Duke of Berwick-upon-Tweed
Encyclopedia
The title Duke of Berwick was created in the Peerage of England
on 19 March 1687 for James FitzJames
, the illegitimate son of King James II
and Arabella Churchill
. The title refers to the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed
in England
by the border with Scotland
. At the same time the titles Baron Bosworth and Earl of Tinmouth were created which are subsidiary to the dukedom.
The peerage and its subsidiary titles were generally considered to have been forfeit by the British parliament in 1695, when the Duke was attainted
following the enforced exile of his father. However, some have argued that the forfeiture was never properly carried out, and that the titles thus remains extant.
Nevertheless, the titles were recognized in France as de facto Jacobite Peerage
s by King Louis XIV
, this to please the exiled King James II & VII, along with other in France recognized Jacobite Peerages, like Duke of Perth, Duke of Melfort, etc. On 13 December 1707, King Philip V
confirmed the titles in Spain, and conferred the dignity Grandee of Spain to James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick. The Grandee is attached to the title of Duke of Berwick.
Since then the Dukedom of Berwick continues as an English title as well as a Spanish title:
Peerage of England
The Peerage of England comprises all peerages created in the Kingdom of England before the Act of Union in 1707. In that year, the Peerages of England and Scotland were replaced by one Peerage of Great Britain....
on 19 March 1687 for James FitzJames
James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick
James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, 1st Duke of Fitz-James, 1st Duke of Liria and Jérica was an Anglo-French military leader, illegitimate son of King James II of England by Arabella Churchill, sister of the 1st Duke of Marlborough...
, the illegitimate son of King James II
James II of England
James II & VII was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland...
and Arabella Churchill
Arabella Churchill (royal mistress)
Arabella Churchill was the mistress of King James II, and the mother of four of his children...
. The title refers to the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Berwick-upon-Tweed or simply Berwick is a town in the county of Northumberland and is the northernmost town in England, on the east coast at the mouth of the River Tweed. It is situated 2.5 miles south of the Scottish border....
in England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
by the border with Scotland
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
. At the same time the titles Baron Bosworth and Earl of Tinmouth were created which are subsidiary to the dukedom.
The peerage and its subsidiary titles were generally considered to have been forfeit by the British parliament in 1695, when the Duke was attainted
Attainder
In English criminal law, attainder or attinctura is the metaphorical 'stain' or 'corruption of blood' which arises from being condemned for a serious capital crime . It entails losing not only one's property and hereditary titles, but typically also the right to pass them on to one's heirs...
following the enforced exile of his father. However, some have argued that the forfeiture was never properly carried out, and that the titles thus remains extant.
Nevertheless, the titles were recognized in France as de facto Jacobite Peerage
Jacobite peerage
After the deposition by the English parliament in February 1689 of King James II and VII from the thrones of England and Ireland , he and his successors continued to create peers and baronets, which they believed was their right...
s by King Louis XIV
Louis XIV of France
Louis XIV , known as Louis the Great or the Sun King , was a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and Navarre. His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, began at the age of four and lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days...
, this to please the exiled King James II & VII, along with other in France recognized Jacobite Peerages, like Duke of Perth, Duke of Melfort, etc. On 13 December 1707, King Philip V
Philip V of Spain
Philip V was King of Spain from 15 November 1700 to 15 January 1724, when he abdicated in favor of his son Louis, and from 6 September 1724, when he assumed the throne again upon his son's death, to his death.Before his reign, Philip occupied an exalted place in the royal family of France as a...
confirmed the titles in Spain, and conferred the dignity Grandee of Spain to James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick. The Grandee is attached to the title of Duke of Berwick.
Since then the Dukedom of Berwick continues as an English title as well as a Spanish title:
- As an English title its status is thus unclear (till today), but once confirmed and perpetuated in France. If the English peerage is still extant, the title is only inheritable in the male line. At the death of Don Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of AlbaJacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of AlbaDon Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó, 17th Duke of Alba de Tormes, Grandee of Spain was a Spanish noble, diplomat, politician and art collector...
and 10th Duke of Berwick, the English title was inherited by his nephew Don Fernando FitzJames Stuart, 15th Duke of Peñaranda de Duero (1922-1971), and subsequently Fernando's son Don Jacobo FitzJames Stuart, 16th Duke of Peñaranda de Duero and current head of the House of FitzJamesHouse of FitzJamesThe House of FitzJames is a noble house of British-origin founded by James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick who was the illegitimate son of James II & VII, King of England, Scotland and Ireland, a Catholic monarch from the House of Stuart...
(born in 1947 and without children). His heir presumptive is his brother Don Louis FitzJames Stuart, Marquis de Valderrabano Esteban (born in 1950 and also without male issue). If Jacobo and his brother Louis die without issue, the house of Fitz-James will become extinct in the male line, and thereby the English peerage titles.
- The Spanish title, with the accompanying dignity Grandee of Spain, is following the inheritance rules of that country. Spanish noble titles historically have followed the rule of male-preference primogeniture, which allows a female to succeed if she has no living brothers and no deceased brothers who left surviving legitimate descendants. With the death of the 10th Duke of Berwick in September 1953, his only daughter and child, Doña Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of AlbaCayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of AlbaDoña María del Rosario Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart y Silva, 18th Duchess of Alba de Tormes, Grandee of Spain is the current head of the House of Alba and the third woman to carry the title in her own right...
, succeeded him in his Spanish titles, amongst which is title Duquesa de Berwick. The heir apparent to the dukedom is her eldest son Don Carlos Fitz-James Stuart y Martínez de Irujo, 14th Duke of HuéscarCarlos Fitz-James Stuart, 14th Duke of HuéscarDon Carlos Fitz-James Stuart y Martínez de Irujo, 14th Duke of Huéscar, Grandee of Spain , is a Spanish aristocrat...
.
Dukes of Berwick (1687–1695)
| Descendant | | Portrait | Birth | | Marriages | | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, 1st Duke of Fitz-James, 1st Duke of Liria and Jérica was an Anglo-French military leader, illegitimate son of King James II of England by Arabella Churchill, sister of the 1st Duke of Marlborough... 1670–1695 |
 |
21 August 1670 Moulins, Allier Moulins, Allier Moulins is a commune in central France, capital of the Allier department.Among its many tourist attractions are the Maison Mantin the Anne de Beaujeu Museum.-History:... son of James II of England James II of England James II & VII was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland... and Arabella Churchill Arabella Churchill (royal mistress) Arabella Churchill was the mistress of King James II, and the mother of four of his children... |
Honora de Burgh, Countess de Lucan 26 March 1695 1 child Anne Bulkeley 18 April 1700 10 children |
12 June 1734 Philippsburg Philippsburg Philippsburg is a town in Germany, in the district of Karlsruhe in Baden-Württemberg.-History:Before 1632, Philippsburg was known as "Udenheim".The city was a possession of the Bishop of Speyer from 1371–1718... aged 63 |
Jacobite Dukes of Berwick (1695–present)
| Descendant | | Portrait | Birth | | Marriages | | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, 1st Duke of Fitz-James, 1st Duke of Liria and Jérica was an Anglo-French military leader, illegitimate son of King James II of England by Arabella Churchill, sister of the 1st Duke of Marlborough... 1695–1734 |
|
21 August 1670 Moulins, Allier Moulins, Allier Moulins is a commune in central France, capital of the Allier department.Among its many tourist attractions are the Maison Mantin the Anne de Beaujeu Museum.-History:... son of James II of England James II of England James II & VII was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland... and Arabella Churchill Arabella Churchill (royal mistress) Arabella Churchill was the mistress of King James II, and the mother of four of his children... |
Honora de Burgh, Countess de Lucan 26 March 1695 1 child Anne Bulkeley 18 April 1700 10 children |
12 June 1734 Philippsburg Philippsburg Philippsburg is a town in Germany, in the district of Karlsruhe in Baden-Württemberg.-History:Before 1632, Philippsburg was known as "Udenheim".The city was a possession of the Bishop of Speyer from 1371–1718... aged 63 |
| James Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick James Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick James Francis Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick, was a Jacobite and Spanish nobleman... 1734–1738 |
21 October 1696 son of James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, 1st Duke of Fitz-James, 1st Duke of Liria and Jérica was an Anglo-French military leader, illegitimate son of King James II of England by Arabella Churchill, sister of the 1st Duke of Marlborough... and Honora de Burgh, Countess de Lucan |
Catalina Colón de Portugal y Ayala, 9th condesa de Gelves 31 December 1716 6 children |
2 June 1738 Naples Naples Naples is a city in Southern Italy, situated on the country's west coast by the Gulf of Naples. Lying between two notable volcanic regions, Mount Vesuvius and the Phlegraean Fields, it is the capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples... aged 41 |
|
| James Fitz-James Stuart, 3rd Duke of Berwick James Fitz-James Stuart, 3rd Duke of Berwick Don Jacobo Francisco Eduardo Fitz-James Stuart y Colón de Portugal, 3rd Duke of Berwick was a Jacobite. On the death of his father, James Fitz-James Stuart, in 1738, he inherited his titles of Duke of Berwick and Duke of Liria and Xerica... 1738–1785 |
28 December 1718 Madrid Madrid Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan... son of James Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick James Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick James Francis Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick, was a Jacobite and Spanish nobleman... and Catalina Colón de Portugal y Ayala, 9th condesa de Gelves |
María Teresa de Silva y Alvarez de Toledo 26 June 1738 1 child |
30 September 1785 Valencia aged 66 |
|
| Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 4th Duke of Berwick 1785–1787 |
25 March 1752 Liria son of James Fitz-James Stuart, 3rd Duke of Berwick James Fitz-James Stuart, 3rd Duke of Berwick Don Jacobo Francisco Eduardo Fitz-James Stuart y Colón de Portugal, 3rd Duke of Berwick was a Jacobite. On the death of his father, James Fitz-James Stuart, in 1738, he inherited his titles of Duke of Berwick and Duke of Liria and Xerica... and María Teresa de Silva y Álvarez de Toledo |
Carolina Augusta, Prinzessin zu Stolberg-Gedern 15 September 1771 2 children |
7 September 1787 Madrid Madrid Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan... aged 35 |
|
| Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 5th Duke of Berwick 1787–1794 |
25 February 1773 Paris Paris Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region... son of Carlos FitzJames Stuart, 4th Duke of Berwick and Carolina Augusta, Prinzessin zu Stolberg-Gedern |
María Teresa de Silva Fernández de Híjar y Palafox 24 January 1790 2 children |
3 April 1794 died aged 21 |
|
| Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 6th Duke of Berwick 1794–1795 |
3 January 1792 son of Jacobo FitzJames Stuart, 5th Duke of Berwick and María Teresa de Silva Fernández de Híjar y Palafox |
never married | 5 January 1795 aged 3 |
|
| Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 7th Duke of Berwick Carlos Miguel Fitz-James Stuart, 14th Duke of Alba Don Carlos Miguel Fitz-James Stuart y Silva, 14th Duke of Alba, Grandee of Spain 1st Class was a Spanish aristocrat.-Biography:... 1795–1835 |
19 May 1794 Madrid Madrid Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan... son of Jacobo FitzJames Stuart, 5th Duke of Berwick and María Teresa de Silva Fernández de Híjar y Palafox |
Rosalia Ventimiglia y Moncada d,Aragona 15 February 1817 3 children |
7 October 1835 Sion Sion, Switzerland Sion is the capital of the Swiss canton of Valais. it had a population of .Landmarks include the Basilique de Valère and Château de Tourbillon. Sion has an airfield for civilian and military use, which, because of its location in a valley, causes a reasonable amount of noise pollution. FC Sion... aged 41 |
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| Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 8th Duke of Berwick Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 15th Duke of Alba Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Ventimiglia, 15th Duke of Alba was a Spanish nobleman.... 1835–1881 |
3 June 1821 Palermo Palermo Palermo is a city in Southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old... son of Carlos FitzJames Stuart, 7th Duke of Berwick Carlos Miguel Fitz-James Stuart, 14th Duke of Alba Don Carlos Miguel Fitz-James Stuart y Silva, 14th Duke of Alba, Grandee of Spain 1st Class was a Spanish aristocrat.-Biography:... and Rosalia Ventimiglia Ventimiglia y Moncada d,Aragona |
María Francisca Portocarrero Palafox y Kirck Patrick, 12th duquesa de Peñaranda 14 February 1848 3 children |
10 July 1881 Madrid Madrid Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan... aged 60 |
|
| Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 9th Duke of Berwick 1881–1901 |
4 December 1849 Madrid Madrid Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan... son of Jacobo FitzJames Stuart, 8th Duke of Berwick and María Francisca Portocarrero Palafox y Kirck Patrick, 12th duquesa de Peñaranda |
María del Rosario Falcó y Osorio, 12th condesa de Siruela 10 December 1877 3 children |
15 October 1901 New York City New York City New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and... aged 51 |
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| Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 10th Duke of Berwick Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba Don Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó, 17th Duke of Alba de Tormes, Grandee of Spain was a Spanish noble, diplomat, politician and art collector... 1901–1953 |
17 October 1878 Madrid Madrid Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan... son of Carlos FitzJames Stuart, 9th Duke of Berwick and María del Rosario Falcó y Osorio, 12th condesa de Siruela |
María del Rosario de Silva y Gurtubay, 9th marquesa de San Vicente del Barco 7 October 1920 1 child |
24 September 1953 Lausanne Lausanne Lausanne is a city in Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland, and is the capital of the canton of Vaud. The seat of the district of Lausanne, the city is situated on the shores of Lake Geneva . It faces the French town of Évian-les-Bains, with the Jura mountains to its north-west... aged 74 |
|
| Fernando FitzJames Stuart, 11th Duke of Berwick 1953–1970 |
24 January 1922 El Guadalperal son of Carlos Fernando Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó, 14th duque de Peñaranda Hernando Fitz-James Stuart, 14th Duke of Peñaranda de Duero Hernando Carlos María Teresa Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó was a Spanish nobleman.-Biography:He was born at Madrid, the younger son of Carlos María Fitz-James Stuart, 16th Duke of Alba and his wife María del Rosario Falcó, 21st Countess of Siruela... , younger brother of the 10th Duke of Berwick, and María del Carmen de Saavedra y Collado, 13th marquesa de Villaviciosa |
María Isabel Gómez y Ruiz 1944 4 children |
20 July 1970 El Guadalperal aged 48 |
|
| Jacobo FitzJames Stuart, 12th Duke of Berwick 1970–present |
15 November 1947 son of Fernando FitzJames Stuart, 11th Duke of Berwick and María Isabel Gómez y Ruiz |
not married | ||
Spanish Dukes of Berwick (1707–present)
Before 1953, the Spanish Dukes were also the Jacobite Dukes of Berwick.| Descendant | | Portrait | Birth | | Marriages | | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 11th Duchess of Berwick Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart, 18th Duchess of Alba Doña María del Rosario Cayetana Fitz-James Stuart y Silva, 18th Duchess of Alba de Tormes, Grandee of Spain is the current head of the House of Alba and the third woman to carry the title in her own right... 1953–present |
 |
March 28, 1926 Liria Palace Liria Palace The Liria Palace or Palacio de Liria is a Neoclassical palace in Madrid, Spain. Built around 1770 by the Duke of Berwick on designs of Ventura Rodríguez, in the early 19th century it passed to the inheritance of the House of Alba. All but the facades were destroyed during the Spanish Civil War... , Madrid Madrid Madrid is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan... daughter of Fitz-James Stuart, 10th Duke of Berwick Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba Don Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart y Falcó, 17th Duke of Alba de Tormes, Grandee of Spain was a Spanish noble, diplomat, politician and art collector... and María del Rosario de Silva, Duchess of Alba María del Rosario de Silva, Duchess of Alba Doña María del Rosario de Silva y Gurtubay, Duchess of Alba de Tormes, suo jure 9th Marquise of San Vicente del Barco, Grandee of Spain was a Spanish aristocrat and socialite... |
Honorable Luis Martínez de Irujo y Artázcoz m. 1947; dec. 1972 with him 6 children Jesús Aguirre y Ortiz de Zárate m. 1978; dec. 2001 Alfonso Díez Carabantes m. 2011 |
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External links
- The Family of the Dukes of Berwick, by Noel S. McFerran
- Hernando Fitzjames-Stuart in Spanish
- An Online Gotha - Berwick