Francisco Gómez-Jordana, 1st Count of Jordana
Encyclopedia
Francisco Gómez-Jordana y Sousa, 1st Count of Jordana (Madrid
, 1876 – San Sebastián
, 3 August 1944) was a Spanish soldier and politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs during the rule of Francisco Franco
.
, North Morocco
, 1918), a Colonel at Melilla
, a historical Spanish stronghold since 1497 at North Africa in 1909, a General of Division in 1912 and who became, eventually, a Lieutenant General
, 1915, and High Military Commissioner of Spain in Morocco
.
A military student at the Academia General of Zaragoza
in 1892, went to Cuba
as a second lieutenant being wounded there on 23 November 1896. Captain at the "Escuela Superior de Guerra", (Madrid, to be translated as "High School for the Conduction of War", (1902–1908) he went in 1911 to Melilla
to join his father Colonel Francisco Gómez Jordana, (1852–1918), becoming himself a Lieutenant Colonel, 1912, and a Colonel, 1915, being promoted to General of Brigade, 1922.
From 9 July 1915 to 27 January 1919, he was (for his first time) High Commissioner of Spain in Morocco, some sort of High Colonial Head, being the third one registered since April 1913. He was again High Commissioner between November 1928 and 19 April 1931, occupying thus the 10th position in such list.
On 13 September 1923, General Miguel Primo de Rivera
, (1870–1930), 2nd Marquis of Estella
, a title awarded by King of Spain Alfonso XII in 1877, military coup, inspired in Benito Mussolini
coup at the Kingdom of Italy
, led King Alfonso XIII of Spain
to accept as statesman and prime minister of Spain dictator and General Miguel Primo de Rivera
, without calling for constitutional elections.
As a member of the Military Directory, Primo de Rivera conferred upon him wide powers to deal with any colonial initiatives in Africa, including the "peacemaking resorts" at the Spanish political "protectorate" of Morroco, a.k.a. the Spanish protectorate of Morocco (Arabic: حماية إسبانيا في المغرب; Spanish: Protectorado español de Marruecos).
This was the area of Morocco under colonial rule by the "Spanish Empire", established by the Treaty of Fez
in 1912 and ending in 1956, when both France and Spain recognized Moroccan independence.
On 8 September 1925, Spanish General Leopoldo Saro, (Morón
, now Camagüey
, Cuba
, 11 January 1878 - Madrid
, executed by the Republican Militia, 19 August 1936]]), and the French Commanders Colonel Billot and Colonel Freydenberg protagonized a combined naval - landing attack at the Al Hoceima
, Rif
.
General Leopoldo Saro Marín, much honored and disputed, too, at the town of Ubeda
, province of Jaén, aged 49, was awarded the title of 1st Count of La Playa de Ixdain, 19 July 1926, while General Gómez- Jordana, aged 49 too, was awarded the title of 1st count of Jordana by King of Spain Alfonso XIII.
Another man honored by the "peacemaking actions" in the Rif was "Africanist" General José Sanjurjo
y Sacanell (Pamplona
, 28 March 1872 – Estoril
, Portugal
, 20 July 1936, in an airplane accident), who was invested as 1st Marqués del Rif in 1927 by King of Spain Alfonso XIII.
Another further "Africanist" military men were the three brothers and also Spanish Generals Dámaso Berenguer
y Fusté (Remedios
, Cuba, 4 August 1873 – Madrid
, Spain
, 19 May 1953), and his cadet brothers Fernando, (Remedios, Cuba, 30 May 1876 - Hernani
, Gipuzkoa, 6 June 1934, assassinated by unknown persons) and Federico, (Remedios, Cuba, 15 October 1877 - ?).
The eldest, Dámaso, was the second "soft" dictator, thus called at the time by ordinary people when compared with General Miguel Primo de Ribera, for the period 30 January 1930 – 18 January 1931. He was awarded the title of Count of Xauen in 1927 by his military actions in the conquest of Xauen, North Morocco, in 1920. He was also Minister for the War while, for instance, Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba
, (1878–1953), was Minister of State and Public Instruction.
This peace-making actions led to the exile of Rif independentist leader Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi (ca. 1882–1963), from Ajdir
, commonly known as Abd el-Krim
, leader of resistance movement in Berber area of Morocco, in Arabic: محمد بن عبد الكريم الخطابي . Since 1921 he was known as the creator of the Confederal Republic of the tribes of the Rif, in Amazigh: Tagduda n Arif, in Arabic: جمهورية الريف
, Infantry , 1850, Segovia
, Artillery, 1764, Alcalá de Henares
, Engineers, 1803, Valladolid
, Cavalry, 1852. One joint, basic General Military Academy, Academia General Militar was created during the times of King of Spain Alfonso XII, 20 February 1882, at Zaragoza
.
On 17 August 1930, the so called Pact of San Sebastián
, was led on one side by Conservative Right leaders Miguel Maura
, (Madrid
, Spain
, 1887 - 1971 Zaragoza
, Spain
, 1971) son of Majorcan conservative prime minister of Spain, (for five times), and a Duke, Antonio Maura, (1853 - 1925) and Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
, (Priego de Cordoba
, Spain, 1877 - Buenos Aires
, Argentina
, 18 February 1949, in the exile ).
They bunched together with members of other rather small liberal and regionalist republican parties calling also for action to stomp out the lack of the expected modern civil liberties and progresses in Education by the Military Dictatorial prone General warrying new Counts and marquesses in North Africa, the corrupted local elections by political clients and the fear to the of future when expanding military nationalism and colonialism.
They probably felt unfair social and personal tolls were borne by the young male sons of the impoverished working classes tilling the fields and the modest farms of the inhabitants many conscripted as "glorious" soldiers and/or the worrying news on the sorrowful state of the supposedly 1920s "communist" havens, i.e., of the former Russian Empire subjects, news which leaked out through the non-censored, liberally minded sorts of news from well meaning Spanish journalists coming from the new short middle classes describing on the local newspapers visiting there and reporting those news back here. On 14 April 1931 the II Spanish Republic was approved by the masses after the earlier municipal elections and the dissolution of the royally approved Military Directorate (1923 - 1931).
It was not a question of recuperating national pride like it had happened after the spectacular defeat by the Axis powers of World War I
neither there were really great needs of setting up some sort of unique national and/or racial identity or other small fry problems of American/European further to the North countries even. Even so, the Civil War was a confrontation quite Apocalyptic in the consequences for many years to come.
A civil law notary
Manuel Azaña
,(January 10, 1880 – Montauban
, France
, November 3 1940, in the exile) and a specialist in Chemistry, Prof. of Chemistry at the University of Salamanca
José Giral
, founding members of the same group Republican Action Spain from the Pact of San Sebastián
, too, were unwilling but quite efficient detonants of the wrath of the many of the Spanish Generals.
The quick promotions to General through the Morocco actions by the Infantry Officers and the rather scarcer promotions of the more aristocratic background Cavalry Officers left out Engineering Officers and mainly Artillery Officers out if quick climbing to the Generalate. Therefore, there were strong tensions, 1926, from the Artillery Officers toward Infantry and sometimes also Cavalry Officers related to Promotion.
It was civil law notary and self sufficient new Minister of War since 16 April 1931, Manuel Azaña, the one chosen by the Gods of the Spaniards to provide the clue to the Army problems by closing, lock, barrel and stock, the education and the access to the General Military Academy, Zaragoza, the Director of the Institution at this time being "Africanist" General Francisco Franco
, 30 June 1931.
The outcry within the ruling military heads was spectacular, the more, with the King of Spain having left the country "to avoid shedding any Spanish blood on my behalf". Trouble was thus instantly served to act in due time five years after the Great Recession and with Italy, Germany and Austria wishing to "clean" past offences from other European Nations.
Madrid
Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...
, 1876 – San Sebastián
San Sebastián
Donostia-San Sebastián is a city and municipality located in the north of Spain, in the coast of the Bay of Biscay and 20 km away from the French border. The city is the capital of Gipuzkoa, in the autonomous community of the Basque Country. The municipality’s population is 186,122 , and its...
, 3 August 1944) was a Spanish soldier and politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs during the rule of Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was a Spanish general, dictator and head of state of Spain from October 1936 , and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November, 1975...
.
The new breed of the military nobility under King of Spain Alfonso XIII
He was the son of military man Francisco Gómez Jordana, (1852 - TetouanTétouan
Tetouan is a city in northern Morocco. The Berber name means literally "the eyes" and figuratively "the water springs". Tetouan is one of the two major ports of Morocco on the Mediterranean Sea. It lies a few miles south of the Strait of Gibraltar, and about 40 mi E.S.E. of Tangier...
, North Morocco
Morocco
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
, 1918), a Colonel at Melilla
Melilla
Melilla is a autonomous city of Spain and an exclave on the north coast of Morocco. Melilla, along with the Spanish exclave Ceuta, is one of the two Spanish territories located in mainland Africa...
, a historical Spanish stronghold since 1497 at North Africa in 1909, a General of Division in 1912 and who became, eventually, a Lieutenant General
Lieutenant General
Lieutenant General is a military rank used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the second in command on the battlefield, who was normally subordinate to a Captain General....
, 1915, and High Military Commissioner of Spain in Morocco
Morocco
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
.
A military student at the Academia General of Zaragoza
Zaragoza
Zaragoza , also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza Province and of the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain...
in 1892, went to Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
as a second lieutenant being wounded there on 23 November 1896. Captain at the "Escuela Superior de Guerra", (Madrid, to be translated as "High School for the Conduction of War", (1902–1908) he went in 1911 to Melilla
Melilla
Melilla is a autonomous city of Spain and an exclave on the north coast of Morocco. Melilla, along with the Spanish exclave Ceuta, is one of the two Spanish territories located in mainland Africa...
to join his father Colonel Francisco Gómez Jordana, (1852–1918), becoming himself a Lieutenant Colonel, 1912, and a Colonel, 1915, being promoted to General of Brigade, 1922.
From 9 July 1915 to 27 January 1919, he was (for his first time) High Commissioner of Spain in Morocco, some sort of High Colonial Head, being the third one registered since April 1913. He was again High Commissioner between November 1928 and 19 April 1931, occupying thus the 10th position in such list.
On 13 September 1923, General Miguel Primo de Rivera
Miguel Primo de Rivera
Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, 2nd Marquis of Estella, 22nd Count of Sobremonte, Knight of Calatrava was a Spanish dictator, aristocrat, and a military official who was appointed Prime Minister by the King and who for seven years was a dictator, ending the turno system of alternating...
, (1870–1930), 2nd Marquis of Estella
Estella
Estella may refer to:*a female given name, variant of Estelle*Estella Havisham, a character in Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations*Estella-Lizarra, Navarre, Spain*Estella, New South Wales, Australia...
, a title awarded by King of Spain Alfonso XII in 1877, military coup, inspired in Benito Mussolini
Benito Mussolini
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism....
coup at the Kingdom of Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, led King Alfonso XIII of Spain
Alfonso XIII of Spain
Alfonso XIII was King of Spain from 1886 until 1931. His mother, Maria Christina of Austria, was appointed regent during his minority...
to accept as statesman and prime minister of Spain dictator and General Miguel Primo de Rivera
Miguel Primo de Rivera
Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, 2nd Marquis of Estella, 22nd Count of Sobremonte, Knight of Calatrava was a Spanish dictator, aristocrat, and a military official who was appointed Prime Minister by the King and who for seven years was a dictator, ending the turno system of alternating...
, without calling for constitutional elections.
As a member of the Military Directory, Primo de Rivera conferred upon him wide powers to deal with any colonial initiatives in Africa, including the "peacemaking resorts" at the Spanish political "protectorate" of Morroco, a.k.a. the Spanish protectorate of Morocco (Arabic: حماية إسبانيا في المغرب; Spanish: Protectorado español de Marruecos).
This was the area of Morocco under colonial rule by the "Spanish Empire", established by the Treaty of Fez
Treaty of Fez
By the Treaty of Fez , signed March 30, 1912, Sultan Abdelhafid gave up the sovereignty of Morocco to the French, making the country a protectorate, resolving the Agadir Crisis of July 1, 1911....
in 1912 and ending in 1956, when both France and Spain recognized Moroccan independence.
Moron
Moron may refer to* Moron , disused term for a person with a mental age between 8 and 12, and a common insult for a person considered stupid * "Moron" * "Moron"...
, now Camagüey
Camagüey
Camagüey is a city and municipality in central Cuba and is the nation's third largest city. It is the capital of the Camagüey Province.After almost continuous attacks from pirates the original city was moved inland in 1528.The new city was built with a confusing lay-out of winding alleys that made...
, Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
, 11 January 1878 - Madrid
Madrid
Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...
, executed by the Republican Militia, 19 August 1936]]), and the French Commanders Colonel Billot and Colonel Freydenberg protagonized a combined naval - landing attack at the Al Hoceima
Al Hoceima
Al Hoceima is a city and port in the north of Morocco and in the center of the Rif Mountains. The Al Hoceima city region has a population of 395.644 and is the capital of the Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate region...
, Rif
Rif
The Rif or Riff is a mainly mountainous region of northern Morocco, with some fertile plains, stretching from Cape Spartel and Tangier in the west to Ras Kebdana and the Melwiyya River in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the river of Wergha in the south.It is part of the...
.
General Leopoldo Saro Marín, much honored and disputed, too, at the town of Ubeda
Úbeda
Úbeda is a town in the province of Jaén in Spain's autonomous community of Andalusia, with some 35,600 inhabitants. Both this city and the neighboring city of Baeza benefited from extensive patronage in the early 16th century resulting in the construction of a series of Renaissance style palaces...
, province of Jaén, aged 49, was awarded the title of 1st Count of La Playa de Ixdain, 19 July 1926, while General Gómez- Jordana, aged 49 too, was awarded the title of 1st count of Jordana by King of Spain Alfonso XIII.
Another man honored by the "peacemaking actions" in the Rif was "Africanist" General José Sanjurjo
José Sanjurjo
General José Sanjurjo y Sacanell, 1st Marquis of the Rif was a General in the Spanish Army who was one of the chief conspirators in the military uprising that led to the Spanish Civil War.-Early life:...
y Sacanell (Pamplona
Pamplona
Pamplona is the historial capital city of Navarre, in Spain, and of the former kingdom of Navarre.The city is famous worldwide for the San Fermín festival, from July 6 to 14, in which the running of the bulls is one of the main attractions...
, 28 March 1872 – Estoril
Estoril
Estoril is a seaside resort and civil parish of the Portuguese municipality of Cascais, Lisboa District. The Estoril coast is close to Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. It starts in Carcavelos, 15 kilometres from Lisbon, and stretches as far as Guincho, often known as Costa de Estoril-Sintra or...
, Portugal
Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
, 20 July 1936, in an airplane accident), who was invested as 1st Marqués del Rif in 1927 by King of Spain Alfonso XIII.
Another further "Africanist" military men were the three brothers and also Spanish Generals Dámaso Berenguer
Dámaso Berenguer
Dámaso Berenguer y Fusté, Count of Xauen was a Spanish soldier and politician.Berenguer was born in San Juan de los Remedios, Cuba, while that island nation was still a Spanish province....
y Fusté (Remedios
Remedios
The name Remedios may refer to:* Remedios, Cuba, a municipality in the province of Villa Clara, Cuba, famous for its Christmas festivities, called parrandas, in which two 'barrios' compete the whole night to show the best fireworks...
, Cuba, 4 August 1873 – Madrid
Madrid
Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, 19 May 1953), and his cadet brothers Fernando, (Remedios, Cuba, 30 May 1876 - Hernani
Hernani
Hernani may refer to:*Hernani José da Rosa, a Brazilian football defender*Hernani , a Romantic drama by Victor Hugo*Ernani, a Romantic opera based on Hugo's play*Hernani, Eastern Samar, a municipality in Eastern Samar, Philippines...
, Gipuzkoa, 6 June 1934, assassinated by unknown persons) and Federico, (Remedios, Cuba, 15 October 1877 - ?).
The eldest, Dámaso, was the second "soft" dictator, thus called at the time by ordinary people when compared with General Miguel Primo de Ribera, for the period 30 January 1930 – 18 January 1931. He was awarded the title of Count of Xauen in 1927 by his military actions in the conquest of Xauen, North Morocco, in 1920. He was also Minister for the War while, for instance, Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba
Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba
Don Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó, 17th Duke of Alba de Tormes, Grandee of Spain was a Spanish noble, diplomat, politician and art collector...
, (1878–1953), was Minister of State and Public Instruction.
This peace-making actions led to the exile of Rif independentist leader Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi (ca. 1882–1963), from Ajdir
Ajdir
Ajdir is a small city in Morocco near Al Hoceima. It was the capital of the Republic of the Rif from 1922 to 1926 under the leadership of Abd el-Krim .-See also:* *Republic of the Rif*Aith Ouriaghel...
, commonly known as Abd el-Krim
Abd el-Krim
Abd el-Krim was the leader of a large-scale armed Berber resistance movement in the Rif, a large Berber-speaking area in northern Morocco...
, leader of resistance movement in Berber area of Morocco, in Arabic: محمد بن عبد الكريم الخطابي . Since 1921 he was known as the creator of the Confederal Republic of the tribes of the Rif, in Amazigh: Tagduda n Arif, in Arabic: جمهورية الريف
The "Africanists" vs the Spanish Republic (1931-1936) & Civil War (1936-1939)
Very broadly speaking, the XVIII abd XIX Military Academies in Spain had been located traditionally at ToledoToledo
- Places :Belize:*Toledo District*Toledo SettlementBrazil:*Pedro de Toledo, São Paulo*Toledo, ParanáColombia:*Toledo, Norte de SantanderPhilippines:*Toledo City, CebuSpain:*Toledo, Spain *Kingdom of Toledo...
, Infantry , 1850, Segovia
Segovia
Segovia is a city in Spain, the capital of Segovia Province in the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is situated north of Madrid, 30 minutes by high speed train. The municipality counts some 55,500 inhabitants.-Etymology:...
, Artillery, 1764, Alcalá de Henares
Alcalá de Henares
Alcalá de Henares , meaning Citadel on the river Henares, is a Spanish city, whose historical centre is one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites, and one of the first bishoprics founded in Spain...
, Engineers, 1803, Valladolid
Valladolid
Valladolid is a historic city and municipality in north-central Spain, situated at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers, and located within three wine-making regions: Ribera del Duero, Rueda and Cigales...
, Cavalry, 1852. One joint, basic General Military Academy, Academia General Militar was created during the times of King of Spain Alfonso XII, 20 February 1882, at Zaragoza
Zaragoza
Zaragoza , also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza Province and of the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain...
.
On 17 August 1930, the so called Pact of San Sebastián
Pact of San Sebastián
The Pact of San Sebastián was a meeting led by Niceto Alcalá Zamora and Miguel Maura, which took place in San Sebastián, Spain on August 17, 1930. Representatives from practically all republican political movements in Spain at the time attended the meeting. Presided over by Fernando Sasiaín , the...
, was led on one side by Conservative Right leaders Miguel Maura
Miguel Maura
Miguel Maura Gamazo was a Spanish politician of the first third of the twentieth century.He was a son of the leading Conservative politician of the Restoration monarchy, Antonio Maura...
, (Madrid
Madrid
Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, 1887 - 1971 Zaragoza
Zaragoza
Zaragoza , also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza Province and of the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain...
, Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
, 1971) son of Majorcan conservative prime minister of Spain, (for five times), and a Duke, Antonio Maura, (1853 - 1925) and Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora y Torres was a Spanish lawyer and politician who served, briefly, as the first premier minister of the Second Spanish Republic, and then — from 1931 to 1936—as its president....
, (Priego de Cordoba
Priego de Córdoba
Priego de Córdoba is a town and municipality of southern Spain in the extreme southeastern portion of the province of Córdoba, near the headwater of the Guadajoz River, and on the northern slope of the Sierra de Priego. The population in 2008 was 22,558....
, Spain, 1877 - Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires is the capital and largest city of Argentina, and the second-largest metropolitan area in South America, after São Paulo. It is located on the western shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata, on the southeastern coast of the South American continent...
, Argentina
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
, 18 February 1949, in the exile ).
They bunched together with members of other rather small liberal and regionalist republican parties calling also for action to stomp out the lack of the expected modern civil liberties and progresses in Education by the Military Dictatorial prone General warrying new Counts and marquesses in North Africa, the corrupted local elections by political clients and the fear to the of future when expanding military nationalism and colonialism.
They probably felt unfair social and personal tolls were borne by the young male sons of the impoverished working classes tilling the fields and the modest farms of the inhabitants many conscripted as "glorious" soldiers and/or the worrying news on the sorrowful state of the supposedly 1920s "communist" havens, i.e., of the former Russian Empire subjects, news which leaked out through the non-censored, liberally minded sorts of news from well meaning Spanish journalists coming from the new short middle classes describing on the local newspapers visiting there and reporting those news back here. On 14 April 1931 the II Spanish Republic was approved by the masses after the earlier municipal elections and the dissolution of the royally approved Military Directorate (1923 - 1931).
It was not a question of recuperating national pride like it had happened after the spectacular defeat by the Axis powers of World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
neither there were really great needs of setting up some sort of unique national and/or racial identity or other small fry problems of American/European further to the North countries even. Even so, the Civil War was a confrontation quite Apocalyptic in the consequences for many years to come.
A civil law notary
Civil law notary
Civil-law notaries, or Latin notaries, are lawyers of noncontentious private civil law who draft, take, and record legal instruments for private parties, provide legal advice and give attendance in person, and are vested as public officers with the authentication power of the State...
Manuel Azaña
Manuel Azaña
Manuel Azaña Díaz was a Spanish politician. He was the first Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic , and later served again as Prime Minister , and then as the second and last President of the Republic . The Spanish Civil War broke out while he was President...
,(January 10, 1880 – Montauban
Montauban
Montauban is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Midi-Pyrénées region in southern France. It is the capital of the department and lies north of Toulouse....
, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
, November 3 1940, in the exile) and a specialist in Chemistry, Prof. of Chemistry at the University of Salamanca
University of Salamanca
The University of Salamanca is a Spanish higher education institution, located in the town of Salamanca, west of Madrid. It was founded in 1134 and given the Royal charter of foundation by King Alfonso IX in 1218. It is the oldest founded university in Spain and the third oldest European...
José Giral
José Giral
José Giral y Pereira was a Spanish politician during the Second Spanish Republic.He had degrees in Chemistry and Pharmacy from the University of Madrid. In 1905 he became professor of chemistry in the University of Salamanca. He founded Acción Republicana with Manuel Azaña...
, founding members of the same group Republican Action Spain from the Pact of San Sebastián
Pact of San Sebastián
The Pact of San Sebastián was a meeting led by Niceto Alcalá Zamora and Miguel Maura, which took place in San Sebastián, Spain on August 17, 1930. Representatives from practically all republican political movements in Spain at the time attended the meeting. Presided over by Fernando Sasiaín , the...
, too, were unwilling but quite efficient detonants of the wrath of the many of the Spanish Generals.
The quick promotions to General through the Morocco actions by the Infantry Officers and the rather scarcer promotions of the more aristocratic background Cavalry Officers left out Engineering Officers and mainly Artillery Officers out if quick climbing to the Generalate. Therefore, there were strong tensions, 1926, from the Artillery Officers toward Infantry and sometimes also Cavalry Officers related to Promotion.
It was civil law notary and self sufficient new Minister of War since 16 April 1931, Manuel Azaña, the one chosen by the Gods of the Spaniards to provide the clue to the Army problems by closing, lock, barrel and stock, the education and the access to the General Military Academy, Zaragoza, the Director of the Institution at this time being "Africanist" General Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was a Spanish general, dictator and head of state of Spain from October 1936 , and de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in November, 1975...
, 30 June 1931.
The outcry within the ruling military heads was spectacular, the more, with the King of Spain having left the country "to avoid shedding any Spanish blood on my behalf". Trouble was thus instantly served to act in due time five years after the Great Recession and with Italy, Germany and Austria wishing to "clean" past offences from other European Nations.