History of British fascism since 1945
Encyclopedia
The Far right, extreme right, hard right, radical right, fascist-right and ultra-right are terms used to discuss the qualitative
or quantitative
position a group or person occupies within right-wing politics
. The terms are often used to imply that someone is an extremist
. The terms have been used by different scholars in somewhat conflicting ways.
Far right politics usually involve supremacism
— a belief that superiority and inferiority is an innate reality between individuals and groups — and a complete rejection of the concept of social equality as a norm. Far right politics often support segregation; the separation of groups deemed to be superior from groups deemed to be inferior. Far right politics also commonly include authoritarianism
, nativism
, racism
and xenophobia
.
When this becomes more radicalised, violent, psychotic and/or aggressive it is called 'fascist politics'. Many of these parties stem from either the legacy of Sir Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists
, or the political views held by either John Tyndall
, Andrew Fountain, Eddy Morrison, Ian Anderson, Colin Jordan and A.K. Chesterton, along with those of their parties like the British National Party
, National Front (United Kingdom), National Socialist Movement (1960s)
and National Democrats (United Kingdom) over the last 40 years.
The ideologies usually associated with the far right include fascism
, Nazism
and other ultra-nationalist, religiously extreme
or reactionary
ideologies.
The term radical right
refers to sections of the far right that promote views which are very conservative in traditional left-right terms, but which aim to break with prevailing institutions and practices. The radical right does not have a clear straightforward structure, but rather consists of overlapping subcultures with diverse styles of rhetoric, dress and symbolism whose cohesion comes from the use of alternative system of communications.
had its roots in a 1937 former soldiers' welfare group. This was taken over by Jeffrey Hamm
in 1944 and became a Mosleyite group. It was absorbed into the Union Movement
in 1948.
MP John Beckett. The party, which campaigned against the Second World War, continued to exist until 1954.
with Godfrey officially running as independent
, although he finished bottom of the poll with 258 votes. It did not survive the war.
was established by Oswald Mosley
in 1948 as an amalgamtion of a number of groups formed by ex-members of the British Union of Fascists. The party advocated a Pan-European nationalism
policy that Mosley termed Europe a Nation
and on this basis sought close links with parties in other European countries through initiatives such as the National Party of Europe
and the European Social Movement
. It also campaigned domestically against immigration at home and contested a number of elections, albeit without having any candidates elected. The party continued in existence until 1973 when it became the Action Party.
was a minor right-wing party in the United Kingdom
. It was founded in the early 1950s by P. J. Ridout, a former member of the Imperial Fascist League
. It had a single candidate in the 1951 UK general election.
ish League of Empire Loyalists
was a ginger group
established in 1954, campaigning against the dissolution of the British Empire
in the 1950s and 1960s. It was a small group of current or former members of the Conservative Party
led by Arthur K. Chesterton, a former leading figure in the British Union of Fascists
, who had served under Oswald Mosley
. The League found support from a number of Conservative Party members, although they were disliked very much by the leadership. They were well-known for various stunts at Conservative Party meetings and conferences (acting as a constant irritant to the party). As time progressed, the group became primarily concerned with opposing non-white immigration into Britain and were instrumental in the founding (with other right-wing and neo-Nazi groups) of the National Front in February 1967.
was formed in 1958 as a splinter group from the League of Empire Loyalists
, formed from those who resented the LEL's refusal to contest elections and its strong links to the Conservative Party
. The WDL was vehemently against non-white immigration
and used the provocative marching techniques popularised by Oswald Mosley
, although with much less support than Mosley had in his heyday. In 1960 the party merged with the National Labour Party
to form the old British National Party
. It was led by Colin Jordan
and produced its own newspaper Black and White News sporadically between 1958 and 1959. John Tyndall
had also been a member.
was another splinter group from the League of Empire Loyalists, founded by John Bean
in 1957. The group was smiliar to the White Defence League, albeit along the lines of a political party rather than a pressure group, and the two merged to form the British National Party in 1960.
, with Andrew Fountaine
holding the position of Party President, and other leading members including John Tyndall
, Colin Jordan
(who served as Activities Organiser), Denis Pirie
and Ted Budden
. The widow of Arnold Leese
served as vice-president of the party. The party's main policies were an end to immigration, repatriation of immigrants and belief in an international Jewish conspiracy. Elements within the party also expressed support for Nazism
and a paramilitary arm, Spearhead, was set up by Tyndall. The BNP managed to secure an 8.1% share of the vote in Deptford
in the 1960 London County Council
(LCC) elections, a large result for a new party without name recognition. After some in-fighting Jordan and Tyndall left in 1962 to set up the National Socialist Movement
, leaving the BNP in the hands of Bean. The group merged into the National Front in 1967.
's birthday, by Colin Jordan
, with John Tyndall
as his deputy. as a splinter group from the original British National Party. A strongly neo-Nazi group it campaigned against "race traitor" Patrick Gordon Walker, the Foreign Secretary. It collapse in the late 1960s and was replaced by the British Movement
.
was a political group formed by John Tyndall
in 1964 after he split from Colin Jordan
's National Socialist Movement. The group broke from open Nazism to follow what Tyndall called "Authoritarian Natiionalism". It was absorbed into the National Front in 1967 with members admitted 'on probation', leading to the GBM ceasing to exist.
(BM), later called the British National Socialist Movement (BNSM), was a neo-Nazi political party founded by Colin Jordan in 1968 as a continuation of the NSM. It contested the UK general elections in 1970
and in February 1974
on a neo-Nazi platform, attracting little support. Michael McLaughlin
became the leader in 1975 and won the BM new support from the growing racist skinhead and football hooligan movements. The group disappeared in the mid 1980s following revelations from Ray Hill
but returned in September 1983 and has continued to exist in some form to the present day.
(RPS) was a right-wing pressure group opposed to non-white immigration
and in favour of white supremacy. It was established in 1965 by Robin Beauclaire and Jimmy Doyle as a propaganda organisation. Elements of the group were associated with the National Democratic Party and others with the National Front although it continued to exist at least until the 1970s.
was formed by Dr David Brown of the RPS in 1966. The group attracted local pockets of support but struggled to cope with the emergence of the National Front the following year and faded in the 1970s.
and John Kingsley Read
, the latter forming his own National Party
in 1976. Nonetheless the NF also reached its zenith in terms of support during the 1970s and had as many as 20,000 members in 1974.
The NF failed to make any headway at the UK general election, 1979 resulting in the group falling apart as various factions left to found the British Democratic Party
, the Constitutional Movement
and the New National Front. Under Andrew Brons
the remaining members were regrouped for a time but in 1986 the NF fell apart completely as two parties, the Official National Front
and the Flag Group
, emerged. The Flag Group eventually regained control of the NF name in 1990 and the party has continued to date, albeit very much in the shadow of the British National Party
.
was a minor farright group established in the late 1960s that was close to John O'Brien. Although never a national force the party enjoyed support in the London Borough of Haringey
where it had a councillor elected.
activist and sometime member of the National Socialist Group, throughout the 1960s. Targeting left-wing demonstrations where it attempted to provoke violence, the Commando disappeared when Norris was jailed in 1969.
The National Socialist Group, led by the Olliffe brothers and Dave Courtney, was a paramilitary organisation linked to the British Movement
in the late 1960s. Following the conviction of a number of members for possession of illegal weapons the NSG disappeared.
was formed by John Kingsley Read
after he was replaced by Tyndall as NF chairman in 1976. The group brought together populists and Strasserites. It proved short-lived.
is a neo-Nazi group established by Terry Flynn in 1977 and subsequently led by Kevin Quinn. A hardline Nazi group it has since represented as a political party under the name British First Party.
(BDP) was a short-lived party formed in 1979 when the Leicester
branch of the NF under the leadership of Anthony Reed Herbert
broke away from the main party. During his work with the BDP, Ray Hill
secretly took part in a World in Action
documentary about the party, during the course of which Reed Herbert and other leading members were put in touch with an American (who was also working with the show) from whom they could buy guns. When the programme was broadcast, the BDP was left badly discredited. (Ultimately, when he returned to Britain, no charges were laid). It became a founder group of the British National Party
in 1982.
was another NF splinter group from 1979, this time led by Andrew Fountaine
. right wing political group in the United Kingdom
. After it changed its name to the Nationalist Party, it contested only five seats in the 1983 general election
. The party soon disappeared with many members joining the BNP.
in 1970 that was absorbed by the National Democratic Party
.
The Integralists were a small body of intellectuals lead by Russian emigre George Knuppfer active during the early 1970s. The body, which concerned itself with conspiracy theories regarding international finance, was close to John O'Brien
. It produced its own journal Right.
The National Party of St George was a local far right party based in Reading, Berkshire
. It was close to John O'Brien
.
The Newcastle Democratic Movement was an anti-immigration group based in Newcastle-upon-Tyne that merged with the National Front in December 1971. Their membership provided the basis of a new large party group on Tyneside
.
The National Socialist British Workers' Party was largely the work of one man, G.R. Jenin, whose National Observer published Nazi Party material in the early 1970s.
Trade Unions Against Immigration (TRU-AIM) was a joint initiative of the National Front and British Movement. Led by Bill Whitbread it hoped to infiltrate the mainstream trade union movement but was eventually scuppered by internal differences.
The National Assembly was formed by Mary Stanton in 1974 as an umbrella organisation for various anti-immigration activists. Changing its name to the Anti-Communism Movement in 1977 it continued to exist until the early 1980s.
The United Party was a minor group based in Derby
that existed briefly during 1974. It merged with the supporters of Leicester NF chairman John Kynaston and the Enoch Powell
support group of Stan Wright to form the English National Party, which presented candidates in the United Kingdom general election, October 1974
.
The British National Party was a Leeds
-based group led by Eddy Morrison
during the mid 1970s. The group, which was linked to the League of St. George, helped to organised the White Defence Associations, armed gangs of vigilantes active in areas of racial tension. Morrison would later join John Tyndall
's BNP following its formation in 1982.
The National Democratic Freedom Movement was a violent group led by Morrison, David Myatt and Joe Short of Column 88
.
The Britannia Party was a short-lived breakaway from the NF, organised by Henry Lord and Marion Powell from 1978 to the following year.
was formed by John Tyndall in 1982 from his New National Front and other minor groups. Subsequently led by Nick Griffin
the party has achieved levels of political representation unpresented on the far-right in Britain. It continues to exist.
, which was by that period in terminal decline. Malski wanted to form a party based solely on National Socialism
. The group had a military structure and was divided into four distinct groups, although membership was always tiny at best. They produced a magazine, The European, which called for the formation of a paramilitary army which would be distinct from the NSAP. Malski assumed the title of Field Marshal. The Party comprised some of his neighbours in South Oxhey
.
The group had connections in France
and these were exposed in 1984 by the Channel 4
documentary about Ray Hill
, during which Malski was shown by a hidden camera claiming to have imported explosives. The NSAP went into immediate decline after this exposé. Malski, who was dismissed by many on the far right
in Britain as something of a Walter Mitty
character, has occasionally surfaced at meetings, including speeches by David Irving
, although the NSAP is defunct. The party's last appearance in the public eye came in 1986 when member Graham Paton was convicted of sending propaganda and a concealed razor blade to an anti-apartheid activist. Most recently he has been found guilty of racially harassing his neighbour, a woman of Pakistan
i origin. He has, on occasion, stood for election to St Albans District Council, as an independent.
. He set it up after his expulsion from the NF in December 1983 but it proved unsuccessful.
was one of the two groups into which the NF split in 1986. Its members belonged to the "Political Soldier
" tendency that eschewed electoral politics. Leading members included Nick Griffin
, Derek Holland and Patrick Holland
. It disappeared in 1990 with the emergence of the Third Way
.
was the other of the two NF factions. It sought to continue on the path previously followed by the NF in contesting elections and organising on a strongly anti-immigration basis. This group eventually regained control of the NF name.
was established in 1989 as a breakaway from the Official National Front after Patrick Harrington had sought a compromise with some radical Jews. Sharing the Political Soldier
mission of its predecessor the ITP is still in existence as a minor group.
it failed to achieve its goal of providing a rallying point.
The Association of British Ex-Servicemen (ABEX), a parody of the Association of Jewish Ex-Servicemen, was established by British National Party
founder Kenneth McKilliam in the early 1980s as vigilant group for Brixton
. The aim was not fulfilled and ABEX disappeared.
The National Action Party was set up by Eddy Morrison and Kevin Randall in the early 1980s and existed in some from for around ten years. With a strongly neo-Nazi ideology the group came under Randall's sole control when Morrison was expelled in 1986.
The UK Patriotic Front was a minor extreme right-wing party that contested some council seats in the urbanised parts Oxfordshire
, Gloucestershire
and Worcestershire
. It was formed during early 1982 by Brenda Steele and June Merrikin. John Tyndall
thought it was to pro-European to join forces with the BNP. Peter Knowle was also a major figure at the time. Carol Prentiss and Jo Butcher took over the leadership in early 1984 and it was dissolved later that year.
The National Socialist Workers Initiative, active in the early 1980s, was a Neo-Nazi group which aso drew on elements of Ecofascism
. Leading members included National Socialist Action Party leader Tony Malski, National Socialist Movement veteran David Thorne and other far-right stalwarts including Ian Kerr-Ritchie and Bill Whitbread.
English Solidarity was established by Jane Birdwood
in 1988. Along with Birdwood's other groups, the Self-Help Organisation and the Gentile Self-Defence League, the group was strongly anti-Semitic and co-operated with the BNP.
in 1995 as a new name for the Flag Group-controlled NF. The move resulted in a split in the movement. The party contested the UK general election, 1997 but made little headway and several prominent members, including Simon Darby
and Martin Wingfield
, re-emerged as BNP members. The party was effectively defunct long before Anderson's death in February 2011.
(NSM) was a British neo-Nazi group, best known in the UK for its association with David Copeland
, the London
nail-bomber, who was a member, and local unit leader for his area. The group was a splinter from Combat 18
in 1997 and in the few years that it existed was thought to have only had around 80 supporters. Two of its members, Charlie Sargent and Martin Cross, are serving life sentences
for murder
. The group's publication
s include Column 88, White Dragon and The Order. Prominent members include leader Tony Williams, founding member Steve Sargent, and David Myatt, the group's first leader.
, also known as the Independent Community Group (ICG), and registered with the Electoral Commission
as The Community (London Borough of Hounslow), is a small political party
based in Isleworth
in the London Borough of Hounslow
. It was accused of fascism by the local Labour Party in the 1990s.
Phil Andrews was a member of the National Front
from 1977 to 1989, which he says he is "indescribably" ashamed of, claiming to now campaign against racism.
. The groups activities included hosting training camps and co-ordinating activities with other far-right organisations.
(WNP) was founded in May 2002 as "the British political wing of Aryan Unity". The party was formed by Eddy Morrison
, and Kevin Watmough "a key figure in Combat 18
" and webmaster of Redwatch
. A highly radical party it no longer exists.
was formed by Mark Cotterill
in 2004 and held two council seats in Blackburn for a spell. The party stood candidates in the 2010 local elections
and has sought to co-operate with the English Democrats Party
.
was formed in 2005 in a largely failed attempt to unite groups to the right of the BNP. Its main leaders were initially Eddy Morrison and John G. Wood, both leading figures in the White Nationalist Party which it effectively replaced. The party was damaged by a schism that led to the formation of the British Peoples' Party and its registration with the Electoral Commission lapsed in December 2008.
and its most prominent member was the former BNP member Sharon Ebanks
, who earlier in 2006 was briefly a councillor in the Kingstanding
ward in Birmingham
before being forced to resign when it was shown that she had been awarded it due to counting irregularities despite losing the election. It has now abandoned the Islamaphobia it iherited from the BNP.
as a political party in April 2006. The group stood two candidates, including Anderson, for election to Epping Forest District Council in the 2007 local elections
, but came third in both wards. He gained 215 votes in the Epping Hemnall ward beating a British National Party
candidate by 68 votes.
Spearhead was a British
far right-wing magazine edited by John Tyndall
until his death in July 2005. Founded in 1964 by Tyndall, it was used to voice his grievances against the state of the United Kingdom
. The magazine has not continued under new editorship, although a new article appeared on the magazine's website in October 2010.
Redwatch is a British website associated with members of the far-right, neo-fascist British People's Party
.
. Mr Lecomber
was convicted for various unnessasery hate crimes such as the criminal damage in 1982, offences under the Explosives Act in 1985, and was sentenced to three years' imprisonment in 1991 for an attack on a Jewish teacher.
Qualitative research
Qualitative research is a method of inquiry employed in many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the social sciences, but also in market research and further contexts. Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such...
or quantitative
Quantitative research
In the social sciences, quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to...
position a group or person occupies within right-wing politics
Right-wing politics
In politics, Right, right-wing and rightist generally refer to support for a hierarchical society justified on the basis of an appeal to natural law or tradition. To varying degrees, the Right rejects the egalitarian objectives of left-wing politics, claiming that the imposition of equality is...
. The terms are often used to imply that someone is an extremist
Extremism
Extremism is any ideology or political act far outside the perceived political center of a society; or otherwise claimed to violate common moral standards...
. The terms have been used by different scholars in somewhat conflicting ways.
Far right politics usually involve supremacism
Supremacism
Supremacism is the belief that a particular race, species, ethnic group, religion, gender, sexual orientation, belief system or culture is superior to others and entitles those who identify with it to dominate, control or rule those who do not.- Sexual :...
— a belief that superiority and inferiority is an innate reality between individuals and groups — and a complete rejection of the concept of social equality as a norm. Far right politics often support segregation; the separation of groups deemed to be superior from groups deemed to be inferior. Far right politics also commonly include authoritarianism
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a form of social organization characterized by submission to authority. It is usually opposed to individualism and democracy...
, nativism
Nativism (politics)
Nativism favors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. It may also include the re-establishment or perpetuation of such individuals or their culture....
, racism
Racism
Racism is the belief that inherent different traits in human racial groups justify discrimination. In the modern English language, the term "racism" is used predominantly as a pejorative epithet. It is applied especially to the practice or advocacy of racial discrimination of a pernicious nature...
and xenophobia
Xenophobia
Xenophobia is defined as "an unreasonable fear of foreigners or strangers or of that which is foreign or strange". It comes from the Greek words ξένος , meaning "stranger," "foreigner" and φόβος , meaning "fear."...
.
When this becomes more radicalised, violent, psychotic and/or aggressive it is called 'fascist politics'. Many of these parties stem from either the legacy of Sir Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists
British Union of Fascists
The British Union was a political party in the United Kingdom formed in 1932 by Sir Oswald Mosley as the British Union of Fascists, in 1936 it changed its name to the British Union of Fascists and National Socialists and then in 1937 to simply the British Union...
, or the political views held by either John Tyndall
John Tyndall (politician)
John Hutchyns Tyndall was a British politician who was prominently associated with several fascist/neo-Nazi sects. However, he is best known for leading the National Front in the 1970s and founding the contemporary British National Party in 1982.The most prominent figure in British nationalism...
, Andrew Fountain, Eddy Morrison, Ian Anderson, Colin Jordan and A.K. Chesterton, along with those of their parties like the British National Party
British National Party
The British National Party is a British far-right political party formed as a splinter group from the National Front by John Tyndall in 1982...
, National Front (United Kingdom), National Socialist Movement (1960s)
National Socialist Movement (1960s)
The National Socialist Movement was a British Neo-Nazi group formed on 20 April 1962, Adolf Hitler's birthday, by Colin Jordan, with John Tyndall as his deputy as a splinter group from the original British National Party of the 1960s.-Formation:...
and National Democrats (United Kingdom) over the last 40 years.
The ideologies usually associated with the far right include fascism
Fascism
Fascism is a radical authoritarian nationalist political ideology. Fascists seek to rejuvenate their nation based on commitment to the national community as an organic entity, in which individuals are bound together in national identity by suprapersonal connections of ancestry, culture, and blood...
, Nazism
Nazism
Nazism, the common short form name of National Socialism was the ideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany...
and other ultra-nationalist, religiously extreme
Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism is strict adherence to specific theological doctrines usually understood as a reaction against Modernist theology. The term "fundamentalism" was originally coined by its supporters to describe a specific package of theological beliefs that developed into a movement within the...
or reactionary
Reactionary
The term reactionary refers to viewpoints that seek to return to a previous state in a society. The term is meant to describe one end of a political spectrum whose opposite pole is "radical". While it has not been generally considered a term of praise it has been adopted as a self-description by...
ideologies.
The term radical right
Radical Right
Radical Right is a generally pejorative term used to describe various political movements on the right that are conspiracist, attuned to anti-American or anti-Christian agents of foreign powers, and "politically radical." The term was first used by social scientists in the 1950s regarding small...
refers to sections of the far right that promote views which are very conservative in traditional left-right terms, but which aim to break with prevailing institutions and practices. The radical right does not have a clear straightforward structure, but rather consists of overlapping subcultures with diverse styles of rhetoric, dress and symbolism whose cohesion comes from the use of alternative system of communications.
British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women
The British League of Ex-Servicemen and WomenBritish League of Ex-Servicemen and Women
The British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women was a British ex-service organisation that became associated with far right politics during and after the Second World War.-Origins:...
had its roots in a 1937 former soldiers' welfare group. This was taken over by Jeffrey Hamm
Jeffrey Hamm
Edward Jeffrey Hamm was a leading British Fascist and supporter of Oswald Mosley.Born in Ebbw Vale, Wales, he came into contact with the British Union of Fascists during a family trip to London and joined in 1935 when he relocated to London although initially, due to his youth, his role in the...
in 1944 and became a Mosleyite group. It was absorbed into the Union Movement
Union Movement
The Union Movement was a right-wing political party founded in Britain by Oswald Mosley. Where Mosley had previously been associated with a peculiarly British form of fascism, the Union Movement attempted to redefine the concept by stressing the importance of developing a European nationalism...
in 1948.
British Peoples' Party
The British People's Party (BPP) was formed in 1939 by BUF member and former Labour PartyLabour Party (UK)
The Labour Party is a centre-left democratic socialist party in the United Kingdom. It surpassed the Liberal Party in general elections during the early 1920s, forming minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in 1924 and 1929-1931. The party was in a wartime coalition from 1940 to 1945, after...
MP John Beckett. The party, which campaigned against the Second World War, continued to exist until 1954.
English National Association
The English National Association (ENA) was a political group active in the United Kingdom during the Second World War, founded in 1942. The ENA, Seeking to regroup former members of the British Union of Fascists, the group was founded by John Webster and Edward Gordfey and was originally called the British National Party (BNP). The group contested the 1943 Acton by-electionActon by-election, 1943
The Acton by-election, 1943 was a by-election held on 12 December 1943 for the British House of Commons constituency of Acton in London.The seat had become vacant after the death in October of the Conservative Member of Parliament Hubert Duggan...
with Godfrey officially running as independent
Independent (politician)
In politics, an independent or non-party politician is an individual not affiliated to any political party. Independents may hold a centrist viewpoint between those of major political parties, a viewpoint more extreme than any major party, or they may have a viewpoint based on issues that they do...
, although he finished bottom of the poll with 258 votes. It did not survive the war.
Union Movement
The Union MovementUnion Movement
The Union Movement was a right-wing political party founded in Britain by Oswald Mosley. Where Mosley had previously been associated with a peculiarly British form of fascism, the Union Movement attempted to redefine the concept by stressing the importance of developing a European nationalism...
was established by Oswald Mosley
Oswald Mosley
Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet, of Ancoats, was an English politician, known principally as the founder of the British Union of Fascists...
in 1948 as an amalgamtion of a number of groups formed by ex-members of the British Union of Fascists. The party advocated a Pan-European nationalism
Pan-European nationalism
The idea that Europe should be united politically has been present in European culture since the Middle Ages, and inspired several proposals for some form of confederation. With the growth of nationalism in the 19th century, several pan-national ideas of Europe developed, some of them based on...
policy that Mosley termed Europe a Nation
Europe a Nation
Europe a Nation was a policy developed by British politician Oswald Mosley as the cornerstone of his Union Movement. It called for the integration of Europe into a single entity....
and on this basis sought close links with parties in other European countries through initiatives such as the National Party of Europe
National Party of Europe
The National Party of Europe was an initiative undertaken by a number of political parties in Europe during the 1960s to help increase cross-border co-operation and work towards European unity....
and the European Social Movement
European Social Movement
The European Social Movement was a neo-fascist Europe-wide alliance set up in 1951 to promote Pan-European nationalism.The ESM had its origins in the emergence of the Italian Social Movement , which established contacts with like-minded smaller groups in Europe during the late 1940s, setting up...
. It also campaigned domestically against immigration at home and contested a number of elections, albeit without having any candidates elected. The party continued in existence until 1973 when it became the Action Party.
British Empire Party
The British Empire PartyBritish Empire Party
The British Empire Party was a minor right-wing party in the United Kingdom. It was founded in the early 1950s by P. J. Ridout, a former member of the Imperial Fascist League....
was a minor right-wing party in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
. It was founded in the early 1950s by P. J. Ridout, a former member of the Imperial Fascist League
Imperial Fascist League
The Imperial Fascist League was a British fascist political movement founded by Arnold Leese in 1929.-Origins:Leese had originally been a member of the British Fascists and indeed had been one of only two members ever to hold elected office for them...
. It had a single candidate in the 1951 UK general election.
League of Empire Loyalists
The Colonel BlimpColonel Blimp
Colonel Blimp is a British cartoon character.The cartoonist David Low first drew Colonel Blimp for Lord Beaverbrook's London Evening Standard in the 1930s: pompous, irascible, jingoistic and stereotypically British...
ish League of Empire Loyalists
League of Empire Loyalists
The League of Empire Loyalists was a British pressure group , established in 1954, which campaigned against the dissolution of the British Empire. The League was a small group of current or former members of the Conservative Party led by Arthur K...
was a ginger group
Ginger group
A ginger group is a formal or informal group within, for example, a political party seeking to inspire the rest with its own enthusiasm and activity....
established in 1954, campaigning against the dissolution of the British Empire
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height, it was the...
in the 1950s and 1960s. It was a small group of current or former members of the Conservative Party
Conservative Party (UK)
The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House...
led by Arthur K. Chesterton, a former leading figure in the British Union of Fascists
British Union of Fascists
The British Union was a political party in the United Kingdom formed in 1932 by Sir Oswald Mosley as the British Union of Fascists, in 1936 it changed its name to the British Union of Fascists and National Socialists and then in 1937 to simply the British Union...
, who had served under Oswald Mosley
Oswald Mosley
Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet, of Ancoats, was an English politician, known principally as the founder of the British Union of Fascists...
. The League found support from a number of Conservative Party members, although they were disliked very much by the leadership. They were well-known for various stunts at Conservative Party meetings and conferences (acting as a constant irritant to the party). As time progressed, the group became primarily concerned with opposing non-white immigration into Britain and were instrumental in the founding (with other right-wing and neo-Nazi groups) of the National Front in February 1967.
White Defence League
The White Defence LeagueWhite Defence League
The White Defence League was a British far-right political group. Using the provocative marching techniques popularised by Oswald Mosley, its members included a young John Tyndall.-Formation:...
was formed in 1958 as a splinter group from the League of Empire Loyalists
League of Empire Loyalists
The League of Empire Loyalists was a British pressure group , established in 1954, which campaigned against the dissolution of the British Empire. The League was a small group of current or former members of the Conservative Party led by Arthur K...
, formed from those who resented the LEL's refusal to contest elections and its strong links to the Conservative Party
Conservative Party (UK)
The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House...
. The WDL was vehemently against non-white immigration
Immigration
Immigration is the act of foreigners passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence...
and used the provocative marching techniques popularised by Oswald Mosley
Oswald Mosley
Sir Oswald Ernald Mosley, 6th Baronet, of Ancoats, was an English politician, known principally as the founder of the British Union of Fascists...
, although with much less support than Mosley had in his heyday. In 1960 the party merged with the National Labour Party
National Labour Party (UK, 1957)
The National Labour Party was a far right political party founded in 1957 by John Bean. The party campaigned on a platform of white nationalism, opposition to non-white immigration and anti-Semitism.-Formation:...
to form the old British National Party
British National Party (1960s)
The British National Party was a far right political party that operated in the United Kingdom from 1960 to 1967. Led by John Bean the group, which was subject to internal divisions during its brief history, established some areas of local support before helping to form the National Front in...
. It was led by Colin Jordan
Colin Jordan
John Colin Campbell Jordan was a leading figure in postwar Neo-Nazism in Britain. In the far-right nationalist circles of the 1960s, Jordan represented the most explicitly 'Nazi' inclination in his open use of the styles and symbols of the Third Reich.Through organisations such as the National...
and produced its own newspaper Black and White News sporadically between 1958 and 1959. John Tyndall
John Tyndall (politician)
John Hutchyns Tyndall was a British politician who was prominently associated with several fascist/neo-Nazi sects. However, he is best known for leading the National Front in the 1970s and founding the contemporary British National Party in 1982.The most prominent figure in British nationalism...
had also been a member.
The National Labour Party
The National Labour PartyNational Labour Party (UK, 1957)
The National Labour Party was a far right political party founded in 1957 by John Bean. The party campaigned on a platform of white nationalism, opposition to non-white immigration and anti-Semitism.-Formation:...
was another splinter group from the League of Empire Loyalists, founded by John Bean
John Bean
John Edward Bean is a long-standing participant in the British far right, who has been active within a number of movements during the course of his life and is the voice behind the BNP election broadcasts.-Early life:...
in 1957. The group was smiliar to the White Defence League, albeit along the lines of a political party rather than a pressure group, and the two merged to form the British National Party in 1960.
British National Party
The British National Party was formed in 1960 by the merger of the National Labour Party and the White Defence League. The party was led by John BeanJohn Bean
John Edward Bean is a long-standing participant in the British far right, who has been active within a number of movements during the course of his life and is the voice behind the BNP election broadcasts.-Early life:...
, with Andrew Fountaine
Andrew Fountaine
Andrew Fountaine was a veteran of the far right scene in British politics.Born into a land-owning Norfolk family, Fountaine was educated at the Army College in Aldershot and was the son of Vice Admiral Charles Fountaine who had been naval ADC to King George V...
holding the position of Party President, and other leading members including John Tyndall
John Tyndall (politician)
John Hutchyns Tyndall was a British politician who was prominently associated with several fascist/neo-Nazi sects. However, he is best known for leading the National Front in the 1970s and founding the contemporary British National Party in 1982.The most prominent figure in British nationalism...
, Colin Jordan
Colin Jordan
John Colin Campbell Jordan was a leading figure in postwar Neo-Nazism in Britain. In the far-right nationalist circles of the 1960s, Jordan represented the most explicitly 'Nazi' inclination in his open use of the styles and symbols of the Third Reich.Through organisations such as the National...
(who served as Activities Organiser), Denis Pirie
Denis Pirie
Denis Pirie is a veteran of the British far right scene who took a leading role in a number of movements.He began his career as a member of the 1960s British National Party and was appointed a member of the party's national council not long after its foundation...
and Ted Budden
Ted Budden
Edward Budden was a veteran of the far right in the United Kingdom who was well known in such circles for his satirical columns that appeared in a number of publications down the years....
. The widow of Arnold Leese
Arnold Leese
Arnold Spencer Leese was a British veterinarian and fascist politician. He was born in Lytham St Annes, Lancashire, England and educated at Giggleswick School....
served as vice-president of the party. The party's main policies were an end to immigration, repatriation of immigrants and belief in an international Jewish conspiracy. Elements within the party also expressed support for Nazism
Nazism
Nazism, the common short form name of National Socialism was the ideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany...
and a paramilitary arm, Spearhead, was set up by Tyndall. The BNP managed to secure an 8.1% share of the vote in Deptford
Deptford
Deptford is a district of south London, England, located on the south bank of the River Thames. It is named after a ford of the River Ravensbourne, and from the mid 16th century to the late 19th was home to Deptford Dockyard, the first of the Royal Navy Dockyards.Deptford and the docks are...
in the 1960 London County Council
London County Council
London County Council was the principal local government body for the County of London, throughout its 1889–1965 existence, and the first London-wide general municipal authority to be directly elected. It covered the area today known as Inner London and was replaced by the Greater London Council...
(LCC) elections, a large result for a new party without name recognition. After some in-fighting Jordan and Tyndall left in 1962 to set up the National Socialist Movement
National Socialist Movement (1960s)
The National Socialist Movement was a British Neo-Nazi group formed on 20 April 1962, Adolf Hitler's birthday, by Colin Jordan, with John Tyndall as his deputy as a splinter group from the original British National Party of the 1960s.-Formation:...
, leaving the BNP in the hands of Bean. The group merged into the National Front in 1967.
The National Socialist Movement
The National Socialist Movement was formed on 20 April 1962, Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and head of state from 1934 to 1945...
's birthday, by Colin Jordan
Colin Jordan
John Colin Campbell Jordan was a leading figure in postwar Neo-Nazism in Britain. In the far-right nationalist circles of the 1960s, Jordan represented the most explicitly 'Nazi' inclination in his open use of the styles and symbols of the Third Reich.Through organisations such as the National...
, with John Tyndall
John Tyndall (politician)
John Hutchyns Tyndall was a British politician who was prominently associated with several fascist/neo-Nazi sects. However, he is best known for leading the National Front in the 1970s and founding the contemporary British National Party in 1982.The most prominent figure in British nationalism...
as his deputy. as a splinter group from the original British National Party. A strongly neo-Nazi group it campaigned against "race traitor" Patrick Gordon Walker, the Foreign Secretary. It collapse in the late 1960s and was replaced by the British Movement
British Movement
The British Movement , later called the British National Socialist Movement , is a British neo-Nazi organisation founded by Colin Jordan in 1968. It grew out of the National Socialist Movement , which was founded in 1962...
.
The Greater Britain Movement
The Greater Britain MovementGreater Britain Movement
The Greater Britain Movement was a British far right political group formed by John Tyndall in 1964 after he split from Colin Jordan's National Socialist Movement...
was a political group formed by John Tyndall
John Tyndall (politician)
John Hutchyns Tyndall was a British politician who was prominently associated with several fascist/neo-Nazi sects. However, he is best known for leading the National Front in the 1970s and founding the contemporary British National Party in 1982.The most prominent figure in British nationalism...
in 1964 after he split from Colin Jordan
Colin Jordan
John Colin Campbell Jordan was a leading figure in postwar Neo-Nazism in Britain. In the far-right nationalist circles of the 1960s, Jordan represented the most explicitly 'Nazi' inclination in his open use of the styles and symbols of the Third Reich.Through organisations such as the National...
's National Socialist Movement. The group broke from open Nazism to follow what Tyndall called "Authoritarian Natiionalism". It was absorbed into the National Front in 1967 with members admitted 'on probation', leading to the GBM ceasing to exist.
The British Movement
The British MovementBritish Movement
The British Movement , later called the British National Socialist Movement , is a British neo-Nazi organisation founded by Colin Jordan in 1968. It grew out of the National Socialist Movement , which was founded in 1962...
(BM), later called the British National Socialist Movement (BNSM), was a neo-Nazi political party founded by Colin Jordan in 1968 as a continuation of the NSM. It contested the UK general elections in 1970
United Kingdom general election, 1970
The United Kingdom general election of 1970 was held on 18 June 1970, and resulted in a surprise victory for the Conservative Party under leader Edward Heath, who defeated the Labour Party under Harold Wilson. The election also saw the Liberal Party and its new leader Jeremy Thorpe lose half their...
and in February 1974
United Kingdom general election, February 1974
The United Kingdom's general election of February 1974 was held on the 28th of that month. It was the first of two United Kingdom general elections held that year, and the first election since the Second World War not to produce an overall majority in the House of Commons for the winning party,...
on a neo-Nazi platform, attracting little support. Michael McLaughlin
Michael McLaughlin
Michael McLaughlin was, for a time, a leading figure on the British far right.Born in Liverpool, he was the son of an Irish republican and socialist who was a veteran of the International Brigades....
became the leader in 1975 and won the BM new support from the growing racist skinhead and football hooligan movements. The group disappeared in the mid 1980s following revelations from Ray Hill
Ray Hill
Ray Hill was a leading figure in the British far right who went on to become a well-known informant.Born in Lancashire, he spent three years in the army before making his first steps in the far right with the Racial Preservation Society in Leicester in the late 1960s...
but returned in September 1983 and has continued to exist in some form to the present day.
The Racial Preservation Society
The Racial Preservation SocietyRacial Preservation Society
The Racial Preservation Society was a right-wing pressure group opposed to immigration and in favour of white nationalism, national preservation and protection in the United Kingdom in the 1960s.-Background:...
(RPS) was a right-wing pressure group opposed to non-white immigration
Immigration
Immigration is the act of foreigners passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence...
and in favour of white supremacy. It was established in 1965 by Robin Beauclaire and Jimmy Doyle as a propaganda organisation. Elements of the group were associated with the National Democratic Party and others with the National Front although it continued to exist at least until the 1970s.
The National Democratic Party
The National Democratic PartyNational Democratic Party (UK, 1966)
The National Democratic Party was a right wing political party that operated in the United Kingdom during the 1960s and 1970s. The NDP sought to poisition itself as an early rival to the National Front although ultimately it failed to challenege the position of this group.-Background:The NDP had...
was formed by Dr David Brown of the RPS in 1966. The group attracted local pockets of support but struggled to cope with the emergence of the National Front the following year and faded in the 1970s.
The National Front
The National Front (NF) was formed in 1967 by the amalgamation of a number of other groups. Initially led by A.K. Chesterton it went through a number of stages of development. John Tyndall led the party twice during the 1970s, a time marked by his clashes with John O'BrienJohn O'Brien (UK politician)
John O'Brien was a leading figure on the far right of British politics during the early 1970s.A fruit farmer by trade, O'Brien had initially been a member of the Conservative Party in Shrewsbury. A supporter of Enoch Powell, he attempted to organise a 'Powell for Premier' movement following the...
and John Kingsley Read
John Kingsley Read
John Kingsley Read was chairman of the British National Front from 1974 to 1976 and a founder of the National Party.A former member of the Conservative Party and chairman of the Blackburn Young Conservatives, Read left to join the NF in 1973 having addressed a rally against the arrival of Ugandan...
, the latter forming his own National Party
National Party (UK, 1976)
The National Party was a short-lived British far right political party formed on 6 January 1976 and which dissolved before the 1979 general election...
in 1976. Nonetheless the NF also reached its zenith in terms of support during the 1970s and had as many as 20,000 members in 1974.
The NF failed to make any headway at the UK general election, 1979 resulting in the group falling apart as various factions left to found the British Democratic Party
British Democratic Party
The British Democratic Party was a short-lived far-right political party in the United Kingdom. A breakaway group from the National Front the BDP was severely damaged after it became involved in a gun-running sting and was absorbed by the British National Party.-Formation and naming...
, the Constitutional Movement
Constitutional Movement
The Constitutional Movement was a right wing political group in the United Kingdom. It was formed in 1979 by Andrew Fountaine as the National Front Constitutional Movement, a splinter group from the National Front...
and the New National Front. Under Andrew Brons
Andrew Brons
Andrew Henry William Brons is a British politician. Long active in far right politics in Britain, he was elected as a Member of the European Parliament for Yorkshire and the Humber for the British National Party at the 2009 European Parliament election...
the remaining members were regrouped for a time but in 1986 the NF fell apart completely as two parties, the Official National Front
Official National Front
The Official National Front was one of two far-right groups to emerge in the United Kingdom in 1986 following a split within the National Front...
and the Flag Group
Flag Group
The Flag Group was a British political party, formed from one of the two wings of the National Front in the 1980s. Formed in opposition to the Political Soldier wing of the Official National Front it took its name from The Flag, a newspaper the followers of this faction formed after leaving and...
, emerged. The Flag Group eventually regained control of the NF name in 1990 and the party has continued to date, albeit very much in the shadow of the British National Party
British National Party
The British National Party is a British far-right political party formed as a splinter group from the National Front by John Tyndall in 1982...
.
The National Independence Party
The National Independence PartyNational Independence Party (UK)
The National Independence Party was a minor far-right party that appeared in British politics during the 1970s. The party was led by John Davis, and campaigned on a platform similar to that of the much bigger National Front on anti-immigration, anti-European Economic Community, anti-communism...
was a minor farright group established in the late 1960s that was close to John O'Brien. Although never a national force the party enjoyed support in the London Borough of Haringey
London Borough of Haringey
The London Borough of Haringey is a London borough, in North London, classified by some definitions as part of Inner London, and by others as part of Outer London. It was created in 1965 by the amalgamation of three former boroughs. It shares borders with six other London boroughs...
where it had a councillor elected.
Minor groups
The Anti-Communist Commando was led by Victor Norris, a pro-RhodesiaRhodesia
Rhodesia , officially the Republic of Rhodesia from 1970, was an unrecognised state located in southern Africa that existed between 1965 and 1979 following its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965...
activist and sometime member of the National Socialist Group, throughout the 1960s. Targeting left-wing demonstrations where it attempted to provoke violence, the Commando disappeared when Norris was jailed in 1969.
The National Socialist Group, led by the Olliffe brothers and Dave Courtney, was a paramilitary organisation linked to the British Movement
British Movement
The British Movement , later called the British National Socialist Movement , is a British neo-Nazi organisation founded by Colin Jordan in 1968. It grew out of the National Socialist Movement , which was founded in 1962...
in the late 1960s. Following the conviction of a number of members for possession of illegal weapons the NSG disappeared.
National Party
The National PartyNational Party (UK, 1976)
The National Party was a short-lived British far right political party formed on 6 January 1976 and which dissolved before the 1979 general election...
was formed by John Kingsley Read
John Kingsley Read
John Kingsley Read was chairman of the British National Front from 1974 to 1976 and a founder of the National Party.A former member of the Conservative Party and chairman of the Blackburn Young Conservatives, Read left to join the NF in 1973 having addressed a rally against the arrival of Ugandan...
after he was replaced by Tyndall as NF chairman in 1976. The group brought together populists and Strasserites. It proved short-lived.
November 9th Society
The November 9th SocietyNovember 9th Society
The British First Party is a British neo-Nazi group, formed in 1977 by Terry Flynn.-History:...
is a neo-Nazi group established by Terry Flynn in 1977 and subsequently led by Kevin Quinn. A hardline Nazi group it has since represented as a political party under the name British First Party.
British Democratic Party
The British Democratic PartyBritish Democratic Party
The British Democratic Party was a short-lived far-right political party in the United Kingdom. A breakaway group from the National Front the BDP was severely damaged after it became involved in a gun-running sting and was absorbed by the British National Party.-Formation and naming...
(BDP) was a short-lived party formed in 1979 when the Leicester
Leicester
Leicester is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands of England, and the county town of Leicestershire. The city lies on the River Soar and at the edge of the National Forest...
branch of the NF under the leadership of Anthony Reed Herbert
Anthony Reed Herbert
Anthony Reed-Herbert was a leading member of the British National Front during the 1970s, organising the party in Leicester and serving as its chief legal adviser ....
broke away from the main party. During his work with the BDP, Ray Hill
Ray Hill
Ray Hill was a leading figure in the British far right who went on to become a well-known informant.Born in Lancashire, he spent three years in the army before making his first steps in the far right with the Racial Preservation Society in Leicester in the late 1960s...
secretly took part in a World in Action
World in Action
World in Action was a British investigative current affairs programme made by Granada Television from 1963 until 1998. Its campaigning journalism frequently had a major impact on events of the day. Its production teams often took audacious risks and gained a solid reputation for its often...
documentary about the party, during the course of which Reed Herbert and other leading members were put in touch with an American (who was also working with the show) from whom they could buy guns. When the programme was broadcast, the BDP was left badly discredited. (Ultimately, when he returned to Britain, no charges were laid). It became a founder group of the British National Party
British National Party
The British National Party is a British far-right political party formed as a splinter group from the National Front by John Tyndall in 1982...
in 1982.
Constitutional Movement
The Constitutional MovementConstitutional Movement
The Constitutional Movement was a right wing political group in the United Kingdom. It was formed in 1979 by Andrew Fountaine as the National Front Constitutional Movement, a splinter group from the National Front...
was another NF splinter group from 1979, this time led by Andrew Fountaine
Andrew Fountaine
Andrew Fountaine was a veteran of the far right scene in British politics.Born into a land-owning Norfolk family, Fountaine was educated at the Army College in Aldershot and was the son of Vice Admiral Charles Fountaine who had been naval ADC to King George V...
. right wing political group in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
. After it changed its name to the Nationalist Party, it contested only five seats in the 1983 general election
United Kingdom general election, 1983
The 1983 United Kingdom general election was held on 9 June 1983. It gave the Conservative Party under Margaret Thatcher the most decisive election victory since that of Labour in 1945...
. The party soon disappeared with many members joining the BNP.
Minor groups
The British Defence League was a very short-lived group led by John O'BrienJohn O'Brien (UK politician)
John O'Brien was a leading figure on the far right of British politics during the early 1970s.A fruit farmer by trade, O'Brien had initially been a member of the Conservative Party in Shrewsbury. A supporter of Enoch Powell, he attempted to organise a 'Powell for Premier' movement following the...
in 1970 that was absorbed by the National Democratic Party
National Democratic Party (UK, 1966)
The National Democratic Party was a right wing political party that operated in the United Kingdom during the 1960s and 1970s. The NDP sought to poisition itself as an early rival to the National Front although ultimately it failed to challenege the position of this group.-Background:The NDP had...
.
The Integralists were a small body of intellectuals lead by Russian emigre George Knuppfer active during the early 1970s. The body, which concerned itself with conspiracy theories regarding international finance, was close to John O'Brien
John O'Brien (UK politician)
John O'Brien was a leading figure on the far right of British politics during the early 1970s.A fruit farmer by trade, O'Brien had initially been a member of the Conservative Party in Shrewsbury. A supporter of Enoch Powell, he attempted to organise a 'Powell for Premier' movement following the...
. It produced its own journal Right.
The National Party of St George was a local far right party based in Reading, Berkshire
Reading, Berkshire
Reading is a large town and unitary authority area in England. It is located in the Thames Valley at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, and on both the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway, some west of London....
. It was close to John O'Brien
John O'Brien (UK politician)
John O'Brien was a leading figure on the far right of British politics during the early 1970s.A fruit farmer by trade, O'Brien had initially been a member of the Conservative Party in Shrewsbury. A supporter of Enoch Powell, he attempted to organise a 'Powell for Premier' movement following the...
.
The Newcastle Democratic Movement was an anti-immigration group based in Newcastle-upon-Tyne that merged with the National Front in December 1971. Their membership provided the basis of a new large party group on Tyneside
Tyneside
Tyneside is a conurbation in North East England, defined by the Office of National Statistics, which is home to over 80% of the population of Tyne and Wear. It includes the city of Newcastle upon Tyne and the Metropolitan Boroughs of Gateshead, North Tyneside and South Tyneside — all settlements on...
.
The National Socialist British Workers' Party was largely the work of one man, G.R. Jenin, whose National Observer published Nazi Party material in the early 1970s.
Trade Unions Against Immigration (TRU-AIM) was a joint initiative of the National Front and British Movement. Led by Bill Whitbread it hoped to infiltrate the mainstream trade union movement but was eventually scuppered by internal differences.
The National Assembly was formed by Mary Stanton in 1974 as an umbrella organisation for various anti-immigration activists. Changing its name to the Anti-Communism Movement in 1977 it continued to exist until the early 1980s.
The United Party was a minor group based in Derby
Derby
Derby , is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands region of England. It lies upon the banks of the River Derwent and is located in the south of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire. In the 2001 census, the population of the city was 233,700, whilst that of the Derby Urban Area was 229,407...
that existed briefly during 1974. It merged with the supporters of Leicester NF chairman John Kynaston and the Enoch Powell
Enoch Powell
John Enoch Powell, MBE was a British politician, classical scholar, poet, writer, and soldier. He served as a Conservative Party MP and Minister of Health . He attained most prominence in 1968, when he made the controversial Rivers of Blood speech in opposition to mass immigration from...
support group of Stan Wright to form the English National Party, which presented candidates in the United Kingdom general election, October 1974
United Kingdom general election, October 1974
The United Kingdom general election of October 1974 took place on 10 October 1974 to elect 635 members to the British House of Commons. It was the second general election of that year and resulted in the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson, winning by a tiny majority of 3 seats.The election of...
.
The British National Party was a Leeds
Leeds
Leeds is a city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. In 2001 Leeds' main urban subdivision had a population of 443,247, while the entire city has a population of 798,800 , making it the 30th-most populous city in the European Union.Leeds is the cultural, financial and commercial...
-based group led by Eddy Morrison
Eddy Morrison
Eddy Morrison is a far-right wing political figure in Britain, who has been involved in a number of movements throughout his career. He is of Irish, Scottish, English and Wallonian descent and has two adult daughters...
during the mid 1970s. The group, which was linked to the League of St. George, helped to organised the White Defence Associations, armed gangs of vigilantes active in areas of racial tension. Morrison would later join John Tyndall
John Tyndall (politician)
John Hutchyns Tyndall was a British politician who was prominently associated with several fascist/neo-Nazi sects. However, he is best known for leading the National Front in the 1970s and founding the contemporary British National Party in 1982.The most prominent figure in British nationalism...
's BNP following its formation in 1982.
The National Democratic Freedom Movement was a violent group led by Morrison, David Myatt and Joe Short of Column 88
Column 88
Column 88 was a neo-nazi paramilitary organization based in the United Kingdom. It was formed in the early 1970s, and disbanded in the early 1980s. The members of Column 88 undertook military training under the supervision of a former Royal Marine Commando, and also held regular gatherings attended...
.
The Britannia Party was a short-lived breakaway from the NF, organised by Henry Lord and Marion Powell from 1978 to the following year.
British National Party
The British National PartyBritish National Party
The British National Party is a British far-right political party formed as a splinter group from the National Front by John Tyndall in 1982...
was formed by John Tyndall in 1982 from his New National Front and other minor groups. Subsequently led by Nick Griffin
Nick Griffin
Nicholas John "Nick" Griffin is a British politician, chairman of the British National Party and Member of the European Parliament for North West England....
the party has achieved levels of political representation unpresented on the far-right in Britain. It continues to exist.
The National Socialist Action Party
The National Socialist Action Party was formed in 1982 by Tony Malski, who split from the British MovementBritish Movement
The British Movement , later called the British National Socialist Movement , is a British neo-Nazi organisation founded by Colin Jordan in 1968. It grew out of the National Socialist Movement , which was founded in 1962...
, which was by that period in terminal decline. Malski wanted to form a party based solely on National Socialism
Nazism
Nazism, the common short form name of National Socialism was the ideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany...
. The group had a military structure and was divided into four distinct groups, although membership was always tiny at best. They produced a magazine, The European, which called for the formation of a paramilitary army which would be distinct from the NSAP. Malski assumed the title of Field Marshal. The Party comprised some of his neighbours in South Oxhey
South Oxhey
South Oxhey is a suburb of Watford in the Watford Rural parish of the Three Rivers district of Hertfordshire, England. It is located in the south western corner of Hertfordshire and close to the boundary with Greater London.-History:...
.
The group had connections in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
and these were exposed in 1984 by the Channel 4
Channel 4
Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster which began working on 2 November 1982. Although largely commercially self-funded, it is ultimately publicly owned; originally a subsidiary of the Independent Broadcasting Authority , the station is now owned and operated by the Channel...
documentary about Ray Hill
Ray Hill
Ray Hill was a leading figure in the British far right who went on to become a well-known informant.Born in Lancashire, he spent three years in the army before making his first steps in the far right with the Racial Preservation Society in Leicester in the late 1960s...
, during which Malski was shown by a hidden camera claiming to have imported explosives. The NSAP went into immediate decline after this exposé. Malski, who was dismissed by many on the far right
Far right
Far-right, extreme right, hard right, radical right, and ultra-right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group or person occupies within right-wing politics. Far-right politics may involve anti-immigration and anti-integration stances towards groups that are...
in Britain as something of a Walter Mitty
Walter Mitty
Walter Mitty is a fictional character in James Thurber's short story "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty", first published in the New Yorker on March 18, 1939, and in book form in My World and Welcome to It in 1942...
character, has occasionally surfaced at meetings, including speeches by David Irving
David Irving
David John Cawdell Irving is an English writer,best known for his denial of the Holocaust, who specialises in the military and political history of World War II, with a focus on Nazi Germany...
, although the NSAP is defunct. The party's last appearance in the public eye came in 1986 when member Graham Paton was convicted of sending propaganda and a concealed razor blade to an anti-apartheid activist. Most recently he has been found guilty of racially harassing his neighbour, a woman of Pakistan
Pakistan
Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...
i origin. He has, on occasion, stood for election to St Albans District Council, as an independent.
Our Nation
Our Nation was a minor movement briefly led by Martin WebsterMartin Webster
Martin Guy Alan Webster is a former leading figure on the far-right in British politics.-Early political activism:An early member of the Young Conservatives, from which he claimed to have been expelled, Webster was associated loosely with the League of Empire Loyalists until he joined the National...
. He set it up after his expulsion from the NF in December 1983 but it proved unsuccessful.
Official National Front
The Official National FrontOfficial National Front
The Official National Front was one of two far-right groups to emerge in the United Kingdom in 1986 following a split within the National Front...
was one of the two groups into which the NF split in 1986. Its members belonged to the "Political Soldier
Political Soldier
Political Soldier is a political concept associated with the Third Position. It played a leading role in Britain's National Front from the late 1970s onwards under young radicals Nick Griffin, Patrick Harrington and Derek Holland of the Official National Front...
" tendency that eschewed electoral politics. Leading members included Nick Griffin
Nick Griffin
Nicholas John "Nick" Griffin is a British politician, chairman of the British National Party and Member of the European Parliament for North West England....
, Derek Holland and Patrick Holland
Patrick Holland
Patrick Holland is an Australian novelist, short story writer and essayist. His novel The Long Road of the Junkmailer won the 2005 Queensland Premier's Award for Best Emerging Author and was shortlisted for the Commonwealth Writers' Prize, Best First Book South East Asia/South Pacific...
. It disappeared in 1990 with the emergence of the Third Way
Third Way (UK)
The National Liberal Party – The Third Way is a United Kingdom political party that was formed on 17 March 1990 as The Third Way. In 2006, the Third Way registered the name National Liberal Party – The Third Way with the Electoral Commission....
.
Flag Group
The Flag GroupFlag Group
The Flag Group was a British political party, formed from one of the two wings of the National Front in the 1980s. Formed in opposition to the Political Soldier wing of the Official National Front it took its name from The Flag, a newspaper the followers of this faction formed after leaving and...
was the other of the two NF factions. It sought to continue on the path previously followed by the NF in contesting elections and organising on a strongly anti-immigration basis. This group eventually regained control of the NF name.
International Third Position
The International Third PositionInternational Third Position
International Third Position ' was a neo-fascist organization formed by the breakaway faction of the neofascist British National Front and Italian neofascists led by Roberto Fiore....
was established in 1989 as a breakaway from the Official National Front after Patrick Harrington had sought a compromise with some radical Jews. Sharing the Political Soldier
Political Soldier
Political Soldier is a political concept associated with the Third Position. It played a leading role in Britain's National Front from the late 1970s onwards under young radicals Nick Griffin, Patrick Harrington and Derek Holland of the Official National Front...
mission of its predecessor the ITP is still in existence as a minor group.
Minor groups
White Nationalist Crusade was set up in 1981 in an attempt to bring a number of the divided far right groups under one banner. Although its members included veterans such as Robert RelfRobert Relf
Robert Relf is a far right British 'race martyr' who briefly became a cause célèbre for the tabloid press in the 1970s.Relf first came to national attention in 1976 when he advertised his house in Leamington Spa as being 'For Sale - to an English family only'...
it failed to achieve its goal of providing a rallying point.
The Association of British Ex-Servicemen (ABEX), a parody of the Association of Jewish Ex-Servicemen, was established by British National Party
British National Party
The British National Party is a British far-right political party formed as a splinter group from the National Front by John Tyndall in 1982...
founder Kenneth McKilliam in the early 1980s as vigilant group for Brixton
Brixton
Brixton is a district in the London Borough of Lambeth in south London, England. It is south south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London....
. The aim was not fulfilled and ABEX disappeared.
The National Action Party was set up by Eddy Morrison and Kevin Randall in the early 1980s and existed in some from for around ten years. With a strongly neo-Nazi ideology the group came under Randall's sole control when Morrison was expelled in 1986.
The UK Patriotic Front was a minor extreme right-wing party that contested some council seats in the urbanised parts Oxfordshire
Oxfordshire
Oxfordshire is a county in the South East region of England, bordering on Warwickshire and Northamptonshire , Buckinghamshire , Berkshire , Wiltshire and Gloucestershire ....
, Gloucestershire
Gloucestershire
Gloucestershire is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn, and the entire Forest of Dean....
and Worcestershire
Worcestershire
Worcestershire is a non-metropolitan county, established in antiquity, located in the West Midlands region of England. For Eurostat purposes it is a NUTS 3 region and is one of three counties that comprise the "Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Warwickshire" NUTS 2 region...
. It was formed during early 1982 by Brenda Steele and June Merrikin. John Tyndall
John Tyndall (politician)
John Hutchyns Tyndall was a British politician who was prominently associated with several fascist/neo-Nazi sects. However, he is best known for leading the National Front in the 1970s and founding the contemporary British National Party in 1982.The most prominent figure in British nationalism...
thought it was to pro-European to join forces with the BNP. Peter Knowle was also a major figure at the time. Carol Prentiss and Jo Butcher took over the leadership in early 1984 and it was dissolved later that year.
The National Socialist Workers Initiative, active in the early 1980s, was a Neo-Nazi group which aso drew on elements of Ecofascism
Ecofascism
Ecofascism, can be used in two different ways:# The term is used as a pejorative by political conservatives, centrists, and leftists to discredit deep ecology, mainstream environmentalism, radical environmentalism and other ecological positions....
. Leading members included National Socialist Action Party leader Tony Malski, National Socialist Movement veteran David Thorne and other far-right stalwarts including Ian Kerr-Ritchie and Bill Whitbread.
English Solidarity was established by Jane Birdwood
Jane Birdwood
Jane Birdwood, Baroness Birdwood was the wife of Lord Birdwood and a political figure on the far right in the United Kingdom who took part in a number of movements.-Early life:...
in 1988. Along with Birdwood's other groups, the Self-Help Organisation and the Gentile Self-Defence League, the group was strongly anti-Semitic and co-operated with the BNP.
National Democrats
The National Democrats were established by Ian AndersonIan Anderson (politician)
Ian Hugh Myddleton Anderson was a leading figure on the British far-right in the 1980s and 1990s.- Early background :Anderson was born in Hillingdon...
in 1995 as a new name for the Flag Group-controlled NF. The move resulted in a split in the movement. The party contested the UK general election, 1997 but made little headway and several prominent members, including Simon Darby
Simon Darby
Simon Darby is a British politician and former Deputy Chairman of the British National Party.-Background:By occupation a computer communications consultant, Darby began his political career in the National Democrats, most of whose activity was centred around his West Midlands base...
and Martin Wingfield
Martin Wingfield
Martin Wingfield is a long-standing figure on the far right in British politics. He and his wife, Tina WIngfield, have contested several elections.-National Front:...
, re-emerged as BNP members. The party was effectively defunct long before Anderson's death in February 2011.
National Socialist Movement
The National Socialist MovementNational Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)
The National Socialist Movement was a British neo-Nazi group active during the late 1990s. The group is not connected to the earlier National Socialist Movement of Colin Jordan.-Origins:...
(NSM) was a British neo-Nazi group, best known in the UK for its association with David Copeland
David Copeland
David John Copeland is a former member of the British National Party and the National Socialist Movement, who became known as the "London Nail Bomber" after a 13-day bombing campaign in April 1999 aimed at London's black, Bangladeshi and gay communities.Over three successive weekends between 17...
, the London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
nail-bomber, who was a member, and local unit leader for his area. The group was a splinter from Combat 18
Combat 18
Combat 18 is a violent neo-Nazi organisation associated with Blood and Honour. It originated in the United Kingdom, but has since spread to other countries. Members of Combat 18 have been suspected in numerous deaths of immigrants, non-whites, and other C18 members...
in 1997 and in the few years that it existed was thought to have only had around 80 supporters. Two of its members, Charlie Sargent and Martin Cross, are serving life sentences
Life imprisonment
Life imprisonment is a sentence of imprisonment for a serious crime under which the convicted person is to remain in jail for the rest of his or her life...
for murder
Murder
Murder is the unlawful killing, with malice aforethought, of another human being, and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide...
. The group's publication
Publication
To publish is to make content available to the public. While specific use of the term may vary among countries, it is usually applied to text, images, or other audio-visual content on any medium, including paper or electronic publishing forms such as websites, e-books, Compact Discs and MP3s...
s include Column 88, White Dragon and The Order. Prominent members include leader Tony Williams, founding member Steve Sargent, and David Myatt, the group's first leader.
The Community Group
The Community GroupThe Community Group (London Borough of Hounslow)
The Community Group, also known as the Independent Community Group , and registered with the Electoral Commission as The Community , is a small political party based in Isleworth in the London Borough of Hounslow....
, also known as the Independent Community Group (ICG), and registered with the Electoral Commission
Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)
The Electoral Commission is an independent body set up by the UK Parliament. It regulates party and election finance and sets standards for well-run elections...
as The Community (London Borough of Hounslow), is a small political party
Political party
A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office. Parties participate in electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions...
based in Isleworth
Isleworth
Isleworth is a small town of Saxon origin sited within the London Borough of Hounslow in west London, England. It lies immediately east of the town of Hounslow and west of the River Thames and its tributary the River Crane. Isleworth's original area of settlement, alongside the Thames, is known as...
in the London Borough of Hounslow
London Borough of Hounslow
-Political composition:Since the borough was formed it has been controlled by the Labour Party on all but two occasions. In 1968 the Conservatives formed a majority for the first and last time to date until they lost control to Labour in 1971. Labour subsequently lost control of the council in the...
. It was accused of fascism by the local Labour Party in the 1990s.
Phil Andrews was a member of the National Front
British National Front
The National Front is a far right, white-only political party whose major political activities took place during the 1970s and 1980s. Its popularity peaked in the 1979 general election, when it received 191,719 votes ....
from 1977 to 1989, which he says he is "indescribably" ashamed of, claiming to now campaign against racism.
Minor groups
British Resistance was the brainchild of Rosine de Bounevialle, the editor of CandourCandour
Candour is a British far right-wing magazine founded and edited by A.K. Chesterton until his death in 1973.It was founded in 1953 as the successor to Truth newspaper of which he had been deputy editor...
. The groups activities included hosting training camps and co-ordinating activities with other far-right organisations.
White Nationalist Party
The White Nationalist PartyWhite Nationalist Party
The White Nationalist Party was a neo-fascist British political party, founded in May 2002 as "the British political wing of Aryan Unity"...
(WNP) was founded in May 2002 as "the British political wing of Aryan Unity". The party was formed by Eddy Morrison
Eddy Morrison
Eddy Morrison is a far-right wing political figure in Britain, who has been involved in a number of movements throughout his career. He is of Irish, Scottish, English and Wallonian descent and has two adult daughters...
, and Kevin Watmough "a key figure in Combat 18
Combat 18
Combat 18 is a violent neo-Nazi organisation associated with Blood and Honour. It originated in the United Kingdom, but has since spread to other countries. Members of Combat 18 have been suspected in numerous deaths of immigrants, non-whites, and other C18 members...
" and webmaster of Redwatch
Redwatch
Redwatch is a British website associated with members of the far-right British People's Party. It publishes photographs of, and personal information about, alleged far left and anti-fascist activists. It typically targets activists in political parties, advocacy groups, trade unions and the media...
. A highly radical party it no longer exists.
England First Party
The England First PartyEngland First Party
The England First Party is a minor English nationalist political party. It had two councillors on Blackburn with Darwen council between 2006 and 2007.-Formation and policies:...
was formed by Mark Cotterill
Mark Cotterill
Mark Adrian Cotterill is a far right political figure who has been involved in a number of movements throughout his career...
in 2004 and held two council seats in Blackburn for a spell. The party stood candidates in the 2010 local elections
United Kingdom local elections, 2010
The 2010 United Kingdom local elections were held on Thursday 6 May 2010, when the 2010 general election also took place. Direct elections were held to all 32 London boroughs, all 36 metropolitan boroughs, 76 second-tier district authorities, 20 unitary authorities and various Mayoral posts, all in...
and has sought to co-operate with the English Democrats Party
English Democrats Party
The English Democrats are an English federalist political party, committed to the formation of a devolved English Parliament with at least the same powers as those granted to the Scottish Parliament. Whilst not supporting English Independence, the English Democrats consider themselves the English...
.
Nationalist Alliance
The Nationalist AllianceNationalist Alliance
The Nationalist Alliance is a far right movement in British politics, that aims to serve as an umbrella group for the various White nationalist groups in Britain...
was formed in 2005 in a largely failed attempt to unite groups to the right of the BNP. Its main leaders were initially Eddy Morrison and John G. Wood, both leading figures in the White Nationalist Party which it effectively replaced. The party was damaged by a schism that led to the formation of the British Peoples' Party and its registration with the Electoral Commission lapsed in December 2008.
British Peoples' Party
The British Peoples' Party was a splinter group from the Nationalist Alliance established by Eddy Morrison in 2005. It also contested the 2010 local elections, albeit with a single candidate.New Nationalist Party
The New Nationalist Party was a small party founded by former members of the BNP in 2006. It was based in the West MidlandsWest Midlands (county)
The West Midlands is a metropolitan county in western central England with a 2009 estimated population of 2,638,700. It came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972, formed from parts of Staffordshire, Worcestershire and Warwickshire. The...
and its most prominent member was the former BNP member Sharon Ebanks
Sharon Ebanks
Sharon Ebanks is a former member of the British National Party and one of the founder members of the New Nationalist Party.-BNP activism:...
, who earlier in 2006 was briefly a councillor in the Kingstanding
Kingstanding
Kingstanding is an area in north Birmingham, England. It gives its name to a ward in the Erdington council constituency. Kingstanding ward includes the areas; Perry Common, St. Mary's College, Witton Lakes and parts of Kingstanding, Wyrley Birch and New Oscott...
ward in Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside the capital London, with a population of 1,036,900 , and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the second most populous urban area in the United Kingdom with a...
before being forced to resign when it was shown that she had been awarded it due to counting irregularities despite losing the election. It has now abandoned the Islamaphobia it iherited from the BNP.
Epping Community Action Group
Ian Anderson was the leader of the short-lived and allegedly far right Epping Community Action Group, which was registered with the Electoral CommissionElectoral Commission (United Kingdom)
The Electoral Commission is an independent body set up by the UK Parliament. It regulates party and election finance and sets standards for well-run elections...
as a political party in April 2006. The group stood two candidates, including Anderson, for election to Epping Forest District Council in the 2007 local elections
United Kingdom local elections, 2007
The 2007 UK local government elections were held on 3 May 2007. These elections took place in most of England and all of Scotland. There were no local government elections in Wales though the Welsh Assembly had a general election on the same day. There were no local government elections in Northern...
, but came third in both wards. He gained 215 votes in the Epping Hemnall ward beating a British National Party
British National Party
The British National Party is a British far-right political party formed as a splinter group from the National Front by John Tyndall in 1982...
candidate by 68 votes.
Webpages, newspapers and magazeens
Candour is a British far right-wing magazine founded and edited by A.K. Chesterton until his death in 1973.Spearhead was a British
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
far right-wing magazine edited by John Tyndall
John Tyndall (politician)
John Hutchyns Tyndall was a British politician who was prominently associated with several fascist/neo-Nazi sects. However, he is best known for leading the National Front in the 1970s and founding the contemporary British National Party in 1982.The most prominent figure in British nationalism...
until his death in July 2005. Founded in 1964 by Tyndall, it was used to voice his grievances against the state of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
. The magazine has not continued under new editorship, although a new article appeared on the magazine's website in October 2010.
Redwatch is a British website associated with members of the far-right, neo-fascist British People's Party
British People's Party
British People's Party has been used as a name by a number of far right parties in the United Kingdom. The main users have been:* British People's Party * British People's Party * British People's Party...
.
Criminal activities
Anthony "Tony" Mark Lecomber (born 1963) is a former Group Development Director for the British National PartyBritish National Party
The British National Party is a British far-right political party formed as a splinter group from the National Front by John Tyndall in 1982...
. Mr Lecomber
Tony Lecomber
Anthony "Tony" Mark Lecomber is a former Group Development Director for the British National Party.-Background:Lecomber has been active in far-right politics since the early 1980s...
was convicted for various unnessasery hate crimes such as the criminal damage in 1982, offences under the Explosives Act in 1985, and was sentenced to three years' imprisonment in 1991 for an attack on a Jewish teacher.
See also
- British NationalismBritish nationalismFar right politics in the United Kingdom have existed since at least the 1930s, with the formation of fascist and anti-semitic movements. It went on to acquire more explicitly racial connotations, being dominated in the 1960s and 1970s by self-proclaimed white nationalist organisations that oppose...
- Irish NationalismIrish nationalismIrish nationalism manifests itself in political and social movements and in sentiment inspired by a love for Irish culture, language and history, and as a sense of pride in Ireland and in the Irish people...
- United Kingdom general election, 1964United Kingdom general election, 1964The United Kingdom general election of 1964 was held on 15 October 1964, more than five years after the preceding election, and thirteen years after the Conservative Party had retaken power...
- United Kingdom local elections, 2007United Kingdom local elections, 2007The 2007 UK local government elections were held on 3 May 2007. These elections took place in most of England and all of Scotland. There were no local government elections in Wales though the Welsh Assembly had a general election on the same day. There were no local government elections in Northern...
- English Democrats PartyEnglish Democrats PartyThe English Democrats are an English federalist political party, committed to the formation of a devolved English Parliament with at least the same powers as those granted to the Scottish Parliament. Whilst not supporting English Independence, the English Democrats consider themselves the English...
- Islamaphobia
- CasualsCasualsThe casual subculture is a subsection of association football culture that is typified by football hooliganism and the wearing of expensive European designer clothing. The subculture originated in the United Kingdom in the early 1980s when many hooligans started wearing designer labels and...
- White supremacyWhite supremacyWhite supremacy is the belief, and promotion of the belief, that white people are superior to people of other racial backgrounds. The term is sometimes used specifically to describe a political ideology that advocates the social and political dominance by whites.White supremacy, as with racial...
- English Defence LeagueEnglish Defence LeagueThe English Defence League is a far-right street protest movement which opposes what it considers to be a spread of Islamism, Sharia law and Islamic extremism in the UK. The EDL uses street marches to protest against Islamic extremism...
- Anti-Defamation LeagueAnti-Defamation LeagueThe Anti-Defamation League is an international non-governmental organization based in the United States. Describing itself as "the nation's premier civil rights/human relations agency", the ADL states that it "fights anti-Semitism and all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals and protects...
- League of Saint GeorgeLeague of Saint GeorgeThe League of St. George is a Neo-Nazi organization based in the United Kingdom.-History:The League was formed around 1974 as a political club by Keith Thompson and Mike Griffin as a breakaway from the Action Party, founded by British fascist, Oswald Mosley. The League sought to continue what it...
- Muslim Council of BritainMuslim Council of BritainThe Muslim Council of Britain is a self-appointed umbrella body for national, regional, local and specialist organisations and institutions from different ethnic and sectarian backgrounds within British Islamic society. It was established in 1997 to help Muslims, to increase education about the...
- Official National FrontOfficial National FrontThe Official National Front was one of two far-right groups to emerge in the United Kingdom in 1986 following a split within the National Front...
- Swinton CircleSwinton circleThe London Swinton Circle is a British pressure group with links to the Conservative Party. It states that it stands for "traditional Conservative and Unionist principles"-History and membership:...
- Board of Deputies of British JewsBoard of Deputies of British JewsThe Board of Deputies of British Jews is the main representative body of British Jews. Founded in 1760 as a joint committee of the Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jewish communities in London, it has since become a widely recognised forum for the views of the different sectors of the UK Jewish...
- Christian Council of BritainChristian Council of BritainThe Christian Council of Britain is an organisation founded by Rev Robert West. While it claims to be "an independent, non-political organisation autonomous of any political party in Britain," the CCoB is closely associated with the British National Party.West, a former Conservative Party...
- KKK
- New Nationalist Party (UK)New Nationalist Party (UK)The New Nationalist Party was a small, far right political party founded by former members of the British National Party in 2006. It was based in the West Midlands and its most prominent member was the former BNP member Sharon Ebanks, who earlier in 2006 was briefly a councillor in the...
- Anti-Nazi LeagueAnti-Nazi LeagueThe Anti-Nazi League was an organisation set up in 1977 on the initiative of the Socialist Workers Party with sponsorship from some trade unions and the endorsement of a list of prominent people to oppose the rise of far-right groups in the United Kingdom. It was wound down in 1981...