Echinochloa

Echinochloa

Echinochloa is a grass genus, some of whose members are millets grown as cereal or fodder crops. The most notable of these are Japanese Millet in East Asia, Indian barnyard Millet in South Asia and Burgu Millet in West Africa...

 colona is a type of wild grass originating from tropical Asia. It was formerly classified as a type of panicum

Panicum

Panicum is a large genus of about 450 species of grasses native throughout the tropical regions of the world, with a few species extending into the northern temperate zone...

 grass.

Usage

Often used in times of food shortage as a famine food

Famine food

A famine food or poverty food is any inexpensive or readily-available foodstuff used to nourish people in times of extreme poverty or starvation, as during a war or famine...

. In Chad

Chad

Chad , officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west...

 (central) and Sudan

Sudan

Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...

 (Kordofan, Darfur

Darfur

Darfur is a region in western Sudan. An independent sultanate for several hundred years, it was incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1916. The region is divided into three federal states: West Darfur, South Darfur, and North Darfur...

) the seeds of this plant are ground into flour

Flour

Flour is a powder which is made by grinding cereal grains, other seeds or roots . It is the main ingredient of bread, which is a staple food for many cultures, making the availability of adequate supplies of flour a major economic and political issue at various times throughout history...

 from which porridge

Porridge

Porridge is a dish made by boiling oats or other cereal meals in water, milk, or both. It is usually served hot in a bowl or dish...

 or bread

Bread

Bread is a staple food prepared by cooking a dough of flour and water and often additional ingredients. Doughs are usually baked, but in some cuisines breads are steamed , fried , or baked on an unoiled frying pan . It may be leavened or unleavened...

 can be prepared. In Rajasthan

Rajasthan

Rājasthān the land of Rajasthanis, , is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert , which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with...

 in India

India

India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...

 the seeds are used as rice

Rice

Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa or Oryza glaberrima . As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and the West Indies...

 - hence its English common name of 'jungle rice', from the Hindustani

Hindustani language

Hindi-Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language and the lingua franca of North India and Pakistan. It is also known as Hindustani , and historically, as Hindavi or Rekhta...

 jangal, meaning wild.

Indian barnyard millet

Echinochloa frumentacea

Echinochloa frumentacea is a species of Echinochloa. Both Echinochloa frumentacea and Echinochloa esculenta are called "Japanese millet". This millet is widely grown as a cereal in India, Pakistan, and Nepal...

 (Echinochloa frumentacea), a cultivated crop in India, was domesticated from E. colona.

Synonyms

• Panicum colonum L.
• Milium colonum (L.) Moench
• Panicum equitans Hochst. ex A. Rich.
• Echinochloa equitans (Hochst ex A. Rich.) Hubb. ex Troup.
• Oplismenus repens J. Presl
• Echinochloa zonalis (Guss.) Parl.
• Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link (lapsus
  Lapsus
  A lapsus is an involuntary mistake made while writing or speaking. According to Freud's early psychoanalytic theory, a lapsus represents a missed deed that hides an unconscious desire....
  
  )
• Panicum musei Steud.
• Oplismenus clonus (L.) Kunth
• Oplismenus muticus Philippi
• Panicum incertum Bosc ex Steud.
• Panicum prorepens Steud.
• Panicum zonale Guss.

Punjabi dialect forms

The following Punjabi dialect forms are recorded in Punjab for this grass:

• Lahinda ਸਮਾਕ savāk, ਸਵਾਂਕ savã̄k, s.m. The grass Echinochloa colona.
  • Multani
    Multani
    Multani may refer to:* Multani language, a language spoken in India and Pakistan* Multani , a raga in Indian classical music* Multani , a Muslim community found in the Gujarat state in India...
    
    ਸਮਾਕ samāk, ਸਾਮਕ sāmak, ਸਮਾਕੀ samāki, s.m. Wild rice; ਸਾਉਂਕ sāunk ਸਵਾਂਕ, sawānk, savānk s.m. The grain Ophismenus frumentaceus, and a wild rice variety Echinochloa colona. With the wild rice being used generally by Hindus on fast days especially on the Ekādāsī the 11th day of the bright half of the lunar month
    Lunar month
    In lunar calendars, a lunar month is the time between two identical syzygies . There are many variations. In Middle-Eastern and European traditions, the month starts when the young crescent moon becomes first visible at evening after conjunction with the Sun one or two days before that evening...
    
    .
• Eastern Standard Panjabi ਸਾਂਵਕ sã̄vak , ਸੁਆਂਕ suã̄k, ਸਾਉਂਕ sāũk, ਸਉਂਕ saũk s.m. Wild rice, Echinochloa colona.
  • Kangri
    Kangri language
    Kangri is a dialect spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, by the people of the Kangra Valley. It is an Indo-Aryan dialect, related to Dogri and classified as one of the Western Pahari group of languages, with deep vocabulary impact from Punjabi, which...
    
    ਸੋਅਕ soak s. m. A kind of millet .

Indian languages

• Sanskrit
  Sanskrit
  Sanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
  
  :
  • 1. śyāmā s.f. A kind of plant used for curing leprosy
    Leprosy
    Leprosy or Hansen's disease is a chronic disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Named after physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen, leprosy is primarily a granulomatous disease of the peripheral nerves and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract; skin lesions...
    
    . Compare a later form śāmā- s.m. with the same meaning.
  • 2. श्रामाक śyāmāka m. The millet Panicum frumentaceum.

• Prakrit
  Prakrit
  Prakrit is the name for a group of Middle Indic, Indo-Aryan languages, derived from Old Indic dialects. The word itself has a flexible definition, being defined sometimes as, "original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual", or "vernacular", in contrast to the literary and religious...
  
  :
  • 1. sāmā- s.f. 1. A medicinal plant; 2. Black, dark (something like deep brown); 3. Yellow, of a golden colour, beautiful.(Compare Vedic
    Vedic
    Vedic may refer to:* the Vedas, the oldest preserved Indic texts** Vedic Sanskrit, the language of these texts** Vedic period, during which these texts were produced** Vedic pantheon of gods mentioned in Vedas/vedic period...
    
     śyāma black & śyāva brown; Avestan syāva; and the more further of Anglo-Saxon
    Old English language
    Old English or Anglo-Saxon is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in parts of what are now England and southeastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century...
    
     hāēven blue (= E. heaven); Greek
    Greek language
    Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
    
     skoio/s, skia/m, s.m shadow).
  • 2. *śyāmākka- [cp. Vedic śyāmāka] (Possibly giving rise to a Pashto s̱ẖamūḵẖach, s̱ẖamāḵẖach) See śyāmā-]; sāmā̆ga-, °mā̆ya- m.; Śaunaka in the Athura Veda.

• Pali
  Páli
  - External links :* *...
  
  :
  • 1. Sāma, s.m.
  • 2. sāmāka s.m. A kind of millet Panicum frumentaceum.

• Pashto:
  • s̱ẖamūḵẖach, شماخه s̱ẖamāḵẖach, s.f. (3rd) Pl. يْ ey. The name of a small grain bitter to the taste Panicum frumentaceum, Rox. Perhaps from a Middle Indo-Aryan śyāmāka, i.e., from that language that was spoken in the Kabul
    Kabul
    Kabul , spelt Caubul in some classic literatures, is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. It is also the capital of the Kabul Province, located in the eastern section of Afghanistan...
    
     region of Afghanistan
    Afghanistan
    Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of , making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world...
    
     before the advent of Islam in the 11th century. Though, however, compare the Persian
    Persian language
    Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and countries which historically came under Persian influence...
    
     shāmāḵẖ , s.m. The grain Panicum frumentaceum, Echinochloa colona.

• Kashmiri
  Kashmiri language
  Kashmiri is a language from the Dardic sub-group and it is spoken primarily in the Kashmir Valley, in Jammu and Kashmir. There are approximately 5,554,496 speakers in Jammu and Kashmir, according to the Census of 2001. Most of the 105,000 speakers or so in Pakistan are émigrés from the Kashmir...
  
  :
  • hāma हाम s.f. A kind of grass growing self-sown in rice-fields, the stalks of which resemble paddy
    Rice
    Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa or Oryza glaberrima . As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and the West Indies...
    
     stalks, Echinochloa colona. It is a used as fodder for horses; cf. dŏda-hāma, hāma-dāñĕ -दाञ् s.m. The grain of Echinochloa colona which is eaten by Hindū
    Hindu
    Hindu refers to an identity associated with the philosophical, religious and cultural systems that are indigenous to the Indian subcontinent. As used in the Constitution of India, the word "Hindu" is also attributed to all persons professing any Indian religion...
    
    s, and is presented as an offering in Hindū ceremonies. Cf Kashmiri hām हाम f. Darkened, dirtied, of some white or coloured article spoiled and darkened by dirt. f.inf. To ripen, become dark and mature (of small-pox pustules, or the like).

• Washgali:
  • šamāk, šamäk s.m. Oat
    Oat
    The common oat is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name . While oats are suitable for human consumption as oatmeal and rolled oats, one of the most common uses is as livestock feed...
    
    s

• Western Pahari:
  • śāmāu s.m. A kind of darkish grass

• Hindi
  Hindi
  Standard Hindi, or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi, also known as Manak Hindi , High Hindi, Nagari Hindi, and Literary Hindi, is a standardized and sanskritized register of the Hindustani language derived from the Khariboli dialect of Delhi...
  
  , Hindustani
  Hindustani language
  Hindi-Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language and the lingua franca of North India and Pakistan. It is also known as Hindustani , and historically, as Hindavi or Rekhta...
  
  , Urdu
  Urdu
  Urdu is a register of the Hindustani language that is identified with Muslims in South Asia. It belongs to the Indo-European family. Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan. It is also widely spoken in some regions of India, where it is one of the 22 scheduled languages and an...
  
  :
  • 1. sã̄wā, sã̄wã̄, sāmā, sāṅwā, sāṅwāṅ, s.m. Compare the Hindi शामा śāmā, s. m. 1. Blackness, impurity, mouldiness, &c.; 2. A kind of edible grain, Panicum frumentaceum or Echinochloa colona. Also the more Sanskritised  श्याम śyām, adj. (f. -ā), 1. Black, dark-coloured; 2. Dark-blue, dark-brown, brown; 3. Dark-green, green; 4. Dark, shady, dusky; --s.m. 1. Black, brown, &c. (the colours); 2. A cloud. Hindustani sāṅwā, sāṅwāṅ, s. m. The name of a very small grain Panicum frumentaceum: Roxb.. Also Hindustani shām, n. prop. A name of Krishna
    Krishna
    Krishna is a central figure of Hinduism and is traditionally attributed the authorship of the Bhagavad Gita. He is the supreme Being and considered in some monotheistic traditions as an Avatar of Vishnu...
    
    ; and shāmā, s. m. 1. A type of small bird; 2. A grain, Echinochloa colona.
  • 2.सामक sāmak, s. m. 1. A kind of edible grain, Panicum frumentaceum; 2. A kind of grain-bearing grass found in khādar lands; 3. The Indian cuckoo
    Indian Cuckoo
    The Indian Cuckoo is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, the Cuculiformes, that is found in Asia from Pakistan and India, Sri Lanka east to Indonesia and north to China and Russia. It is a solitary and shy bird, found in forests and open woodland at up to 3,600 m.-Description:This is a medium...
    
    ; 5. An epithet of the sacred fig-tree at Allahabad
    Allahabad
    Allahabad , or Settled by God in Persian, is a major city of India and is one of the main holy cities of Hinduism. It was renamed by the Mughals from the ancient name of Prayaga , and is by some accounts the second-oldest city in India. It is located in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh,...
    
     (also called akshayvr̤iksh, "the imperishable tree"); 6. A species of grain, Panicum frumentaceum; 7. The thorn-apple; 7. Sea-salt.
  • 3. श्यामाक śyāmāk, s.m. A kind of edible grain, Panicum frumentaceum, Echinochloa colona.

• • • Dialects of Hindi:
      • Awadhi(dialect of Ayodhya) sāmā, s.m. A type of millet.
      • Lakhnavi (dialect of Lucknow
        Lucknow
        Lucknow is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh in India. Lucknow is the administrative headquarters of Lucknow District and Lucknow Division....
        
        ) sã̄wā, s.m. A type of wild rice.
      • Bihari
        Bihari languages
        Bihari is a name given to the western group of Eastern Indic languages, spoken in Bihar and neighboring states in India. Angika, Bajjika, Bhojpuri, Magahi, and Maithili are spoken in Nepal as well. The Angika, Bajjika, Bhojpuri, Magahi and Maithili speaking population form more than 21% of Nepalese...
        
        (dialect of Bihar
        Bihar
        Bihar is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India....
        
        )sã̄wã̄, sāmā, sāī˜, s.m. Panicum mileaceum; and sāmā, s.m. Panicum mileaceum in South Bhagalpur
        Bhagalpur
        Bhagdattpuram was one of the most influential towns in "Aryavarta" . It is supposed to have been concurrent to Patliputra or Patna. Bhagdattpuram finds its mention in the Vedas and Ramayana as well. It is supposed to be the kingdom of Daanvir Karna, the son of Kunti and the Sun God...
        
        ) region of the Indian state of Bihar.
      • Maithaili sām, s.m., A kind of autumn millet.

• Bengali
  Bengali language
  Bengali or Bangla is an eastern Indo-Aryan language. It is native to the region of eastern South Asia known as Bengal, which comprises present day Bangladesh, the Indian state of West Bengal, and parts of the Indian states of Tripura and Assam. It is written with the Bengali script...
  
  :
  • sāmā, s.m., Millet.

• Gujarati
  Gujarati language
  Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language, and part of the greater Indo-European language family. It is derived from a language called Old Gujarati which is the ancestor language of the modern Gujarati and Rajasthani languages...
  
  :
  • sāmɔ s.m. An inferior kind of self-sown grain.

• Marathi
  Marathi language
  Marathi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of western and central India. It is the official language of the state of Maharashtra. There are over 68 million fluent speakers worldwide. Marathi has the fourth largest number of native speakers in India and is the fifteenth most...
  
  :
  • 1. sã̄vā, sāvā s.m. Compare the Sanskritised श्याम śyāma adj. As dark blue, black as a full and bursting cloud.
  • 2. श्यामाक śyāmāka s.m., A grain, Panicum frumentaceum, Echinochloa colona.

• • 3. Varyache tandul. The millet is an allowed food item along with sago
    Sago
    Sago is a starch extracted in the spongy center or pith, of various tropical palm stems, Metroxylon sagu. It is a major staple food for the lowland peoples of New Guinea and the Moluccas, where it is called saksak and sagu. A type of flour, called sago flour, is made from sago. The largest supply...
    
     potatoes and sweet potatoes for "Hindu fasting days".

• Nepali
  Nepali language
  Nepali or Nepalese is a language in the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family.It is the official language and de facto lingua franca of Nepal and is also spoken in Bhutan, parts of India and parts of Myanmar...
  
  :
  • sāmā, s.m., A weed among rice.

• Oriya
  Oriya language
  Oriya , officially Odia from November, 2011, is an Indian language, belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. It is mainly spoken in the Indian states of Orissa and West Bengal...
  
  :
  • suã̄ cāuḷā, s.m., Panicum frumentaceum. Compare suã̄ bhāt, A dish prepared from Panicum frumentaceum.

• Sindhi
  Sindhi language
  Sindhi is the language of the Sindh region of Pakistan that is spoken by the Sindhi people. In India, it is among 22 constitutionally recognized languages, where Sindhis are a sizeable minority. It is spoken by 53,410,910 people in Pakistan, according to the national government's Statistics Division...
  
  :
  • sã̄õ s.m. Panicum frumentaceum and its grass.In most parts of district Jacobabad Sindh it is called Sawwari.

• Sinhala:
  • hämi, amu, s.m., The grain Paspalum scrobiculatum
    Paspalum scrobiculatum
    Paspalum scrobiculatum is a member of the family Poaceae, commonly called Koda Millet, Kodo Millet or Kodra Millet. It is known as varaku/karuvaraku in Tamil...
    
    .

• Tamil
  Tamil language
  Tamil is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. It has official status in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and in the Indian union territory of Pondicherry. Tamil is also an official language of Sri Lanka and Singapore...
  
  :
  • சாமை cāmai (சாமி), s.m., A kind of grain, millet. < From Old Indo-Aryan šyāmā s.m., 1. Poor-man's millet, sown in Āvaṇi
    Avani
    Avani is a small village in the Kolar district in Karnataka, India, about ten miles from Kolar Gold Fields. The village is located 50 km from the twin towns of Muddenahalli-Kanivenarayanapura. It is also a popular location for rock climbing.-Legend:...
    
     and maturing in six weeks to four months, Panicum crus-galli. Compare: சிறுசாமை ciṟu-cāmai , n. < id. + சாமை, a kind of little millet, Panicum; சாமைவகை. (சங். அக.); புற்சாமை puṟ-cāmai, , n. < id. + a species of little millet, Panicum; சாமைவகை.; பனிச்சாமை paṉi-c-cāmai , n. < பனி + a kind of little millet, Panicum; சாமைவகை. (யாழ். அக.)

• Telegu:
  • చామ cāma, ṭsāma. pl.m., The millet Panicum miliaceum Also compare బొంతచామలు Panicum frumentaceum< From Old Indo-Aryan šyāmā s.m., 1. Poor-man's millet, sown in Āvaṇi
    Avani
    Avani is a small village in the Kolar district in Karnataka, India, about ten miles from Kolar Gold Fields. The village is located 50 km from the twin towns of Muddenahalli-Kanivenarayanapura. It is also a popular location for rock climbing.-Legend:...
    
     and maturing in six weeks to four months, Panicum crus-galli.

Non-Indian languages

• Arabic: abû rukbah, bashaft, diffré;
  • Egypt: abu rokba
• Chinese
  Chinese language
  The Chinese language is a language or language family consisting of varieties which are mutually intelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages...
  
  : can cao, guang tou bai, wang bai, wáng-ji
• English
  English language
  English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
  
  : jungle rice < From Hindustani; Shama grass < Anglo-Indian shama < Hindustani; barnyardgrass, southern cockspur, corn panic grass, Deccan grass, jungle ricegrass, little barnyardgrass, millet rice, swamp grass, junglerice;
  • Australia: awnless barnyard grass;
  • Barbados: junglerice;
  • Fiji: junglerice
• Spanish
  Spanish language
  Spanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...
  
  : arrocillo, cerreig, pasto del arroz, pata de gallina, pierna de gallo meridonal;
  • Argentina: ;
  • Chile: hualcacho;
  • Colombia: liendre de puerco, paja de apto
• French
  French language
  French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
  
  : blé du Dekkan, pied de coq méridional
• Portuguese
  Portuguese language
  Portuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095...
  
  :
  • Brazil: capim-arroz, capituva, capim da colonia, capim-arroz (jaú), capim-colônia, capim-coloninho, capim-jaú, jervâo
• German
  German language
  German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....
  
  : Dekkangras < English; Schamahirse < English translation of shama grass; Südliche Hühnerhirse.
• Danish
  Danish language
  Danish is a North Germanic language spoken by around six million people, principally in the country of Denmark. It is also spoken by 50,000 Germans of Danish ethnicity in the northern parts of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, where it holds the status of minority language...
  
  : spinkel hanespore
• Finnish
  Finnish language
  Finnish is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland Primarily for use by restaurant menus and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. It is one of the two official languages of Finland and an official minority language in Sweden. In Sweden, both standard Finnish and Meänkieli, a...
  
  : kukonhirssi
• Indonesian
  Indonesian language
  Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. Indonesian is a normative form of the Riau Islands dialect of Malay, an Austronesian language which has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for centuries....
  
  : jajagoan leutik, padi burung, rumput bebek, rumput jajagoan kecil, rumput kusa-kusa, tuton, watoeton
• Hebrew: dochaneet hashaleen

External links

• E. colona as a weed