Edward Maltby
Encyclopedia
Edward Maltby was an English
clergy
man of the Church of England
. He became Bishop of Durham, controversial for his liberal politics, for his slightly naive ecumenism
, and for the great personal wealth that he amassed.
. He was the fourth son of George (died 1794), a weaver and deacon
at the presbyterian Octagon Chapel
, and Mary (died 1804), his wife. William Maltby was a cousin. Though presbyterian by persuasion, the family were not hostile to the Anglican Church. Maltby attended Norwich Grammar School, where he became close to headteacher Samuel Parr
but when Parr retired in 1785, he transferred to Winchester College
under Joseph Warton
. William Enfield
also reputedly played a part in his education.
In 1784, Maltby's cousin Elizabeth had married George Pretyman
and Pretyman sponsored Maltby's entry into Pembroke College, Cambridge
in 1789. Maltby was a distinguished scholar and, finding his nonconformist inclinations no barrier, he graduated
as eighth wrangler in 1792, receiving his DD
in 1806. In 1794, Maltby had become domestic chaplain to Pretyman. Maltby consequently received a Lincoln
prebend and two vicar
ages: Buckden, Huntingdonshire
and Holbeach
, Lincolnshire
. On 10 July he married Mary Harvey. The couple were to go on to have four sons. With Pretyman's patronage and a well-received book of apologetics
, Maltby was strongly favoured for eventual elevation to a bishop
.
in Huntingdonshire
and a 1809 pamphlet criticising what he saw as the nepotism
of prime minister
William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland
saw to it that he found no favour with the Tory
establishment who were to hold power until 1830. However, Parr interceded with George Canning
and Maltby became preacher at Gray's Inn
in 1817 and Lincoln's Inn
between 1824 and 1835. Maltby took the opportunity of light clerical duties to tutor private pupils, including:
He also found time to write including publication of a collection of hymns (1815) and a projected, but uncompleted, edition of the New Testament
.
Mary died in 1825 and he remarried Margaret Green in 1826. Maltby was active in the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
and he was a senator of the newly formed University College, London, blessing
the foundation stone of the Main Building
in 1827.
returned to power in 1830, prime minister Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
lacked a comfortable majority in the House of Lords
and saw Maltby as a probable supporter if he could be appointed to the Lords Spiritual
. Conveniently for Grey, Folliott Cornewall
, Bishop of Worcester
, died in September 1831. Grey transferred Robert James Carr
, then Bishop of Chichester
, to Worcester and then appointed Maltby to Chichester. Grey made the appointment with such undue haste that Maltby's congé d'élire
arrived in Chichester before Cornewall's funeral
and the public was scandalised. However, Grey was satisfied when Maltby was able to vote in favour of the Reform Bill
.
In 1837, Maltby became Bishop of Durham, the first after the abolition of the office of Prince Bishop.
In 1847, John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
, a close personal friend, canvassed him as Archbishop of York
but Maltby felt the role too much for his years.
, Bishop of Norwich
, and he attracted much personal hostility and criticism. However, Maltby was driven by his conscience and an overriding ecumenism
and even-handedness in his associations and criticism. His public controversies and scandals included:
, persuading the government to honour its undertaking to his predecessor, William Van Mildert
, that all students must subscribe to the Thirty-Nine Articles
before graduation
.
He caused further scandal in 1855 when, elderly and almost blind, Maltby made an unprecedented request that he be allowed to retire and suggested an annual pension
of £4,500 (£307,000). Prime minister William Ewart Gladstone
was appalled, denouncing the request as simony
, but he eventually conceded, allowing Blomfield, now Bishop of London
, to retire at the same time.
Maltby died at his London residence and is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery
, sharing a family vault with his eldest brother.
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
clergy
Clergy
Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion. A clergyman, churchman or cleric is a member of the clergy, especially one who is a priest, preacher, pastor, or other religious professional....
man of the Church of England
Church of England
The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England and the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The church considers itself within the tradition of Western Christianity and dates its formal establishment principally to the mission to England by St...
. He became Bishop of Durham, controversial for his liberal politics, for his slightly naive ecumenism
Ecumenism
Ecumenism or oecumenism mainly refers to initiatives aimed at greater Christian unity or cooperation. It is used predominantly by and with reference to Christian denominations and Christian Churches separated by doctrine, history, and practice...
, and for the great personal wealth that he amassed.
Early life
Maltby was born in NorwichNorwich
Norwich is a city in England. It is the regional administrative centre and county town of Norfolk. During the 11th century, Norwich was the largest city in England after London, and one of the most important places in the kingdom...
. He was the fourth son of George (died 1794), a weaver and deacon
Deacon
Deacon is a ministry in the Christian Church that is generally associated with service of some kind, but which varies among theological and denominational traditions...
at the presbyterian Octagon Chapel
Octagon Chapel, Norwich
The Octagon Chapel is a Unitarian Chapel located in Colegate in Norwich, Norfolk, England. It is home to a growing liberal religious community, welcoming people of all religious faiths and none. The congregation is a member of the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches.The chapel...
, and Mary (died 1804), his wife. William Maltby was a cousin. Though presbyterian by persuasion, the family were not hostile to the Anglican Church. Maltby attended Norwich Grammar School, where he became close to headteacher Samuel Parr
Samuel Parr
Samuel Parr , was an English schoolmaster, writer, minister and Doctor of Law. He was known in his time for political writing, and as "the Whig Johnson", though his reputation has lasted less well that Samuel Johnson's, and the resemblances were at a superficial level, Parr being no prose stylist,...
but when Parr retired in 1785, he transferred to Winchester College
Winchester College
Winchester College is an independent school for boys in the British public school tradition, situated in Winchester, Hampshire, the former capital of England. It has existed in its present location for over 600 years and claims the longest unbroken history of any school in England...
under Joseph Warton
Joseph Warton
Joseph Warton was an English academic and literary critic.He was born in Dunsfold, Surrey, England, but his family soon moved to Hampshire, where his father, the Reverend Thomas Warton, became vicar of Basingstoke. There, a few years later, Joseph's younger brother, the more famous Thomas Warton,...
. William Enfield
William Enfield
William Enfield was a British Unitarian minister who published a bestselling book on elocution entitled The Speaker .-Life:...
also reputedly played a part in his education.
In 1784, Maltby's cousin Elizabeth had married George Pretyman
George Pretyman Tomline
Sir George Pretyman Tomline, 5th Baronet FRS was an English clergyman, theologian, Bishop of Lincoln and then Bishop of Winchester, and confidant of William Pitt the Younger...
and Pretyman sponsored Maltby's entry into Pembroke College, Cambridge
Pembroke College, Cambridge
Pembroke College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England.The college has over seven hundred students and fellows, and is the third oldest college of the university. Physically, it is one of the university's larger colleges, with buildings from almost every century since its...
in 1789. Maltby was a distinguished scholar and, finding his nonconformist inclinations no barrier, he graduated
Graduation
Graduation is the action of receiving or conferring an academic degree or the ceremony that is sometimes associated, where students become Graduates. Before the graduation, candidates are referred to as Graduands. The date of graduation is often called degree day. The graduation itself is also...
as eighth wrangler in 1792, receiving his DD
DD
- Computing :* dd , a program that copies and convert files and data* dd, an HTML element for specifying definition data* Dolby Digital, the name for audio compression technologies developed by Dolby Laboratories...
in 1806. In 1794, Maltby had become domestic chaplain to Pretyman. Maltby consequently received a Lincoln
Lincoln, Lincolnshire
Lincoln is a cathedral city and county town of Lincolnshire, England.The non-metropolitan district of Lincoln has a population of 85,595; the 2001 census gave the entire area of Lincoln a population of 120,779....
prebend and two vicar
Vicar
In the broadest sense, a vicar is a representative, deputy or substitute; anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior . In this sense, the title is comparable to lieutenant...
ages: Buckden, Huntingdonshire
Buckden, Cambridgeshire
Buckden in Cambridgeshire , England is a village near Godmanchester, around south of Huntingdon and north of London.-Geography:...
and Holbeach
Holbeach
Holbeach is a fenland market town with in the South Holland district of southern Lincolnshire, England. The town lies from Spalding; from Boston; from King's Lynn; from Peterborough; and a by road from the county town of Lincoln. It is on the junction of the A151 and A17...
, Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire
Lincolnshire is a county in the east of England. It borders Norfolk to the south east, Cambridgeshire to the south, Rutland to the south west, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire to the west, South Yorkshire to the north west, and the East Riding of Yorkshire to the north. It also borders...
. On 10 July he married Mary Harvey. The couple were to go on to have four sons. With Pretyman's patronage and a well-received book of apologetics
Apologetics
Apologetics is the discipline of defending a position through the systematic use of reason. Early Christian writers Apologetics (from Greek ἀπολογία, "speaking in defense") is the discipline of defending a position (often religious) through the systematic use of reason. Early Christian writers...
, Maltby was strongly favoured for eventual elevation to a bishop
Bishop
A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. Within the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox Churches, in the Assyrian Church of the East, in the Independent Catholic Churches, and in the...
.
Wilderness years
However, Maltby meddled in politics prematurely. His involvement in the United Kingdom general election, 1807United Kingdom general election, 1807
The election to the 4th Parliament of the United Kingdom in 1807 was the third general election to be held after the Union of Great Britain and Ireland....
in Huntingdonshire
Huntingdonshire (UK Parliament constituency)
Huntingdonshire was a Parliamentary constituency covering the county of Huntingdonshire in England. It was represented in the House of Commons of England until 1707, then in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and then in the House of Commons the Parliament of the United...
and a 1809 pamphlet criticising what he saw as the nepotism
Nepotism
Nepotism is favoritism granted to relatives regardless of merit. The word nepotism is from the Latin word nepos, nepotis , from which modern Romanian nepot and Italian nipote, "nephew" or "grandchild" are also descended....
of prime minister
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the Head of Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Sovereign, to Parliament, to their political party and...
William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland
William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland
William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, KG, PC was a British Whig and Tory statesman, Chancellor of the University of Oxford and Prime Minister. He was known before 1762 by the courtesy title Marquess of Titchfield. He held a title of every degree of British nobility—Duke,...
saw to it that he found no favour with the Tory
Tory
Toryism is a traditionalist and conservative political philosophy which grew out of the Cavalier faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It is a prominent ideology in the politics of the United Kingdom, but also features in parts of The Commonwealth, particularly in Canada...
establishment who were to hold power until 1830. However, Parr interceded with George Canning
George Canning
George Canning PC, FRS was a British statesman and politician who served as Foreign Secretary and briefly Prime Minister.-Early life: 1770–1793:...
and Maltby became preacher at Gray's Inn
Gray's Inn
The Honourable Society of Gray's Inn, commonly known as Gray's Inn, is one of the four Inns of Court in London. To be called to the Bar and practise as a barrister in England and Wales, an individual must belong to one of these Inns...
in 1817 and Lincoln's Inn
Lincoln's Inn
The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn is one of four Inns of Court in London to which barristers of England and Wales belong and where they are called to the Bar. The other three are Middle Temple, Inner Temple and Gray's Inn. Although Lincoln's Inn is able to trace its official records beyond...
between 1824 and 1835. Maltby took the opportunity of light clerical duties to tutor private pupils, including:
- Edward Bouverie PuseyEdward Bouverie PuseyEdward Bouverie Pusey was an English churchman and Regius Professor of Hebrew at Christ Church, Oxford. He was one of the leaders of the Oxford Movement.-Early years:...
; - Edward Hall AldersonEdward Hall AldersonSir Edward Hall Alderson was an English lawyer and judge whose many judgments on commercial law helped to shape the emerging British capitalism of the Victorian era....
; and - Charles James BlomfieldCharles James BlomfieldCharles James Blomfield was a British divine, and a Church of England bishop for 32 years.-Early life:Blomfield was born in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk and educated at the local grammar school and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he won the Browne medals for Latin and Greek odes, and the Craven...
, for no fee, so impressed was Maltby;
He also found time to write including publication of a collection of hymns (1815) and a projected, but uncompleted, edition of the New Testament
New Testament
The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
.
Mary died in 1825 and he remarried Margaret Green in 1826. Maltby was active in the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge , founded in 1826, and wound up in 1848, was a Whiggish London organisation that published inexpensive texts intended to adapt scientific and similarly high-minded material for the rapidly expanding reading public...
and he was a senator of the newly formed University College, London, blessing
Blessing
A blessing, is the infusion of something with holiness, spiritual redemption, divine will, or one's hope or approval.- Etymology and Germanic paganism :...
the foundation stone of the Main Building
UCL Main Building
The Main Building at University College London, includes the Octagon, Quad, Cloisters, Main Library, Flaxman Gallery and the Wilkins building. The North Wing, South Wing, Chadwick Building and Pearson Building are also considered part of the main UCL building .- History :In 1827, a year after the...
in 1827.
Bishop
When the WhigsBritish Whig Party
The Whigs were a party in the Parliament of England, Parliament of Great Britain, and Parliament of the United Kingdom, who contested power with the rival Tories from the 1680s to the 1850s. The Whigs' origin lay in constitutional monarchism and opposition to absolute rule...
returned to power in 1830, prime minister Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, KG, PC , known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 22 November 1830 to 16 July 1834. A member of the Whig Party, he backed significant reform of the British government and was among the...
lacked a comfortable majority in the House of Lords
House of Lords
The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster....
and saw Maltby as a probable supporter if he could be appointed to the Lords Spiritual
Lords Spiritual
The Lords Spiritual of the United Kingdom, also called Spiritual Peers, are the 26 bishops of the established Church of England who serve in the House of Lords along with the Lords Temporal. The Church of Scotland, which is Presbyterian, is not represented by spiritual peers...
. Conveniently for Grey, Folliott Cornewall
Folliott Herbert Walker Cornewall
-Life:He was the second son of Frederick Cornewall of Delbury , captain in the royal navy, by Mary, daughter of Francis Herbert of Ludlow, first cousin of the first Earl of Powis. Charles Cornewall was his granduncle. His brother Frederick was M.P. for Ludlow in 1780. He was educated for the...
, Bishop of Worcester
Bishop of Worcester
The Bishop of Worcester is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Worcester in the Province of Canterbury, England. He is the head of the Diocese of Worcester in the Province of Canterbury...
, died in September 1831. Grey transferred Robert James Carr
Robert James Carr
Robert James Carr was an English churchman, bishop of Chichester in 1824 and bishop of Worcester in 1831.-Life:The son of the Rev. Colston Carr, a schoolmaster at Twickenham, who was afterwards vicar of Ealing, he was born at Twickenham. He received his primary education in his father's school...
, then Bishop of Chichester
Bishop of Chichester
The Bishop of Chichester is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Chichester in the Province of Canterbury. The diocese covers the Counties of East and West Sussex. The see is in the City of Chichester where the seat is located at the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity...
, to Worcester and then appointed Maltby to Chichester. Grey made the appointment with such undue haste that Maltby's congé d'élire
Congé d'élire
Congé d'Elire a licence from the Crown in England issued under the great seal to the dean and chapter of the cathedral church of the diocese, authorizing them to elect a bishop or archbishop, as the case may be, upon the vacancy of any episcopal or archi-episcopal see in England.-History and...
arrived in Chichester before Cornewall's funeral
Funeral
A funeral is a ceremony for celebrating, sanctifying, or remembering the life of a person who has died. Funerary customs comprise the complex of beliefs and practices used by a culture to remember the dead, from interment itself, to various monuments, prayers, and rituals undertaken in their honor...
and the public was scandalised. However, Grey was satisfied when Maltby was able to vote in favour of the Reform Bill
Reform Act 1832
The Representation of the People Act 1832 was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of England and Wales...
.
In 1837, Maltby became Bishop of Durham, the first after the abolition of the office of Prince Bishop.
In 1847, John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, KG, GCMG, PC , known as Lord John Russell before 1861, was an English Whig and Liberal politician who served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century....
, a close personal friend, canvassed him as Archbishop of York
Archbishop of York
The Archbishop of York is a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. He is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of York and metropolitan of the Province of York, which covers the northern portion of England as well as the Isle of Man...
but Maltby felt the role too much for his years.
Doctrinal controversy
On his appointment, Maltby was the sole Whig among the Lords Spiritual, save for 87-year-old Henry BathurstHenry Bathurst (bishop)
Henry Bathurst was an English churchman, a prominent Whig and bishop of Norwich.-Life:He was the seventh son of Benjamin Bathurst, younger brother of Allen Bathurst, 1st Earl Bathurst, born at Brackley, Northamptonshire, on 16 October 1744. He was educated at Winchester School, and New College,...
, Bishop of Norwich
Bishop of Norwich
The Bishop of Norwich is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Norwich in the Province of Canterbury.The diocese covers most of the County of Norfolk and part of Suffolk. The see is in the City of Norwich where the seat is located at the Cathedral Church of the Holy and Undivided...
, and he attracted much personal hostility and criticism. However, Maltby was driven by his conscience and an overriding ecumenism
Ecumenism
Ecumenism or oecumenism mainly refers to initiatives aimed at greater Christian unity or cooperation. It is used predominantly by and with reference to Christian denominations and Christian Churches separated by doctrine, history, and practice...
and even-handedness in his associations and criticism. His public controversies and scandals included:
- Dining in public, both with UnitariansUnitarianismUnitarianism is a Christian theological movement, named for its understanding of God as one person, in direct contrast to Trinitarianism which defines God as three persons coexisting consubstantially as one in being....
and with Roman Catholics (1834); - Presenting the Sovereign's OrbSovereign's OrbThe Sovereign's Orb is a type of regalia known as a globus cruciger and is one of the British Crown Jewels.- History :It was created for the coronation of King Charles II in 1661 along with the Sceptre with the Cross and Ampulla....
at Queen Victoria's coronationCoronation of the British monarchThe coronation of the British monarch is a ceremony in which the monarch of the United Kingdom is formally crowned and invested with regalia...
at the wrong moment. The Queen called him "remarkably maladroit" (1838); - Subscribing to a book of sermonSermonA sermon is an oration by a prophet or member of the clergy. Sermons address a Biblical, theological, religious, or moral topic, usually expounding on a type of belief, law or behavior within both past and present contexts...
s by Unitarian William Turner. Maltby was denounced and burnt in effigy (1838); - Criticisim of the Tractarians for their attitudes towards episcopacyEpiscopal SeeAn episcopal see is, in the original sense, the official seat of a bishop. This seat, which is also referred to as the bishop's cathedra, is placed in the bishop's principal church, which is therefore called the bishop's cathedral...
(1840 onwards); - Reminded to EvangelicalEvangelicalismEvangelicalism is a Protestant Christian movement which began in Great Britain in the 1730s and gained popularity in the United States during the series of Great Awakenings of the 18th and 19th century.Its key commitments are:...
s that they held no monopoly on the truth (1845); and - Following the reestablishment of the Roman Catholic Hierarchy in England, by the papal bullPapal bullA Papal bull is a particular type of letters patent or charter issued by a Pope of the Catholic Church. It is named after the bulla that was appended to the end in order to authenticate it....
Universalis EcclesiaeUniversalis EcclesiaeUniversalis Ecclesiae is the incipit of the papal bull of 29 September 1850 by which Pope Pius IX recreated the Roman Catholic diocesan hierarchy in England, which had been extinguished with the death of the last Marian bishop in the reign of Elizabeth I. New names were given to the dioceses, as...
, Maltby denounced the move in a letter to Russell, inspiring Russell's "Durham letter" (1850).
Durham University
Maltby had strong connections to the University of Durham, making generous financial provision. He also assisted in the negotiations of its royal charterRoyal Charter
A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organizations such as cities or universities. Charters should be distinguished from warrants and...
, persuading the government to honour its undertaking to his predecessor, William Van Mildert
William Van Mildert
William Van Mildert was the last palatine Bishop of Durham , and one of the founders of the University of Durham...
, that all students must subscribe to the Thirty-Nine Articles
Thirty-Nine Articles
The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion are the historically defining statements of doctrines of the Anglican church with respect to the controversies of the English Reformation. First established in 1563, the articles served to define the doctrine of the nascent Church of England as it related to...
before graduation
Graduation
Graduation is the action of receiving or conferring an academic degree or the ceremony that is sometimes associated, where students become Graduates. Before the graduation, candidates are referred to as Graduands. The date of graduation is often called degree day. The graduation itself is also...
.
Wealth and personal life
The Established Church Act 1836 set the maximum annual income for a bishop at £8,000 (£525,000 at 2003 prices) but it was revealed in 1847 that Maltby was earning around £12,000 (£787,000), having exceeded £21,000 (£1.4 million) in 1841. In response to the widespread public criticism, he established the Maltby Fund for building work in the Durham diocese.He caused further scandal in 1855 when, elderly and almost blind, Maltby made an unprecedented request that he be allowed to retire and suggested an annual pension
Pension
In general, a pension is an arrangement to provide people with an income when they are no longer earning a regular income from employment. Pensions should not be confused with severance pay; the former is paid in regular installments, while the latter is paid in one lump sum.The terms retirement...
of £4,500 (£307,000). Prime minister William Ewart Gladstone
William Ewart Gladstone
William Ewart Gladstone FRS FSS was a British Liberal statesman. In a career lasting over sixty years, he served as Prime Minister four separate times , more than any other person. Gladstone was also Britain's oldest Prime Minister, 84 years old when he resigned for the last time...
was appalled, denouncing the request as simony
Simony
Simony is the act of paying for sacraments and consequently for holy offices or for positions in the hierarchy of a church, named after Simon Magus , who appears in the Acts of the Apostles 8:9-24...
, but he eventually conceded, allowing Blomfield, now Bishop of London
Bishop of London
The Bishop of London is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury.The diocese covers 458 km² of 17 boroughs of Greater London north of the River Thames and a small part of the County of Surrey...
, to retire at the same time.
Maltby died at his London residence and is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery
Kensal Green Cemetery
Kensal Green Cemetery is a cemetery in Kensal Green, in the west of London, England. It was immortalised in the lines of G. K. Chesterton's poem The Rolling English Road from his book The Flying Inn: "For there is good news yet to hear and fine things to be seen; Before we go to Paradise by way of...
, sharing a family vault with his eldest brother.
Honours
- Fellow of the Royal Society, (1824);
- Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries (1834);
- The Maltby Library of the University of Durham is named for him.