prospects. It involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronize business processes—principally sales activities, but also those for marketing,...

    , where existing customers and potential accounts are structured.
  • Purchasing Module (SCM)
    Supply chain management
    Supply chain management is the management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision of product and service packages required by end customers...

    , where purchase orders are issued and goods received into inventory.
  • Business Partners Module
    Customer relationship management
    Customer relationship management is a widely implemented strategy for managing a company’s interactions with customers, clients and sales prospects. It involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronize business processes—principally sales activities, but also those for marketing,...

    , where Business Partners (customers, vendors, and leads) are maintained and pricing rules are defined.
  • Cash Flow Module
    Cash flow
    Cash flow is the movement of money into or out of a business, project, or financial product. It is usually measured during a specified, finite period of time. Measurement of cash flow can be used for calculating other parameters that give information on a company's value and situation.Cash flow...

    , where cash is received and paid out, accounts are traced and checks are printed.
  • Inventory Control Module
    Inventory control system
    An inventory control system is a process for managing and locating objects or materials. In common usage, the term may also refer to just the software components......

    , where Inventory operations are tracked and inventory value is assessed.
  • Service Module
    Sales Order
    The sales order, sometimes abbreviated as SO, is an order issued by a business to a customer. A sales order may be for products and/or services. Given the wide variety of businesses, this means that the orders can be fulfilled in several ways...

    , where services and after-sale operations are managed.
  • Human Resources and Payroll System
    Human resource management
    Human Resource Management is the management of an organization's employees. While human resource management is sometimes referred to as a "soft" management skill, effective practice within an organization requires a strategic focus to ensure that people resources can facilitate the achievement of...

    , where employee information is kept and wages and benefits are tracked. (Linked)
  • Fixed Assets Management System
    Fixed assets management
    Fixed assets management is an accounting process that seeks to track fixed assets for the purposes of financial accounting, preventive maintenance, and theft deterrence....

    , where assets are recorded and values are adjusted. (Linked)
  • Currency Module
    Currency
    In economics, currency refers to a generally accepted medium of exchange. These are usually the coins and banknotes of a particular government, which comprise the physical aspects of a nation's money supply...

    , enables use of multiple currencies and automates relevant operations in all other modules.
  • SOAP Module
    SOAP
    SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks...

    , A web broker which enables clients live access to the central database over internet.
  • Synchronize Module
    Data synchronization
    Data synchronization is the process of establishing consistency among data from a source to a target data storage and vice versa and the continuous harmonization of the data over time. It is fundamental to a wide variety of applications, including file synchronization and mobile device...

    , where information can be synchronized for servers which are not connected and centralized.
  • Management information Module, reports and corporate indicators are made available. Tables, printouts and graphs are generated and export files in XML, HTML, and Excel can be produced.
  • Report Builder, built with RAD
    Rapid application development
    Rapid application development is a software development methodology that uses minimal planning in favor of rapid prototyping. The "planning" of software developed using RAD is interleaved with writing the software itself...

     standards, it creates custom multilingual reports and interface based on system or user preferences.It enables clients to create multilingual custom printable forms.


NOSA XP is currently used by more than 3000 clients in Iran and greater Middle East. This software is the only fully integrated shared database professional ERP
ERP
- Economics :* Economic Report of the President, published annually by the United States President's Council of Economic Advisors on recent economic activity and future policies and predictions...

 solution currently produced locally in Iran which offers centralized client access to servers globally.

Gift XP

Gift XP is a free version of NOSA XP offered to NOSA clients, university students and schools interested in offering NOSA courses and certifications. Gift XP is a limited version of NOSA XP which offers Accounting, and Object oriented relative Book keeping. It does not include any Cash flow, Inventory or Sales modules. Gift XP has the following limitations
  • 2000 recorded transactions per year.
  • Inability to customize modules or user interface.
  • Inability to use automatic account transaction review against bank records


With these few limitations in mind, this program is made to be used freely and fully, and without and cap on the usage time.

NOSA Portal

NOSA Portal is an open source
Open source
The term open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to the end product's source materials. Some consider open source a philosophy, others consider it a pragmatic methodology...

, localized, translated, and tweaked derivative of DotNetNuke
DotNetNuke Corporation
DotNetNuke Corporation is the steward of the DotNetNuke open source project, the most widely adopted web content management system and application development framework for building web sites and web applications on Microsoft .NET...

 community edition which has been created to be used by Iranian Companies. Many modules have been modified or created from scratch to answer the requirements of targeted users in Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...

 and true to its origin, this portal is provided free of charge and as an open source
Open source
The term open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to the end product's source materials. Some consider open source a philosophy, others consider it a pragmatic methodology...

 to be used by all interested parties.

Simorgh Portal

Simorgh Portal is a derivative of NOSA Portal with added modules specifically created to link with NOSA's digital library and repository programs and offer added value to libraries and companies using these software. This portal is also offered free and in open source
Open source
The term open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to the end product's source materials. Some consider open source a philosophy, others consider it a pragmatic methodology...

 format.

Simorgh

Iran Software & Hardware Company's digital information management package for companies and libraries. Simorgh is an n-tier program based on .NET framework. Simorgh uses three databases in order to effectively store information. the first server is an indigenous Database Management System
Database management system
A database management system is a software package with computer programs that control the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for various applications by database administrators and other specialists. A database is an integrated...

 built by NOSA that can efficiently support right to left and left to right text functionality and search options while storing document and book information. Second server is an SQL repository of all digital media files and documents with in document search engine. Simorgh's third server is also based on SQL and stores user and system information.

Simorgh digital library includes some of the following modules:
  • Simorgh Database Administrator Module
  • Simorgh Database Client Module
  • Simorgh Database Online Module
  • Simorgh Repository Administrator Module
  • Simorgh Repository Client Module
  • Simorgh Repository Reporting Module
  • Simorgh Repository Online Module
  • Simorgh Users and Accounts Administrator Module
  • Simorgh Users and Accounts Client Module
  • Simorgh Unified Network, Online searchable collection of all simorgh libraries with member and guest access controls for each member library.
  • Simorgh Brain Center, A Thesaurus search engine of all Persian and English books available in any simorgh library or center with synchronization with Library of Congress
    Library of Congress
    The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in three buildings in Washington, D.C., it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and...

    , National Library of Medicine and National Library of Iran
    National Library of Iran
    The National Library of Iran is located in Tehran, Iran, with several branches are scattered throughout the city.Prior to the library's official inauguration in 1937, other libraries existed that performed the same function informally. The first prototype of a national library in Iran was the...

    . linked to google books for available reviews and previews.
  • RFID Automated Check in & Check out Module
  • RFID Security Gates
  • RFID Handheld Inventory & Shelf Reader
  • RFID Employee Client Module
  • Reports Module, a wide variety of program based system-default multilingual reports.
  • Report Builder Module, built with RAD
    Rapid application development
    Rapid application development is a software development methodology that uses minimal planning in favor of rapid prototyping. The "planning" of software developed using RAD is interleaved with writing the software itself...

     standards, it enables custom multilingual reports, graphs and interface based on system or user preferences.
  • Form Customization Module, user or system based RAD subsystem which enables clients to create multilingual custom printable forms.


Simorgh is used in hundreds of libraries and companies around Iran, including Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcaster, or IRIB, , formerly called the National Iranian Radio and Television until the Islamic revolution of 1979, is a giant Iranian corporation in control of radio and television which is among the largest media organizations in Asia and Pacific region, and a regular...

 corporation's 52 countrywide databases which are all now using a single server solution and online client accesses. Simorgh can link libraries and data sources to provide unified access through one portal. Simorgh can be used as a repository of digital documents and provide them to clients. The latest version of Simorgh incorporates radio-frequency identification, and was covered by news agencies including the Iranian News channel
IRINN
IRINN stands for Islamic Republic of Iran News Network and is a full news channel, part of Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting corporation, headquartered in the Jame Jam Park in Tehran, Iran. The main programs are political, but sports, science and medical news programs also exist...

, the Iranian Technology news and the Iranian Students News Agency.

Ghaaf

Ghaaf is service based version of Simorgh which keeps clients information located in NOSA's state of art secure server rooms. Many different Ghaaf/Simorgh variations exist, it is possible to have clients database as a service while keeping the user database in a local server. Ghaaf makes it easier for smaller libraries and companies to enjoy all the benefit of Simorgh without the costs allocated with maintaining in-house server solutions.

NOSA Viewer

NOSA Viewer is a fully embedded viewer created by NOSA which is able to render documents and show them as images while searching and highlighting them. NOSA Viewer works on all standard browsers without any need for an added plugin. This products enables clients to offer copyrighted material in the web without having there materials stolen. benefits include the ability to load only a few pages of a big document as interested. This product was created with a view to design of Google books with added improvements and support for Persian language searchable strings.

Fantasy NOSA Viewer is a derivative of this product embedded into Simorgh repository solution which perfectly simulates page flips and book design.

NOSA Books

With arising needs of scholars to use digital sources for research and the desire of publishers and libraries to safely share such copyrighted sources online, NOSA created NOSA Books. This Project uses an artificial intelligent cloud computing
Cloud computing
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility over a network ....

 server called Brain Center to match available metadata and document information across all of Simorgh's network of 100+ libraries and intelligently match them with reference libraries such as Library of Congress
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress, de facto national library of the United States, and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States. Located in three buildings in Washington, D.C., it is the largest library in the world by shelf space and...

, National Library of Medicine and National Library of Iran
National Library of Iran
The National Library of Iran is located in Tehran, Iran, with several branches are scattered throughout the city.Prior to the library's official inauguration in 1937, other libraries existed that performed the same function informally. The first prototype of a national library in Iran was the...

. Finally NOSA Books is an online repository of Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...

ian digital documents with Publisher allocated pages and information. Iranian Publishers may contract with NOSA and provide overview and preview of their books to be marketed online while ensuring copyright protections.
  • NOSA Books offer a fully assisted thesaurus search engine of all Persian and English books available in any simorgh library or center with relative search assistance.
  • When a document is found the user has the ability to look at the digital information available in Google Books for English and NOSA Books for Persian sources, they may overview and preview documents including cover pages, table of contents, short overview and if available, the full document in digital format. They may get all the information in marc
    MARC standards
    MARC, MAchine-Readable Cataloging, is a data format and set of related standards used by libraries to encode and share information about books and other material they collect...

     format provided by source libraries and link to related published works. they may also check the availability of the document in all of Simorgh network libraries, and find all the information including physical location of the document. if the user is an authorized member of any of the member libraries, they may request to loan the book online and have it sent or set aside to be picked up.

RFID Solutions

Iran Software & Hardware Company started its initiative into RFID based solutions in 2002 following a demand by Simorgh users for automated user and inventory control solutions. As market demands for RFID solutions increased NOSA created IRAN RFID
IRAN RFID
IRAN RFID is a division of Iran Software & Hardware Co. . IRAN RFID designs, develops and implements "total solutions" using a range of RFID technologies procured from leading hardware manufacturers in the field....

 division which is in charge of researching, designing, and implementing RFID solutions. NOSA produces solution based software and IRAN RFID designs, develops and implements total solutions using a range of RFID technologies procured from leading hardware manufacturers in the field.

List of RFID Solutions that IRAN RFID is equipped to deploy is:
  • RFID Asset Solution.
  • RFID Inventory Solution.
  • RFID Document Solution.
  • RFID Tracking and Management Solution.
  • RFID Airport Solution (Baggage Tracking, Passenger Tracking).
  • RFID SCM Solution.
  • RFID Brand protection Solution.
  • RFID Railway Solution.
  • RFID Intelligent Card. (Passport, Driving License..)

Simorgh's Public Network

Few of Simorgh's information centers have decided to provide online access to guests and members through the network's catalog of physical holdings and digital documents which can be accessed at once here or separately by using each center's individual website or Sirmogh portal:

See also

  • Library 2.0
    Library 2.0
    Library 2.0 is a loosely defined model for a modernized form of library service that reflects a transition within the library world in the way that services are delivered to users....

  • Enterprise resource planning
    Enterprise resource planning
    Enterprise resource planning systems integrate internal and external management information across an entire organization, embracing finance/accounting, manufacturing, sales and service, customer relationship management, etc. ERP systems automate this activity with an integrated software application...

  • Database management system
    Database management system
    A database management system is a software package with computer programs that control the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. It allows organizations to conveniently develop databases for various applications by database administrators and other specialists. A database is an integrated...

  • Radio frequency identification
    Radio Frequency Identification
    Radio-frequency identification is a technology that uses radio waves to transfer data from an electronic tag, called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a reader for the purpose of identifying and tracking the object. Some RFID tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the...

  • International rankings of Iran
  • IRAN RFID
    IRAN RFID
    IRAN RFID is a division of Iran Software & Hardware Co. . IRAN RFID designs, develops and implements "total solutions" using a range of RFID technologies procured from leading hardware manufacturers in the field....


External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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