Haplogroup B (mtDNA) - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Human mitochondrial genetics

Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of the DNA contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria are small structures in cells that generate energy for the cell to use, and are hence referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell....

, Haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup R

Haplogroup R (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup R is a very extended mitochondrial DNA haplogroup and is the most common macro-haplogroup in West Eurasia.Haplogroup R is a descendant of macro-haplogroup N...

.

Its greater variety is in China

China

Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...

. It is conspicuous that haplogroup B may have its earliest diversification in southern China

Northern and southern China

Northern China and southern China are two approximate regions within China. The exact boundary between these two regions has never been precisely defined...

and/or Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia, South-East Asia, South East Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies on the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic...

Distribution

Haplogroup B is found frequently in East Asia. Its subgroup B2 is one of five haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A

Haplogroup A (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.-Origin:Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000-50,000 years before present...

, C

Haplogroup C (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.-Origin:Haplogroup C is believed to have arisen somewhere between the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal some 60,000 years before present. It is a descendant of the haplogroup M.-Distribution:Haplogroup C is found in...

, D

Haplogroup D (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.-Origin:Haplogroup D is believed to have arisen in Asia some 48,000 years before present. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M.-Distribution:...

, and X

Haplogroup X (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. It has a widespread global distribution but no major regions of distinct localization.-Origin:...

.

Since the migration to the Americas

Models of migration to the New World

There have been several models for the human settlement of the Americas proposed by various academic communities. The question of how, when and why humans first entered the Americas is of intense interest to archaeologists and anthropologists, and has been a subject of heated debate for centuries...

by the ancestors of Indigenous Americans is generally believed to have been from Siberia

Siberia

Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...

, it is especially surprising that Haplogroup B is the only haplogroup found in Indigenous Americans which is not found in modern North (it is found in 3% of the Siberian population- based on new research) Siberia

Siberia

n populations. However, Haplogroup B has been found among Southern Siberians, such as Tuvans

Tuvans

Tuvans or Tuvinians are Turkic peoples living in southern Siberia. They are historically known as one of the Uriankhai, from the Mongolian designation...

, Altays, and Buryats

Buryats

The Buryats or Buriyads , numbering approximately 436,000, are the largest ethnic minority group in Siberia and are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the Buryat Republic, a federal subject of Russia...

. This haplogroup is also found in Mongolia

Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East and Central Asia. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its western-most point is only from Kazakhstan's eastern tip. Ulan Bator, the capital and largest...

ns, Tibetans

Tibetan people

The Tibetan people are an ethnic group that is native to Tibet, which is mostly in the People's Republic of China. They number 5.4 million and are the 10th largest ethnic group in the country. Significant Tibetan minorities also live in India, Nepal, and Bhutan...

, Koreans, and among populations of Japan

Japan

Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...

, China

China

, Vietnam

Vietnam

Vietnam – sometimes spelled Viet Nam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea –...

, Malaysia, Taiwan

Taiwan

Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...

, Indonesia

Indonesia

Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...

, Madagascar

Madagascar

The Republic of Madagascar is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa...

, the Philippines

Philippines

The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...

, Melanesia

Melanesia

Melanesia is a subregion of Oceania extending from the western end of the Pacific Ocean to the Arafura Sea, and eastward to Fiji. The region comprises most of the islands immediately north and northeast of Australia...

, Micronesia

Micronesia

Micronesia is a subregion of Oceania, comprising thousands of small islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It is distinct from Melanesia to the south, and Polynesia to the east. The Philippines lie to the west, and Indonesia to the southwest....

, and Polynesia

Polynesia

Polynesia is a subregion of Oceania, made up of over 1,000 islands scattered over the central and southern Pacific Ocean. The indigenous people who inhabit the islands of Polynesia are termed Polynesians and they share many similar traits including language, culture and beliefs...

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

B
- B4
  - B4a
    - B4a1
      - B4a1a
        
        B4a1a1
        
        B4a1a1a
        
        B4a1a1a1
        
        B4a1a1b
        
        B4a1a2
        
        B4a1b
        
        B4a1b1
        
        B4a1b1a
      - B4a1c
        
        B4a1c1
        
        B4a1c2
        
        B4a1c4
        
        B4a1c3
        
        B4a1c3a
    - B4a2
    - B4a2a
  - B4g
  - B4b'd'e
    - B4b
      - B2
        
        B2a
        
        B2a1
        
        B2a1a
        
        B2b
        
        B2c
        
        B2c1
        
        B2d
        
        B2e
      - B4b1
        
        B4b1a
        
        B4b1a1
        
        B4b1a1a
        
        B4b1a2
        
        B4b1a2a
        
        B4b1b'c
        
        B4b1b
        
        B4b1c
    - B4d
      - B4d1'2'3
        
        B4d1
        
        B4d2
        
        B4d3
    - B4e
  - B4c
    - B4c1
      - B4c1a'b
        
        B4c1a
        
        B4c1a1
        
        B4c1a1a
        
        B4c1a2
        
        B4c1b
        
        B4c1b1
        
        B4c1b1a
        
        B4c1b2
      - B4c1c
        
        B4c1c1
    - B4c2
      - B4c2a
  - B4f
    - B4f1
- B5
  - B5a
    - B5a1
      - B5a1a
    - B5a2
      - B5a2a
  - B5b
    - B5b1
      - B5b1a'b
        
        B5b1a
        
        B5b1b
    - B5b2
      - B5b2a'b
        
        B5b2a
        
        B5b2b
        
        B5b2b1
      - B5b2c
    - B5b3
- B7

Popular culture

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve
The Seven Daughters of Eve
The Seven Daughters of Eve is a book by Bryan Sykes that presents the theory of human mitochondrial genetics to a general audience...

, Bryan Sykes

Bryan Sykes

Bryan Sykes is a former Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Oxford and a current Fellow of Wolfson College.Sykes published the first report on retrieving DNA from ancient bone...

named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Ina.

External links

General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
- Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup B
- Spread of Haplogroup B, from National Geographic
- Ina

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.

Origin

Distribution

Tree

Popular culture

See also

External links