Haplogroup D (mtDNA) - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Human mitochondrial genetics

Human mitochondrial genetics is the study of the genetics of the DNA contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria are small structures in cells that generate energy for the cell to use, and are hence referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell....

, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup D is believed to have arisen in Asia some 48,000 years before present. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M

Haplogroup M (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. An enormous haplogroup spanning all the continents, the macro-haplogroup M, like its sibling N, is a descendant of haplogroup L3....

Distribution

It is found in Northeast Asia (including Siberia

Siberia

Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...

). Its subclade D1 (along with D2 and D4) is one of five haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas

Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of North and South America, their descendants and other ethnic groups who are identified with those peoples. Indigenous peoples are known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, and in the United States as Native Americans...

, the others being A

Haplogroup A (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.-Origin:Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000-50,000 years before present...

, B

Haplogroup B (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.-Origin:Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup R....

, C

Haplogroup C (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.-Origin:Haplogroup C is believed to have arisen somewhere between the Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal some 60,000 years before present. It is a descendant of the haplogroup M.-Distribution:Haplogroup C is found in...

, and X

Haplogroup X (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup X is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. It has a widespread global distribution but no major regions of distinct localization.-Origin:...

.

Haplogroup D is also found quite frequently in Central Asia, where it makes up the second most common mtDNA clade (after H). Haplogroup D also appears at a low frequency in northeastern Europe and southwestern Asia.

Its subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia

East Asia

East Asia or Eastern Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms...

, such as Japanese

Japanese people

The are an ethnic group originating in the Japanese archipelago and are the predominant ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide, approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent; of these, approximately 127 million are residents of Japan. People of Japanese ancestry who live in other countries...

, Koreans, Mongols

Mongols

Mongols ) are a Central-East Asian ethnic group that lives mainly in the countries of Mongolia, China, and Russia. In China, ethnic Mongols can be found mainly in the central north region of China such as Inner Mongolia...

, and Tungusic

Tungusic languages

The Tungusic languages form a language family spoken in Eastern Siberia and Manchuria by Tungusic peoples. Many Tungusic languages are endangered, and the long-term future of the family is uncertain...

-speaking populations of northern China

People's Republic of China

China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...

Subclades

There are two principal branches:

D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): Spread all over East Asia
East Asia
East Asia or Eastern Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms...

, Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, South-East Asia, South East Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies on the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic...

, Siberia
Siberia
Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...

, Central Asia
Central Asia
Central Asia is a core region of the Asian continent from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north...

and indigenous peoples of the Americas
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of North and South America, their descendants and other ethnic groups who are identified with those peoples. Indigenous peoples are known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, and in the United States as Native Americans...

.
D5'6 (16189): Mainly in East Asia
East Asia
East Asia or Eastern Asia is a subregion of Asia that can be defined in either geographical or cultural terms...

and Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, South-East Asia, South East Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia. The region lies on the intersection of geological plates, with heavy seismic...

. Lower in Siberia, Central Asia and East India.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup D subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

D
- D4
  - D1
    - D1a
    - D1b
    - D1c
    - D1d
  - D4a
    - D4a1
      - D4a1a
      - D4a1b
      - D4a1c
    - D4a2
      - D4a2a
    - D4a3
      - D4a3a
    - D4a4
  - D4b
    - D4b1
      - D3
      - D4b1a
        
        D4b1a1
        
        D4b1a2
        
        D4b1a2a
        
        D4b1a2a1
        
        D4b1a2a1a
      - D4b1b
        
        D4b1b1
        
        D4b1b1a
        
        D4b1b2
    - D4b2
      - D4b2a
        
        D4b2a1
        
        D4b2a2
        
        D4b2a2a
        
        D4b2a2b
      - D4b2b
        
        D4b2b1
        
        D4b2b1a
        
        D4b2b1b
        
        D4b2b2
        
        D4b2b3
  - D4c
    - D4c1
      - D4c1a
        
        D4c1a1
      - D4c1b
        
        D4c1b1
    - D4c2
  - D4d
  - D4e
    - D4e1
      - D2
        
        D2a
        
        D2a1
        
        D2a1a
        
        D2a1b
        
        D2b
      - D4e1a
        
        D4e1a1
        
        D4e1a2
  - D4e2
    - - D4e2a
      - D4e2b
      - D4e2c
  - D4f
  - D4g
    - D4g1
      - D4g1a
      - D4g1b
      - D4g1c
    - D4g2
      - D4g2a
        
        D4g2a1
  - D4h
    - D4h1
      - D4h1a
    - D4h3
  - D4i
    - D4i1
    - D4i2
  - D4j
  - D4k
  - D4l
    - D4l1
    - D4l2
      - D4l2a
  - D4m
    - D4m1
    - D4m2
  - D4n
    - D4n1
  - D4o
    - D4o1
    - D4o2
- D5'6
  - D5
    - D5a'b
      - D5a
        
        D5a1
        
        D5a1a
        
        D5a2
        
        D5a2a
        
        D5a2a1
        
        D5a2a1a
        
        D5a2a1b
      - D5b
        
        D5b1
        
        D5b1a
        
        D5b1b
        
        D5b1b1
        
        D5b2
    - D5c
    - D5d
      - D5d1
  - D6

Popular culture

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve

The Seven Daughters of Eve

The Seven Daughters of Eve is a book by Bryan Sykes that presents the theory of human mitochondrial genetics to a general audience...

, Bryan Sykes

Bryan Sykes

Bryan Sykes is a former Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Oxford and a current Fellow of Wolfson College.Sykes published the first report on retrieving DNA from ancient bone...

named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Djigonasee.

External links

General
- Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Haplogroup D
- Mannis van Oven's PhyloTree.org - mtDNA subtree D
- Spread of Haplogroup D, from National Geographic