Grand Marshals of the Tournament of Roses Parade
Encyclopedia
The following is a list of Grand Marshals of the Tournament of Roses Parade.

The Disney family is the only family to have more than one member serve as Grand Marshal: Walt Disney
Walt Disney
Walter Elias "Walt" Disney was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon, and philanthropist, well-known for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. Along with his brother Roy O...

 was the 1966 Grand Marshal, then his nephew Roy E. Disney
Roy E. Disney
Roy Edward Disney, KCSG was a longtime senior executive for The Walt Disney Company, which his father Roy Oliver Disney and his uncle Walt Disney founded. At the time of his death he was a shareholder , and served as a consultant for the company and Director Emeritus for the Board of Directors...

 held the post in 2000.

1890s

  • 1890 - Dr. Francis F. Rowland
  • 1891 - No Grand Marshal
  • 1892 - Dr. Francis F. Rowland

  • 1893 - No Grand Marshal
  • 1894 - Dr. Francis F. Rowland
  • 1895 - Dr. H. H. Sherk

  • 1896 & 1897 - Edwin Stearns
  • 1898 & 1899 - Martin H. Weight
    Martin H. Weight
    Martin H. Weight was the first Mayor of Pasadena, California elected by popular vote. During his administration, Pasadena's first two parks were established as well as the completion of Pasadena's first City Hall building....



1900s

  • 1900 & 1901 - Charles Daggett
  • 1902 & 1903 - C. C. Reynolds

  • 1904 & 1905 - Dr. Francis F. Rowland
  • 1906 - John B. Miller

  • 1907 & 1908 - Dr. Ralph Skillen
  • 1909 - Walter S. Wright


1910s

  • 1910 - Dr. Francis F. Rowland & Prof. Charles F. Holder
    Charles Frederick Holder
    Charles Frederick Holder was the inventor of big-game fishing and a founder of Pasadena's Tournament of Roses and the Tuna Club of Avalon on Santa Catalina Island....

  • 1911 - Dr. Ralph Skillen
  • 1912 - E. H. Groenendyke
  • 1913 - Leigh Guyer

  • 1914 - Charles Daggett
  • 1915 - M. S. Pashgian
  • 1916 - Dr. Francis F. Rowland

  • 1917 - Dr. C. D. Lockwood
  • 1918 - Dr. Z. T. Malaby
  • 1919 - Frank Hunter


1920s

  • 1920 - Frank G. Hogan
  • 1921 - W. A. Boucher
  • 1922 - Harold Landreth
  • 1923 - H.L. Gianetti

  • 1924 - Col. George S. Parker
  • 1925 - Lewis H. Turner
  • 1926 - Col. L. J. Mygatt

  • 1927 - Dr. C.D. Lockwood
  • 1928 - John McDonald
    John McDonald
    John McDonald may refer to:*John McDonald , businessman and political figure in Upper Canada and Canada West*John McDonald , member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, 1911–1914...

  • 1929 - Marco Hellman


1930s

  • 1930 - James Rolph
    James Rolph
    James “Sunny Jim” Rolph, Jr. was an American politician and a member of the Republican Party. He was elected to a single term as the 27th governor of California from January 6, 1931 until his death on June 2, 1934 at the height of the Great Depression...

  • 1931 - Gen. Charles S. Farnsworth
    Charles S. Farnsworth
    Charles Stewart Farnsworth was an American general and civic leader.-Early life:Farnsworth was born in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania and attended local public schools...

  • 1932 - William May Garland
    William May Garland
    William May Garland was the son of Jonathan May Garland and Rebecca Heagan Jewett....

  • 1933 - Mary Pickford
    Mary Pickford
    Mary Pickford was a Canadian-born motion picture actress, co-founder of the film studio United Artists and one of the original 36 founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences...


  • 1934 - Adm. William Sims
    William Sims
    William Sowden Sims was an admiral in the United States Navy who sought during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to modernize the Navy. During World War I he commanded all United States naval forces operating in Europe...

  • 1935 - Harold Lloyd
    Harold Lloyd
    Harold Clayton Lloyd, Sr. was an American film actor and producer, most famous for his silent comedies....

  • 1936 - James V. Alfred

  • 1937 - Eugene Biscailuz
  • 1938 - Leo Carrillo
    Leo Carrillo
    Leopoldo Antonio Carrillo , was an American actor, vaudevillian, political cartoonist, and conservationist.-Family roots:...

  • 1939 - Shirley Temple
    Shirley Temple
    Shirley Temple Black , born Shirley Jane Temple, is an American film and television actress, singer, dancer, autobiographer, and former U.S. Ambassador to Ghana and Czechoslovakia...



1940s

  • 1940 - Edgar Bergen
    Edgar Bergen
    Edgar John Bergen was an American actor and radio performer, best known as a ventriloquist.-Early life:...

     & Charlie McCarthy
  • 1941 - E. O. Nay
    Brookside Golf Course
    Brookside Golf Course is a multi-course golf facility located in Pasadena, California. The facility offers two courses, the longer C.W. Koiner Course and the shorter E.O. Nay Course , divided by the Arroyo Seco. It was designed by architect Billy Bell...

  • 1942 - Kay Kyser
    Kay Kyser
    James Kern Kyser was a popular bandleader and radio personality of the 1930s and 1940s.-Early years:He was born in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, the son of pharmacists Paul Bynum Kyser and Emily Royster Kyser. Editor Vermont C. Royster was his cousin...

  • 1943 - Earl Warren
    Earl Warren
    Earl Warren was the 14th Chief Justice of the United States.He is known for the sweeping decisions of the Warren Court, which ended school segregation and transformed many areas of American law, especially regarding the rights of the accused, ending public-school-sponsored prayer, and requiring...


  • 1944 - Amos Alonzo Stagg
    Amos Alonzo Stagg
    Amos Alonzo Stagg was an American athlete and pioneering college coach in multiple sports, primarily American football...

  • 1945 - Herbert Hoover
    Herbert Hoover
    Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st President of the United States . Hoover was originally a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business...

  • 1946 - Adm. William Halsey
    William Halsey, Jr.
    Fleet Admiral William Frederick Halsey, Jr., United States Navy, , was a U.S. Naval officer. He commanded the South Pacific Area during the early stages of the Pacific War against Japan...


  • 1947 - Bob Hope
    Bob Hope
    Bob Hope, KBE, KCSG, KSS was a British-born American comedian and actor who appeared in vaudeville, on Broadway, and in radio, television and movies. He was also noted for his work with the US Armed Forces and his numerous USO shows entertaining American military personnel...

  • 1948 - Gen. Omar Bradley
    Omar Bradley
    Omar Nelson Bradley was a senior U.S. Army field commander in North Africa and Europe during World War II, and a General of the Army in the United States Army...

  • 1949 - Perry Brown


1950s

  • 1950 - Paul G. Hoffman
    Paul G. Hoffman
    Paul Gray Hoffman was an American automobile company executive, statesman and global development aid administrator.Hoffman was born in Western Springs, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago...

  • 1951 - Corporal Robert S. Gray (For General Dwight D. Eisenhower
    Dwight D. Eisenhower
    Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army...

    )
  • 1952 - Medal of Honor
    Medal of Honor
    The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. It is bestowed by the President, in the name of Congress, upon members of the United States Armed Forces who distinguish themselves through "conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his or her...

     Men: Major Carl Sitter
    Carl L. Sitter
    Carl Leonard Sitter was a highly decorated United States Marine Corps officer and Korean War Medal of Honor recipient.-Marine Corps career:...

    , Captain Lewis Millett, Lieutenant Stanley Adams
    Stanley T. Adams
    -External links:* from Life , featuring Adams...

    , Lieutenant Thomas Hudner, Captain Raymond Harvey
    Raymond Harvey
    Raymond Harvey was a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army who served during World War II and the Korean War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions on March 9, 1951.-Early years and military service:...

    , Sergeant Ernest Kouma & Sergeant Joseph C. Rodriguez
    Joseph C. Rodriguez
    Colonel Joseph C. Rodriguez born in San Bernardino, California, was a United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor - the United States' highest military decoration for his actions near Munye-ri, Korea during the Korean War.-Early years:Rodriguez, a Mexican-American, was raised in the...


  • 1953 - Senator and Vice-President elect Richard M. Nixon
  • 1954 - General William F. Dean
    William F. Dean
    William Frishe Dean, Sr. was a major general in the United States Army during World War II and the Korean War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions on July 20 and 21, 1950, during the Battle of Taejon in South Korea...

  • 1955 - Chief Justice Earl Warren
    Earl Warren
    Earl Warren was the 14th Chief Justice of the United States.He is known for the sweeping decisions of the Warren Court, which ended school segregation and transformed many areas of American law, especially regarding the rights of the accused, ending public-school-sponsored prayer, and requiring...



  • 1956 - Charles E. Wilson
    Charles Erwin Wilson
    Charles Erwin Wilson , American businessman and politician, was United States Secretary of Defense from 1953 to 1957 under President Eisenhower. Known as "Engine Charlie", he previously worked as CEO for General Motors. In the wake of the Korean War, he cut the defense budget significantly.-Early...


  • 1957 - Eddie Rickenbacker
    Eddie Rickenbacker
    Edward Vernon Rickenbacker was an American fighter ace in World War I and Medal of Honor recipient. He was also a race car driver and automotive designer, a government consultant in military matters and a pioneer in air transportation, particularly as the longtime head of Eastern Air Lines.-Early...

  • 1958 - Robert Gordon Sproul
    Robert Gordon Sproul
    Robert Gordon Sproul was eleventh President of the University of California serving from 1930 to 1958....

  • 1959 - E. L. "Bob" Bartlett


1960s

  • 1960 - Vice-President Richard M. Nixon
  • 1961 - William F. Quinn
    William F. Quinn
    William Francis Quinn was the Governor of the Territory of Hawai'i from 1957 to 1959 and the Governor of the State of Hawai'i from 1959 to 1962. Originally appointed to the office by President Dwight D...

  • 1962 - Albert D. Rosellini
  • 1963 - Dr. William H. Pickering
    William Hayward Pickering
    William Hayward Pickering ONZ KBE was a New Zealand born rocket scientist who headed Pasadena, California's Jet Propulsion Laboratory for 22 years, retiring in 1976...



  • 1964 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower
    Dwight D. Eisenhower
    Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army...

  • 1965 - Arnold Palmer
    Arnold Palmer
    Arnold Daniel Palmer is an American professional golfer, who is generally regarded as one of the greatest players in the history of men's professional golf. He has won numerous events on both the PGA Tour and Champions Tour, dating back to 1955...

  • 1966 - Walt Disney
    Walt Disney
    Walter Elias "Walt" Disney was an American film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur, entertainer, international icon, and philanthropist, well-known for his influence in the field of entertainment during the 20th century. Along with his brother Roy O...



  • 1967 - Thanat Khoman
  • 1968 - Senator Everett Dirksen
    Everett Dirksen
    Everett McKinley Dirksen was an American politician of the Republican Party. He represented Illinois in the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate...

  • 1969 - Bob Hope
    Bob Hope
    Bob Hope, KBE, KCSG, KSS was a British-born American comedian and actor who appeared in vaudeville, on Broadway, and in radio, television and movies. He was also noted for his work with the US Armed Forces and his numerous USO shows entertaining American military personnel...



1970s

  • 1970 - Apollo 12
    Apollo 12
    Apollo 12 was the sixth manned flight in the American Apollo program and the second to land on the Moon . It was launched on November 14, 1969 from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, four months after Apollo 11. Mission commander Charles "Pete" Conrad and Lunar Module Pilot Alan L...

     Astronauts: Alan L. Bean, Charles Conrad, Jr. & Richard F. Gordon, Jr.
    Richard F. Gordon, Jr.
    Richard Francis Gordon, Jr., Captain, USN, Ret. is a retired NASA astronaut. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon.-Military and flight experience:Gordon was born in Seattle, Washington...

  • 1971 - Reverend Billy Graham
    Billy Graham
    William Franklin "Billy" Graham, Jr. is an American evangelical Christian evangelist. As of April 25, 2010, when he met with Barack Obama, Graham has spent personal time with twelve United States Presidents dating back to Harry S. Truman, and is number seven on Gallup's list of admired people for...


  • 1972 - Lawrence Welk
    Lawrence Welk
    Lawrence Welk was an American musician, accordionist, bandleader, and television impresario, who hosted The Lawrence Welk Show from 1955 to 1982...

  • 1973 - John Wayne
    John Wayne
    Marion Mitchell Morrison , better known by his stage name John Wayne, was an American film actor, director and producer. He epitomized rugged masculinity and became an enduring American icon. He is famous for his distinctive calm voice, walk, and height...

  • 1974 - Charles M. Schulz
    Charles M. Schulz
    Charles Monroe "Sparky" Schulz was an American cartoonist, whose comic strip Peanuts proved one of the most popular and influential in the history of the medium, and is still widely reprinted on a daily basis.-Early life and education:Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Schulz grew up in Saint Paul...

  • 1975 - Hank Aaron

  • 1976 - Kate Smith
    Kate Smith
    Kathryn Elizabeth "Kate" Smith was an American Popular singer, best known for her rendition of Irving Berlin's "God Bless America". Smith had a radio, television, and recording career spanning five decades, which reached its pinnacle in the 1940s.Smith was born in Greenville, Virginia...

  • 1977 - Roy Rogers
    Roy Rogers
    Roy Rogers, born Leonard Franklin Slye , was an American singer and cowboy actor, one of the most heavily marketed and merchandised stars of his era, as well as being the namesake of the Roy Rogers Restaurants franchised chain...

     & Dale Evans
    Dale Evans
    Dale Evans, was an American writer, movie star, and singer-songwriter. She was the third wife of singing cowboy Roy Rogers.-Early life:...

  • 1978 - Former President Gerald Ford
    Gerald Ford
    Gerald Rudolph "Jerry" Ford, Jr. was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974...

  • 1979 - Lathrop K. Leishman


1980s

  • 1980 - Frank Sinatra
    Frank Sinatra
    Francis Albert "Frank" Sinatra was an American singer and actor.Beginning his musical career in the swing era with Harry James and Tommy Dorsey, Sinatra became an unprecedentedly successful solo artist in the early to mid-1940s, after being signed to Columbia Records in 1943. Being the idol of the...

  • 1981 - Lorne Greene
    Lorne Greene
    Lorne Greene , was the stage name of Lyon Himan Green, OC, a Canadian actor.His television roles include Ben Cartwright on the western Bonanza, and Commander Adama in the science fiction movie and subsequent TV Series Battlestar Galactica...

  • 1982 - James Stewart
    James Stewart (actor)
    James Maitland Stewart was an American film and stage actor, known for his distinctive voice and his everyman persona. Over the course of his career, he starred in many films widely considered classics and was nominated for five Academy Awards, winning one in competition and receiving one Lifetime...

  • 1983 - Merlin Olsen
    Merlin Olsen
    Merlin Jay Olsen was an American football player in the National Football League, NFL commentator, and actor. He played his entire 15-year career with the Los Angeles Rams and was elected to the Pro Bowl in 14 of those seasons, a current record shared with Bruce Matthews...


  • 1984 - Danny Kaye
    Danny Kaye
    Danny Kaye was a celebrated American actor, singer, dancer, and comedian...

  • 1985 - Lee A. Iacocca
    Lee Iacocca
    Lido Anthony "Lee" Iacocca is an American businessman known for engineering the Mustang, the unsuccessful Ford Pinto, being fired from Ford Motor Company, and his revival of the Chrysler Corporation in the 1980s...

  • 1986 - Cliff Robertson
    Cliff Robertson
    Clifford Parker "Cliff" Robertson III was an American actor with a film and television career that spanned half of a century. Robertson portrayed a young John F. Kennedy in the 1963 film PT 109, and won the 1968 Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the movie Charly...


  • 1987 - Pelé
    Pelé
    However, Pelé has always maintained that those are mistakes, that he was actually named Edson and that he was born on 23 October 1940.), best known by his nickname Pelé , is a retired Brazilian footballer. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest football players of all time...

  • 1988 - Gregory Peck
    Gregory Peck
    Eldred Gregory Peck was an American actor.One of 20th Century Fox's most popular film stars from the 1940s to the 1960s, Peck continued to play important roles well into the 1980s. His notable performances include that of Atticus Finch in the 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird, for which he won an...

  • 1989 - Shirley Temple Black


1990s

  • 1990 - Senator John Glenn
    John Glenn
    John Herschel Glenn, Jr. is a former United States Marine Corps pilot, astronaut, and United States senator who was the first American to orbit the Earth and the third American in space. Glenn was a Marine Corps fighter pilot before joining NASA's Mercury program as a member of NASA's original...

  • 1991 - Bob Newhart
    Bob Newhart
    George Robert Newhart , known professionally as Bob Newhart, is an American stand-up comedian and actor. Noted for his deadpan and slightly stammering delivery, Newhart came to prominence in the 1960s when his album of comedic monologues The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart was a worldwide...

  • 1992 - His Grace Cristobol Colon (descendant of Christopher Columbus) & Congressman Ben Nighthorse Campbell
    Ben Nighthorse Campbell
    Benjamin Nighthorse Campbell is an American politician. He was a U.S. Senator from Colorado from 1993 until 2005 and was during his tenure the only American Indian serving in the U.S. Congress. Campbell was a three term U.S. Representative from 1987 to 1993, when he was sworn into office as a...


  • 1993 - Angela Lansbury
    Angela Lansbury
    Angela Brigid Lansbury CBE is an English actress and singer in theatre, television and motion pictures, whose career has spanned eight decades and earned her more performance Tony Awards than any other individual , with five wins...

  • 1994 - William Shatner
    William Shatner
    William Alan Shatner is a Canadian actor, musician, recording artist, and author. He gained worldwide fame and became a cultural icon for his portrayal of James T...

  • 1995 - Juan "Chi-Chi" Rodríguez
  • 1996 - Kermit the Frog
    Kermit the Frog
    Kermit the Frog is puppeteer Jim Henson's most famous Muppet creation, first introduced in 1955. He is the protagonist of many Muppet projects, most notably as the host of The Muppet Show, and has appeared in various sketches on Sesame Street, in commercials and in public service announcements over...


  • 1997 - Carl Lewis
    Carl Lewis
    Frederick Carlton "Carl" Lewis is an American former track and field athlete, who won 10 Olympic medals including 9 gold, and 10 World Championships medals, of which 8 were gold. His career spanned from 1979 when he first achieved a world ranking to 1996 when he last won an Olympic title and...

     & Shannon Miller
    Shannon Miller
    Shannon Lee Miller is a former artistic gymnast from Edmond, Oklahoma. She is the most decorated gymnast in U.S. History, and considered one of the greatest gymnasts the United States has ever produced...

  • 1998 - Carol Burnett
    Carol Burnett
    Carol Creighton Burnett is an American actress, comedian, singer, dancer and writer. Burnett started her career in New York. After becoming a hit on Broadway, she made her television debut...

  • 1999 - Buzz Aldrin
    Buzz Aldrin
    Buzz Aldrin is an American mechanical engineer, retired United States Air Force pilot and astronaut who was the Lunar Module pilot on Apollo 11, the first manned lunar landing in history...

    , Shirley Temple Black, Jackie Robinson
    Jackie Robinson
    Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson was the first black Major League Baseball player of the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when he debuted with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947...

     (posthumously) & David L. Wolper
    David L. Wolper
    David Lloyd Wolper was an American television and film producer, responsible for shows such as Roots, The Thorn Birds, North & South, L.A. Confidential, and the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory...



2000s

  • 2000 - Roy E. Disney
    Roy E. Disney
    Roy Edward Disney, KCSG was a longtime senior executive for The Walt Disney Company, which his father Roy Oliver Disney and his uncle Walt Disney founded. At the time of his death he was a shareholder , and served as a consultant for the company and Director Emeritus for the Board of Directors...

  • 2001 - Tom Brokaw
    Tom Brokaw
    Thomas John "Tom" Brokaw is an American television journalist and author best known as the anchor and managing editor of NBC Nightly News from 1982 to 2004. He is the author of The Greatest Generation and other books and the recipient of numerous awards and honors...

  • 2002 - Regis Philbin
    Regis Philbin
    Regis Francis Xavier Philbin is an American media personality, actor and singer, known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s. Philbin is often called "the hardest working man in show business" and holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera...

  • 2003 - Bill Cosby
    Bill Cosby
    William Henry "Bill" Cosby, Jr. is an American comedian, actor, author, television producer, educator, musician and activist. A veteran stand-up performer, he got his start at various clubs, then landed a starring role in the 1960s action show, I Spy. He later starred in his own series, the...

    , Art Linkletter
    Art Linkletter
    Arthur Gordon "Art" Linkletter was a Canadian-born American radio and television personality. He was the host of House Party, which ran on CBS radio and television for 25 years, and People Are Funny, on NBC radio-TV for 19 years...

     & Fred Rogers

  • 2004 - John Williams
    John Williams
    John Towner Williams is an American composer, conductor, and pianist. In a career spanning almost six decades, he has composed some of the most recognizable film scores in the history of motion pictures, including the Star Wars saga, Jaws, Superman, the Indiana Jones films, E.T...

  • 2005 - Mickey Mouse
    Mickey Mouse
    Mickey Mouse is a cartoon character created in 1928 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks at The Walt Disney Studio. Mickey is an anthropomorphic black mouse and typically wears red shorts, large yellow shoes, and white gloves...

  • 2006 - Justice Sandra Day O'Connor
    Sandra Day O'Connor
    Sandra Day O'Connor is an American jurist who was the first female member of the Supreme Court of the United States. She served as an Associate Justice from 1981 until her retirement from the Court in 2006. O'Connor was appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1981...


  • 2007 - George Lucas
    George Lucas
    George Walton Lucas, Jr. is an American film producer, screenwriter, and director, and entrepreneur. He is the founder, chairman and chief executive of Lucasfilm. He is best known as the creator of the space opera franchise Star Wars and the archaeologist-adventurer character Indiana Jones...

  • 2008 - Emeril Lagasse
    Emeril Lagasse
    'Emeril John Lagasse is an American celebrity chef, restaurateur, television personality, and cookbook author. A regional James Beard Award winner, he is perhaps most notable for his Food Network shows Emeril Live and Essence of Emeril as well as catchphrases such as “Kick it up a notch!” and...

  • 2009 - Cloris Leachman
    Cloris Leachman
    Cloris Leachman is an American actress of stage, film and television. She has won eight Primetime Emmy Awards—more than any other performer—and one Daytime Emmy Award...



2010s

  • 2010 - Chesley B. "Sully" Sullenberger III
    Chesley Sullenberger
    Chesley Burnett "Sully" Sullenberger III is an American airline transport pilot , safety expert, and accident investigator from Danville, California...

  • 2011 - Paula Deen
    Paula Deen
    Paula Deen American cook, cooking show host, restaurateur, author, actress and Emmy Award-winning television personality.Deen resides in Savannah, Georgia, where she owns and operates...

  • 2012 - J.R. Martinez
    J.R. Martinez
    Jose Rene "J. R." Martinez is an American actor, motivational speaker and former U.S. Army soldier. Since 2008 he has played the role of Brot Monroe on the ABC daytime drama All My Children, and was the winner of Season 13 of ABC's Dancing with the Stars...

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK