This article is a list of different language classification proposals developed for indigenous languages of the Americas

Indigenous languages of the Americas

Indigenous languages of the Americas are spoken by indigenous peoples from Alaska and Greenland to the southern tip of South America, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language...

. The article is divided into North, Central, and South America sections; however, the classifications do not always neatly correspond to these continent divisions.

(See: Indigenous languages of the Americas

Indigenous languages of the Americas

Indigenous languages of the Americas are spoken by indigenous peoples from Alaska and Greenland to the southern tip of South America, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language...

for the main article about these languages.)

Gallatin (1836)

An early attempt at North American language classification was attempted by A. A. Albert Gallatin

Albert Gallatin

Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin was a Swiss-American ethnologist, linguist, politician, diplomat, congressman, and the longest-serving United States Secretary of the Treasury. In 1831, he founded the University of the City of New York...

 published in 1826, 1836, and 1848. Gallatin's classifications are missing several languages which are later recorded in the classifications by Daniel G. Brinton

Daniel Garrison Brinton

Daniel Garrison Brinton was an American archaeologist and ethnologist.-Biography:Brinton was born in Thornbury Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. After graduating from Yale University in 1858, Brinton studied at Jefferson Medical College for two years and spent the next travelling in Europe....

 and John Wesley Powell

John Wesley Powell

John Wesley Powell was a U.S. soldier, geologist, explorer of the American West, and director of major scientific and cultural institutions...

. (Gallatin supported the assimilation of indigenous peoples to Euro-American culture.)

(Current terminology is indicated parenthetically in italics.)

Families

1. Algonkin-Lenape  (=Algonquian)
2. Athapascas  (=Athabaskan)
3. Catawban  (=Catawba + Woccons)
4. Eskimaux  (=Eskimoan)
5. Iroquois  (=Northern Iroquoian)
6. Cherokees  (=Southern Iroquoian)
7. Muskogee  (=Eastern Muskogean)
8. Chahtas  (=Western Muskogean)
9. Sioux  (=Siouan)

Languages

Adaize  (=Adai) Attacapas  (=Atakapa) Salmon River  (=Bella Coola) Black Feet  (=Blackfoot) Pawnees  (=Northern Caddoan) Caddoes  (=Southern Caddoan) Chinooks  (=Chinookan) Chetimachas  (=Chitimacha) Fall Indians  (=Gros Ventre) Queen Charlotte's Island  (=Haida)

11. Straits of Fuca  (=Makah) 12. Natches  (=Natchez) 13. Wakash  (=Nootka) 14. Salish  (=Salishan) 15. Shoshonees  (=Shoshone) 16. Atnahs  (=Shuswap) 17. Kinai  (=Tanaina) 18. Koulischen  (=Tlingit) 19. Utchees  (=Yuchi)

Gallatin (1848)

Families

1. Algonquian languages
2. Athabaskan languages
3. Catawban languages
4. Eskimoan languages
5. Iroquoian languages (Northern)
6. Iroquoian languages (Southern)
7. Muskogean languages
8. Siouan languages

Languages

1. Adai   2. Alsean   3. Apache   4. Arapaho   5. Atakapa   6. Caddoan, Northern   7. Caddoan, Southern   8. Cayuse-Molala   9. Chinookan 10. Chitimacha 11. Comanche 12. Haida 13. Kalapuyan 14. Kiowa 15. Klamath 16. Koasati-Alabama 17. Kootenai

18. Kutchin 19. Maricopa (Yuman) 20. Natchez 21. Palaihnihan 22. Plains Apache 23. Sahaptian 24. Salishan 25. Shasta 26. Shoshone 27. Tanaina 28. Tlingit 29. Tsimshian 30. Ute 31. Wakashan, Southern 32. Wichita 33. Yuchi

Powell's (1892) "Fifty-eight"

John Wesley Powell

John Wesley Powell

John Wesley Powell was a U.S. soldier, geologist, explorer of the American West, and director of major scientific and cultural institutions...

, an explorer who served as director of the Bureau of American Ethnology

Bureau of American Ethnology

The Bureau of American Ethnology was established in 1879 by an act of Congress for the purpose of transferring archives, records and materials relating to the Indians of North America from the Interior Department to the Smithsonian Institution...

, published a classification of 58 "stocks" that is the "cornerstone" of genetic classifications in North America. Powell's classification was influenced by Gallatin to a large extent.

John Wesley Powell was in a race with Daniel G. Brinton to publish the first comprehensive classification of North America languages (although Brinton's classification also covered South and Central America). As a result of this competition, Brinton was not allowed access to the linguistic data collected by Powell's fieldworkers.

(More current names are indicated parenthetically.)

1. Adaizan   2. Algonquian   3. Athapascan   4. Attacapan  (=Atakapa)   5. Beothukan  (=Beothuk)   6. Caddoan   7. Chimakuan   8. Chimarikan  (=Chimariko)   9. Chimmesyan  (=Tsimshian) 10. Chinookan 11. Chitimachan  (=Chitimacha) 12. Chumashan 13. Coahuiltecan 14. Copehan  (=Wintuan) 15. Costanoan 16. Eskimauan  (=Eskimoan) 17. Esselenian  (=Esselen) 18. Iroquoian 19. Kalapooian  (=Kalapuyan) 20. Karankawan  (=Karankawa)

21. Keresan 22. Kiowan  (=Kiowa) 23. Kitunahan  (=Kutenai) 24. Koluschan  (=Tlingit) 25. Kulanapan  (=Pomoan) 26. Kusan  (=Coosan) 27. Lutuamian  (=Klamath-Modoc) 28. Mariposan  (=Yokutsan) 29. Moquelumnan  (=Miwokan) 30. Muskhogean  (=Muskogean) 31. Natchesan  (=Natchez) 32. Palaihnihan 33. Piman  (=Uto-Azetcan) 34. Pujunan  (=Maiduan) 35. Quoratean  (=Karok) 36. Salinan 37. Salishan 38. Sastean  (=Shastan) 39. Shahaptian  (=Sahaptian)

40. Shoshonean  (=Uto-Azetcan) 41. Siouan  (=Siouan–Catawba) 42. Skittagetan  (=Haida) 43. Takilman  (=Takelma) 44. Tañoan  (=Tanoan) 45. Timuquanan  (=Timucua) 46. Tonikan  (=Tunica) 47. Tonkawan  (=Tonkawa) 48. Uchean  (=Yuchi) 49. Waiilatpuan  (=Cayuse & Molala) 50. Wakashan 51. Washoan  (=Washo) 52. Weitspekan  (=Yurok) 53. Wishoskan  (=Wiyot) 54. Yakonan  (=Siuslaw & Alsean) 55. Yanan 56. Yukian 57. Yuman 58. Zuñian  (=Zuni)

Sapir (1929): Encyclopædia Britannica

Below is Edward Sapir

Edward Sapir

Edward Sapir was an American anthropologist-linguist, widely considered to be one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics....

's (1929) famous Encyclopædia Britannica classification. Note that Sapir's classification was controversial at the time and it additionally was an original proposal (unusual for general encyclopedias). Sapir was part of a "lumper" movement in Native American language classification. Sapir himself writes of his classification: "A more far-reaching scheme than Powell's [1891 classification], suggestive but not demonstrable in all its features at the present time" (Sapir 1929: 139). Sapir's classifies all the languages in North America into only 6 families: Eskimo–Aleut, Algonkin–Wakashan, Nadene, Penutian, Hokan–Siouan, and Aztec–Tanoan. Sapir's classification (or something derivative) is still commonly used in general languages-of-the-world type surveys. (Note that the question marks in that appear in Sapir's list below are present in the original article.)

"Proposed Classification of American Indian Languages North of Mexico (and Certain Languages of Mexico and Central America)"

I. Eskimo–Aleut II. Algonkin–Wakashan 1. Algonkin–Ritwan (1) Algonkin Algonquian languages The Algonquian languages also Algonkian) are a subfamily of Native American languages which includes most of the languages in the Algic language family. The name of the Algonquian language family is distinguished from the orthographically similar Algonquin dialect of the Ojibwe language, which is a... (2) Beothuk Beothuk language The Beothuk language , also called Beothukan, was spoken by the indigenous Beothuk people of Newfoundland. The Beothuk have been extinct since 1829 and there are few written accounts of their language, little is known about it. There have been claims of links with the neighbouring Algonquian...  (?) (3) Ritwan (a) Wiyot Wiyot language Wiyot is an extinct Algic language, formerly spoken by the Wiyot people of Humboldt Bay, California. The language's last native speaker, Della Prince, died in 1962... (b) Yurok Yurok language Yurok is a moribund Algic language. It is the traditional language of the Yurok tribe of Del Norte County and Humboldt County on the far North Coast of California, U.S., most of whom now speak English... 2. Kootenay Kutenai language The Kutenai language is named after and is spoken by some of the Kootenai Native American/First Nations people who are indigenous to the area of North America that is now Montana, Idaho, and British Columbia.... 3. Mosan (Wakashan–Salish) (1) Wakashan (Kwakiutl–Nootka) (2) Chimakuan (3) Salish Salishan languages The Salishan languages are a group of languages of the Pacific Northwest... III. Nadene 1. Haida Haida language The Haida language is the language of the Haida people. It contains seven vowels and well over 30 consonants.-History:The first documented contact between the Haida and Europeans was in 1774, on Juan Pérez's exploratory voyage. At this time Haidas inhabited the Queen Charlotte Islands, Dall... 2. Continental Nadene (1) Tlingit Tlingit language The Tlingit language ) is spoken by the Tlingit people of Southeast Alaska and Western Canada. It is a branch of the Na-Dené language family. Tlingit is very endangered, with fewer than 140 native speakers still living, all of whom are bilingual or near-bilingual in English... (2) Athabaskan IV. Penutian 1. Californian Penutian (1) Miwok-Costanoan (2) Yokuts Yokutsan languages Yokutsan is an endangered language family spoken in the interior of Northern and Central California in and around the San Joaquin Valley by the Yokut people. The speakers of Yokutsan languages were severely affected by disease, missionaries, and the Gold Rush... (3) Maidu Maiduan languages Maiduan is a small endangered language family of northeastern California.-Family division:The Maiduan consists of 4 languages:# Maidu # Chico † # Konkow # Nisenan... (4) Wintun Wintuan languages Wintuan is a family of languages spoken in the Sacramento Valley of central Northern California.All Wintuan languages are severely endangered.-Family division:... 2. Oregon Penutian (1) Takelma Takelma language Takelma was the language spoken by the Takelma people. It was first extensively described by Edward Sapir in his graduate thesis, The Takelma Language of Southwestern Oregon... (2) Coast Oregon Penutian (a) Coos Coosan languages The Coosan language family consists of two languages spoken along the southern Oregon coast. Both languages are now extinct.-Classification:* Hanis* Miluk... (b) Siuslaw Siuslaw (tribe) Siuslaw is one of the three Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians located on the southwest Oregon Pacific coast in the United States. The Siuslaw language is extinct.-External links:***... (c) Yakonan (3) Kalapuya Kalapuyan languages Kalapuyan is a small extinct language family that was spoken in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, United States. It consists of three languages.-Family division:Kalapuyan consists of... 3. Chinook Chinookan languages Chinookan is a small family of languages spoken in Oregon and Washington along the Columbia River by Chinook peoples.-Family division:Chinookan languages consists of three languages with multiple varieties. There is some dispute over classification, and there are two ISO 639-3 codes assigned: and... 4. Tsimshian Tsimshianic languages The Tsimshianic languages are a family of languages spoken in northwestern British Columbia and in southern Alaska on Annette Island and Ketchikan. About 2,170 people of the ethnic Tsimshian population in Canada still speak the Tsimshian languages; about 50 of the 1,300 Tsimshian people living in... 5. Plateau Penutian (1) Sahaptin Sahaptin language Sahaptin , Sħáptənəxw, is a Plateau Penutian language of the Sahaptian branch spoken in a section of the northwestern plateau along the Columbia River and its tributaries in southern Washington, northern Oregon, and southwestern Idaho.... (2) Waiilatpuan (Molala–Cayuse) (3) Lutuami (Klamath-Modoc) 6. Mexican Penutian (1) Mixe–Zoque (2) Huave

V. Hokan–Siouan 1. Hokan–Coahuiltecan A. Hokan (1) Northern Hokan (a) Karok, Chimariko, Shasta–Achomawl (b) Yana (c) Pomo (2) Washo (3) Esselen–Yuman (a) Esselen (b) Yuman (4) Salinan–Seri (a) Salinan (b) Chumash (c) Seri (5) Tequistlatecan (Chontal) B. Subtiaba–Tlappanec C. Coahuiltecan (1) Tonkawa (2) Coahuilteco (a) Coahuilteco proper (b) Cotoname (c) Comecrudo (3) Karankawa 2. Yuki 3. Keres 4. Tunican (1) Tunica–Atakapa (2) Chitimacha 5. Iroquois (1) Iroquoian (2) Caddoan 6. Eastern group (1) Siouan–Yuchi (a) Siouan (b) Yuchi (2) Natchez–Muskogian (a) Natchez (b) Muskogian (c) Timucua (?)

VI. Aztec–Tanoan 1. Uto-Aztekan (1) Nahuatl (2) Piman (3) Shoshonean 2. Tanoan–Kiowa (1) Tanoan (2) Kiowa 3. Zuñi (?)

Voegelin & Voegelin (1965): The "Consensus" of 1964

The Voegelin & Voegelin (1965) classification was the result of a conference of Americanist linguists held at Indiana University in 1964. This classification identifies 16 main genetic units.

American Arctic-Paleosiberian phylum Eskimo–Aleut Chukchi–Kamchatkan Na-Dene phylum Athapascan Tlingit Tlingit language The Tlingit language ) is spoken by the Tlingit people of Southeast Alaska and Western Canada. It is a branch of the Na-Dené language family. Tlingit is very endangered, with fewer than 140 native speakers still living, all of whom are bilingual or near-bilingual in English... Haida Haida language The Haida language is the language of the Haida people. It contains seven vowels and well over 30 consonants.-History:The first documented contact between the Haida and Europeans was in 1774, on Juan Pérez's exploratory voyage. At this time Haidas inhabited the Queen Charlotte Islands, Dall... Macro-Algonquian phylum Algonquian Algonquian languages The Algonquian languages also Algonkian) are a subfamily of Native American languages which includes most of the languages in the Algic language family. The name of the Algonquian language family is distinguished from the orthographically similar Algonquin dialect of the Ojibwe language, which is a... Yurok Yurok language Yurok is a moribund Algic language. It is the traditional language of the Yurok tribe of Del Norte County and Humboldt County on the far North Coast of California, U.S., most of whom now speak English... Wiyot Wiyot language Wiyot is an extinct Algic language, formerly spoken by the Wiyot people of Humboldt Bay, California. The language's last native speaker, Della Prince, died in 1962... Muskogean Natchez Atakapa Atakapa language Atakapa is an extinct language isolate native to southwestern Louisiana and nearby coastal eastern Texas. It was spoken by the Atakapa people .-Geographic variation:There were two varieties of Atakapa Atakapa is an extinct language isolate native to southwestern Louisiana and nearby coastal eastern... Chitimacha Chitimacha language The Chitimacha language is a language isolate historically spoken by the Chitimacha people of Louisiana, United States. It went extinct in 1940 with the death of the last fluent speaker, Delphine Ducloux.... Tunica Tunica language The Tunica language was a language isolate spoken in the Central and Lower Mississippi Valley by in the United States by Native American Tunica peoples. There are no known speakers of the Tunica language remaining.When the last known fluent speaker Sesostrie Youchigant died, the language became... Tonkawa Tonkawa language The Tonkawa language was spoken in Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico by the Tonkawa people. A language isolate, with no known related languages, Tonkawa is now extinct... Macro-Siouan phylum Siouan Catawba Catawba language Catawba is one of two Eastern Siouan languages of the eastern US, which together with the Western Siouan languages formed the Siouan language family.... Caddoan Yuchi Yuchi language The Yuchi language is the language of the Yuchi people living in the southeastern United States, including eastern Tennessee, western Carolinas, northern Georgia and Alabama, in the period of early European colonization. However, speakers of the Yuchi language were forcibly relocated to Oklahoma... Hokan phylum Yuman Seri Seri language Seri is a language isolate spoken by the Seri people by between 716 and 900 people in two villages on the coast of Sonora, Mexico.-Classification:... Pomoan Pomoan languages Pomoan is a family of endangered languages spoken in northern California by the Pomo people on the Pacific Coast. According to the 2000 census, there are 255 speakers of the languages... Palaihnihan Shastan Shastan languages The Shastan family consisted of four languages, spoken in present-day northern California and southern Oregon.-Family division:# Konomihu # New River Shasta # Okwanuchu # Shasta ... Yanan Yana language Yana is an extinct language isolate formerly spoken in north-central California between the Feather and Pit rivers in what is now Shasta and Tehama counties.... Chimariko Chimariko language Chimariko is an extinct language isolate formerly spoken in Trinity County in northwestern California by Chimariko peoples.-Genetic relations:... Washo Washo language The Washo language is an endangered Native American language isolate spoken by the Washo on the California–Nevada border in the drainages of the Truckee and Carson Rivers, especially around Lake Tahoe... Salinan Salinan language Salinan was the indigenous language of the Salinan people of the central coast of California. It has been extinct since the death of the last speaker in 1958.... Karok Karuk language Karuk or Karok is an endangered language of northwestern California. It is the traditional language of the Karuk people, most of whom now speak English.... Chumashan Comecrudan Coahuiltecan Esselen Esselen The Esselen were a Native American linguistic group in the hypothetical Hokan language family, who resided on the Central California coast and the coastal mountains, including what is now known as the Big Sur region in Monterey County, California... Jicaque Tlapanecan Tequistlatecan Tequistlatecan The Tequistlatecan languages, also called Chontal of Oaxaca, are three close but distinct languages spoken by the Chontal people of Oaxaca State, Mexico:*Huamelultec ,*Tequistlatec proper ,*Highland Oaxaca Chontal....

6. Penutian phylum Yokuts Maidu Wintun Miwok–Costanoan Klamath–Modoc Sahaptin–Nez Perce Cayuse Cayuse language The Cayuse language is an extinct language formerly spoken by the Cayuse Native American tribe in the U.S. state of Oregon. The Cayuse name for themselves was Liksiyu .The Cayuse language is unclassified... Molale Coos Coosan Coosan is a suburb just north of Athlone, County Westmeath. Surrounded on three sides by Lough Ree and one side by Athlone town itself, its population has grown since the Celtic Tiger from around 400 in the 1990s to roughly 5000 in the early 21st century. Due to its location on the edge of Lough... Yakonan Takelma Takelma language Takelma was the language spoken by the Takelma people. It was first extensively described by Edward Sapir in his graduate thesis, The Takelma Language of Southwestern Oregon... Kalapuya Chinookan Tsimshian Zuni Zuni language Zuni is a language of the Zuni people, indigenous to western New Mexico and eastern Arizona in the United States. It is spoken by around 9,500 people worldwide, especially in the vicinity of Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico, and much smaller numbers in parts of Arizona.Unlike most indigenous languages in... Mixe–Zoque Mayan Mayan languages The Mayan languages form a language family spoken in Mesoamerica and northern Central America. Mayan languages are spoken by at least 6 million indigenous Maya, primarily in Guatemala, Mexico, Belize and Honduras... Chipaya–Uru Totonacan Huave  7. Aztec–Tanoan phylum Kiowa–Tanoan Uto-Aztecan  8. Keres Keresan languages Keresan , also Keres , is a group of seven related languages spoken by Keres Pueblo peoples in New Mexico, U.S.A.. Each is mutually intelligible with its closest neighbors...  9. Yuki Yuki language The Yuki language, also known as Yukian, Ukiah, Ukomno'm, was a language of California, spoken by the indigenous American Yuki people, formerly in the Eel River area, the Round Valley Reservation, northern California. It became extinct some time in the 20th century... 10. Beothuk Beothuk language The Beothuk language , also called Beothukan, was spoken by the indigenous Beothuk people of Newfoundland. The Beothuk have been extinct since 1829 and there are few written accounts of their language, little is known about it. There have been claims of links with the neighbouring Algonquian... 11. Kutenai Kutenai language The Kutenai language is named after and is spoken by some of the Kootenai Native American/First Nations people who are indigenous to the area of North America that is now Montana, Idaho, and British Columbia.... 12. Karankawa Karankawa Karankawa were a group of Native American peoples, now extinct as a tribal group, who played a pivotal part in early Texas history.... 13. Chimakuan 14. Salish Salishan languages The Salishan languages are a group of languages of the Pacific Northwest... 15. Wakashan 16. Timucua Timucua language Timucua is a language isolate formerly spoken in northern and central Florida and southern Georgia by the Timucua people. Timucua was the primary language used in the area at the time of Spanish arrival in Florida. Linguistic and archaeological studies suggest that it may have been spoken from...

Chumashan, Comecrudan, and Coahuiltecan included in Hokan with "reservations". Esselen is included in Hokan with "strong reservations". Tsimshian and Zuni are included in Penutian with reservations.

Campbell & Mithun (1979): The "Black Book"

Campbell & Mithun's 1979 is a more conservation classification where they insist on more rigorous demonstration of genetic relationship before grouping. Thus, many of the speculative phylums of previous authors are "split".

Goddard (1996), Campbell (1997), Mithun (1999)

(preliminary)

Families

1. Algic
   1. Algonquian
   2. Wiyot (>Ritwan?)
   3. Yurok (>Ritwan?)
2. Na-Dene
   1. Eyak-Athabaskan
      1. Eyak
      2. Athabaskan
   2. Tlingit
3. Caddoan (>Macro-Siouan?)
4. Chimakuan
5. Chinookan (> Penutian?)
6. Chumashan [chúmash]
7. Comecrudan
8. Coosan [kus] (> Coast Penutian?)
9. Eskimo–Aleut
   1. Eskimoan
   2. Aleut = Unangan
10. Iroquoian
11. Kalapuyan [kalapúyan]
12. Kiowa–Tanoan
13. Maiduan
14. Muskogean
15. Palaihnihan (Achumawi–Atsugewi)
16. Pomoan
17. Sahaptian
18. Salishan
19. Shastan
20. Siouan–Catawban
    1. Siouan
    2. Catawban
21. Tsimshianic
22. Utian
    1. Miwok
    2. Costanoan
23. Utaztecan
    1. Numic = Plateau
    2. Tübatulabal = Kern
    3. Takic = Southern California
    4. Hopi = Pueblo
    5. Tepiman = Pimic
    6. Taracahitic
    7. Tubar
    8. Corachol
    9. Aztecan
24. Wakashan
    1. Kwakiutlan
    2. Nootkan
25. Wintuan (>Coast Penutian?)
26. Yokutsan
27. Yuman–Cochimi
    1. Yuman
    2. Cochimi

Isolates

1. Adai
2. Alsea [alsi] (> Coast Penutian?)
3. Atakapa (>Tunican?)
4. Beothuk (unclassifiable?)
5. Cayuse
6. Chimariko
7. Chititmacha (>Tunican?)
8. Coahuilteco
9. Cotoname = Carrizo de Camargo
10. Esselen
11. Haida
12. Karankawa
13. Karuk
14. Keres
15. Klamath-Modoc
16. Kootenai
17. Molala
18. Natchez
19. Salinan
20. Siuslaw (>Coast Penutian?)
21. Takelma
22. Timucua
23. Tonkawa
24. Tunica (>Tunican?)
25. Wappo (>Yuki–Wappo)
26. Washo
27. Yana
28. Yuchi (>Siouan)
29. Yuki (>Yuki–Wappo)
30. Zuni

Stocks

Yuki–Wappo supported by Elmendorf (1981, 1997)

• Yuki–Wappo

Penutian outside Mexico considered probably by many

• Penutian

1. Tsimshianic
2. Chinookan
3. Takelma
4. Kalapuya (not close to Takelma: Tarpent & Kendall 1998)
5. Maidun
6. Oregon Coast-Wintu (Whistler 1977, Golla 1997)
   1. Alsea
   2. Coosan
   3. Siuslaw
   4. Wintuan
7. Plateau
   1. Sahaptian
   2. Klamath
   3. Molala
   4. Cayuse ? (poor data)
8. Yok-Utian ?
   1. Yokuts
   2. Utian

Siouan–Yuchi "probable"; Macro-Siouan likely

• Macro-Siouan

1. Iroquoian–Caddoan
   1. Iroquoian
   2. Caddoan
2. Siouan–Yuchi
   1. Siouan–Catawban
   2. Yuchi

Natchez–Muskogean most likely of the Gulf hypothesis

• Natchez–Muskogean

1. Natchez
2. Muskogean

Hokan: most promising proposals

• Hokan

1. Karuk
2. Chimariko
3. Shastan
4. Palaihnihan
5. Yana
6. Washo
7. Pomoan
8. Esselen
9. Salinan
10. Yuman–Cochimi
11. Seri

"Unlikely" to be Hokan:

Chumashan

Tonkawa

Karankawa

Subtiaba–Tlappanec is likely part of Otomanguean (Rensch 1977, Oltrogge 1977).

Aztec-Tanoan is "undemonstrated"; Mosan is a Sprachbund.

Mesoamerica

(Consensus conservative classification)

Families

• Uto-Aztecan (Other branches outside Mesoamerica. See North America)

1. Corachol (Cora–Huichol)
2. Aztecan (Nahua–Pochutec)

• Totonac–Tepehua

• Otomanguean

1. Otopamean
2. Popolocan–Mazatecan
3. Subtiaba–Tlapanec
4. Amuzgo
5. Mixtecan
6. Chatino–Zapotec
7. Chinantec
8. Chiapanec–Mangue (extinct)

• Tequistlatec-Jicaque
• Mixe–Zoque
• Mayan
• Misumalpan (Outside Mesoamerica proper. See South America)
• Chibchan (Outside Mesoamerican proper. See South America)

1. Paya

Isolates

• Tarascan (also known as Purepecha)
• Cuitlatec (extinct)
• Huave
• Xinca (extinct?)
• Lenca (extinct)

Proposed stocks

• Hokan (see North America)

1. Tequistlatec-Jicaque
   • Macro-Mayan (Penutian affiliation now considered doubtful.)
2. Totonac–Tepehua
3. Huave
4. Mixe–Zoque
5. Mayan
   • Macro-Chibchan
6. Chibchan
7. Misumalpan
8. Paya (sometimes placed in Chibchan proper)
9. Xinca
10. Lenca

Families & isolates

Terrence Kaufman's classification is meant to be a rather conservative genetic grouping of the languages of South America (and a few in Central America). He has 118 "genetic units". Kaufman believes for these 118 units "that there is little likelihood that any of the groups recognized here will be broken apart". Kaufman uses more specific terminology than only language family, such language area, emergent area, and language complex, where he recognizes issues such as partial mutual intelligibility

Mutual intelligibility

In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand each other without intentional study or extraordinary effort...

 and dialect continuum

Dialect continuum

A dialect continuum, or dialect area, was defined by Leonard Bloomfield as a range of dialects spoken across some geographical area that differ only slightly between neighboring areas, but as one travels in any direction, these differences accumulate such that speakers from opposite ends of the...

s. The list below collapses these into simply families. Kaufman's list is numbered and grouped by "geolinguistic region". The list below is presented in alphabetic order. A final note is that Kaufman uses his own nomenclature for his genetic units, which is mostly used only by himself (this unfortunately makes comparison with other classifications slightly more complicated). His names have been retained below.

Families: Aimoré Aymaran languages Aymaran is one of the two dominant language families of the central Andes, along with Quechuan.... Arawán Arauan languages Arawan is a family of languages spoken in western Brazil and Peru.-Family division:Arauan consists of 8 or 9 languages:... Barbakóan Barbacoan languages Barbacoan is a language family spoken in Colombia and Ecuador.-Family division:Barboacoan consists of 6 languages:*Northern* Awan... Bóran Bora language Bora is an indigenous American language spoken in western South America. Bora proper has 94% mutual comprehensibility with the Miraña dialect. The majority of its speakers reside in Perú where 2,328 Bora-speakers live in the Northeast Yaguasyacu, Putumayo, and Ampiyacu river areas. Peruvian... Boróroan Chapakúran Charrúan Chíbchan Chibchan languages The Chibchan languages make up a language family indigenous to the Isthmo-Colombian area, which extends from eastern Honduras to northern Colombia and includes populations of these countries as well as Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama... Chimúan Chimuan languages Chimuan or Yuncan is a hypothetical small extinct language family of northern Peru and Ecuador .-Family division:Chimuan consisted of three attested languages:* Mochica * Cañar–Puruhá** Cañari ** Puruhá... Chipaya Chokó Choco languages The Choco languages are a small family of Native American languages spread across Colombia and Panama.-Family division:Choco consists of perhaps ten languages, half of them extinct.... Cholónan Chon Chon languages -External links:*Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: CHON... Haki Harákmbut Hiraháran Hívaro Jivaroan languages Jivaroan is a small language family, or perhaps a language isolate, of northern Peru and eastern Ecuador.-Family division:Jivaroan consists of 4 languages:-Genetic relations:... Jabutían Je Ge languages The Jê languages , or Jê–Kaingang languages, are spoken by the Gê, a group of indigenous peoples in Brazil.-Family division:The language family is as follows:*Jaikó... Kamakánan Karajá Káriban Cariban languages The Cariban languages are an indigenous language family of South America. They are widespread across northernmost South America, from the mouth of the Amazon River to the Colombian Andes, but also appear in central Brazil. Cariban languages are relatively closely related, and number two to three... Katakáoan Katukínan Kawapánan Kawéskar Kechua Maipúrean Arawakan languages Macro-Arawakan is a proposed language family of South America and the Caribbean based on the Arawakan languages. Sometimes the proposal is called Arawakan, in which case the central family is called Maipurean.... Mashakalían Maskóian Matákoan Matacoan languages Matacoan is a language family of northern Argentina, western Paraguay, and southeastern Bolivia.-Family division:... Misumalpa Misumalpan languages The Misumalpan languages are a small family of Native American languages spoken by indigenous peoples on the east coast of Nicaragua and nearby areas. The name "Misumalpan" was devised by John Alden Mason and is composed of syllables from the names of the family's three members Miskitu, Sumu and... Mosetén Múran Muran languages Muran is a small language family of Amazonas, Brazil.-Family division:Muran consists of 4 languages:# Mura †# Pirahã # Bohurá †# Yahahí †... Nambikuara Otomákoan Páesan Paezan languages Paezan may be any of several language-family proposals of Colombia and Ecuador named after the Paez language.-Proposed genealogical relations:... Pánoan Panoan languages Panoan is a family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia. It is a branch of the larger Pano–Tacanan family.-Family division:Panoan consists of some two dozen languages:... Puinávean Puinavean languages Martins, proposal BHowever, Epps considers Hup and Yahup to be distinct languages, and maintains that the inclusion of the poorly attested Nukak and Kakwa has not been demonstrated and is in fact highly dubious:Epps... Purían Purian languages Purian is a pair of extinct languages of eastern Brazil:Coropó was spoken in Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. Purí was spoken in Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais.Purian is part of the Macro-Jê proposal.-Bibliography:... Sálivan Samúkoan Sáparoan Zaparoan languages Zaparoan is an endangered language family of Peru and Ecuador with fewer than 100 speakers... Takánan Tacanan languages Tacanan is a family of languages spoken in Bolivia, with Ese’ejja also spoken in Peru.-Family division:*Ese’ejja *Araona–Tacana**Araona **Cavineña–Tacana***Cavineña ***Tacana proper****Tacana ****Reyesano... Timótean Tiníwan Tukánoan Tucanoan languages Tucanoan is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.-Family division:There are two dozen Tucanoan languages:*Western Tucanoan**Correguaje **Tama **Macaguaje ... Tupían Tupian languages The Tupi or Tupian language family comprises some 70 languages spoken in South America, of which the best known are Tupi proper and Guarani.-History, members and classification:... Wahívoan Guajiboan languages Guajiboan is a language family spoken in the Orinoco River region in eastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela, which is a savannah-like area known in Colombia as the Llanos.-Family division:... Waikurúan Guaicuruan languages Guaicuruan is a language family spoken in northern Argentina, western Paraguay, and Brazil .-Family division:... Warpe Witótoan Witotoan languages Bora–Witóto is a proposal to unite the Bora and Witotoan language families of northeastern Peru , southwestern Colombia , and western Brazil... Yanomáman Yanomaman languages Yanomaman is a small language family of northwestern Brazil and southern Venezuela.-Language division:... Yáwan

Isolates/Unclassfied: Aikaná Andoke Awaké Baenã Betoi Chikitano Ezmeralda Fulnió Gamela Gorgotoki Guató Hotí Iranshe Itonama Jaruro Jeikó Jurí Kaliana Kamsá Kanichana Kapishaná Karirí Katembrí Kayuvava Koayá Kofán Kandoshi Kolyawaya jargon Kukurá Kulyi Kunsa Leko Lule Maku Mapudungu Matanawí Movima Munichi Natú Ofayé Omurano Otí Pankararú Puelche Pukina Rikbaktsá Sabela Sechura Shokó Shukurú Tarairiú Taruma Tekiraka Tikuna Trumai Tushá Urarina Vilela Wamo Wamoé Warao Yámana Yurakare language Yurimang

Stocks

In addition to his conversative list, Kaufman list several larger "stocks" which he evaluates. The names of the stocks are often an obvious hyphenation of two members, for instance, the Páes-Barbakóa stock consists of the Páesan and Barbakóan families. If the composition is not obvious, it is indicated parenthetically. Kaufman puts question marks by Kechumara and Mosetén-Chon stocks.

"Good" stocks:

• Awaké–Kaliana (Arutani–Sape)
• Chibcha–Misumalpa
• Ezmeralda–Jaruro
• Jurí–Tikuna
• Kechumara (=Kechua + Haki) (good?)
• Lule–Vilela
• Mosetén–Chon (good?)
• Páes–Barbakóa
• Pano–Takana
• Sechura–Katakao
• Wamo–Chapakúra

"Probable" stocks:

• macro-Je (=Chikitano + Boróroan + Aimoré + Rikbaktsá + Je + Jeikó + Kamakánan + Mashakalían + Purían + Fulnío + Karajá + Ofayé + Guató)
• Mura–Matanawí

"Promising" stocks:

• Kaliánan (=Awaké + Kaliana + Maku)

"Maybe" stocks:

• Bora–Witoto
• Hívaro–Kawapana
• Kunsa–Kapishaná
• Pukina–Kolyawaya
• Sáparo–Yawa

Clusters & networks

Kaufman's largest groupings are what he terms clusters and networks. Clusters are equivalent to macro-families (or phyla or superfamilies). Networks are composed of clusters. Kaufman views all of these larger groupings to be hypothetical and his list is to be used as a means to identify which hypotheses most need testing.

Swadesh (1960 or earlier)

Morris Swadesh further consolidated on Sapir's North American classification and expanded it to group all indigenous languages of the Americas

Indigenous languages of the Americas

Indigenous languages of the Americas are spoken by indigenous peoples from Alaska and Greenland to the southern tip of South America, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language...

 in just 6 families, 5 of which were entirely based in the Americas.

1. Vasco-Dene languages
   Borean languages
   Borean is a hypothetical linguistic macrofamily that traces the possible genetic relationships of the various languages of Eurasia and adjacent regions with languages spoken in the Upper Paleolithic in the millennia following the Last Glacial Maximum. The name "Borean", based on Greek βορέας,...
   
    included the Eskimo–Aleut, Na-Dene, Wakashan and Kutenai families along with most of the languages of Eurasia.
2. Macro-Hokan roughly comprised a combination of Sapir's Hokan–Siouan and Almosan families and expanded into Central America including the Jicaque language
   Jicaque language
   Jicaque, also known as Tol, Tolupan, and Torupan, is a language spoken by some 300 Tolupan people in La Montaña del Flor, Honduras. In the 16th century it extended to cover much of western Yoro...
   
   .
3. Macro-Mayan comprising Mayan along with Sapir's Penutian and Aztec-Tanoan families, the Otomanguean languages and various languages of Central and South America including the Chibchan languages
   Chibchan languages
   The Chibchan languages make up a language family indigenous to the Isthmo-Colombian area, which extends from eastern Honduras to northern Colombia and includes populations of these countries as well as Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama...
   
   , the Paezan languages
   Paezan languages
   Paezan may be any of several language-family proposals of Colombia and Ecuador named after the Paez language.-Proposed genealogical relations:...
   
    and the Tucanoan languages
   Tucanoan languages
   Tucanoan is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.-Family division:There are two dozen Tucanoan languages:*Western Tucanoan**Correguaje **Tama **Macaguaje ...
   
   .
4. Macro-Quechua comprising the Zuni language
   Zuni language
   Zuni is a language of the Zuni people, indigenous to western New Mexico and eastern Arizona in the United States. It is spoken by around 9,500 people worldwide, especially in the vicinity of Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico, and much smaller numbers in parts of Arizona.Unlike most indigenous languages in...
   
   , the Tarascan language and various languages of South America including Quechua
   Quechua languages
   Quechua is a Native South American language family and dialect cluster spoken primarily in the Andes of South America, derived from an original common ancestor language, Proto-Quechua. It is the most widely spoken language family of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, with a total of probably...
   
   , the Aymara language
   Aymara language
   Aymara is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara people of the Andes. It is one of only a handful of Native American languages with over three million speakers. Aymara, along with Quechua and Spanish, is an official language of Peru and Bolivia...
   
   , the Panoan languages
   Panoan languages
   Panoan is a family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia. It is a branch of the larger Pano–Tacanan family.-Family division:Panoan consists of some two dozen languages:...
   
    and most of the various other languages of Patagonia and the Andes.
5. Macro-Carib, an almost entirely South American family including the Carib languages, the Macro-Je languages and the Jirajara languages, albeit including some Caribbean languages.
6. Macro-Arawak, a family primarily confined to South America and its component families included the Arawakan languages
   Arawakan languages
   Macro-Arawakan is a proposed language family of South America and the Caribbean based on the Arawakan languages. Sometimes the proposal is called Arawakan, in which case the central family is called Maipurean....
   
    and the Tupian languages
   Tupian languages
   The Tupi or Tupian language family comprises some 70 languages spoken in South America, of which the best known are Tupi proper and Guarani.-History, members and classification:...
   
   . However, it also was proposed to include the Taino language
   Taíno language
   Taíno, an Arawakan language, was the principal language of the Caribbean islands at the time of the Spanish Conquest, including the Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the Florida Keys, and the Lesser Antilles...
   
    in the Caribbean and the Timucua language
   Timucua language
   Timucua is a language isolate formerly spoken in northern and central Florida and southern Georgia by the Timucua people. Timucua was the primary language used in the area at the time of Spanish arrival in Florida. Linguistic and archaeological studies suggest that it may have been spoken from...
   
    in Florida.

Greenberg (1960, 1987)

Joseph Greenberg

Joseph Greenberg

Joseph Harold Greenberg was a prominent and controversial American linguist, principally known for his work in two areas, linguistic typology and the genetic classification of languages.- Early life and career :...

's classification in his 1987 book Language in the Americas is best known for the highly controversial assertion that all North, Central and South American language families other than Eskimo–Aleut and Na-Dene including Haida, are part of an Amerind

Amerind

Amerind may refer to:* Amerind peoples, neologism for Indigenous peoples of the Americas* Amerind Foundation, a non-profit, museum and archaeological research facility* Amerind languages, putative higher-level language family...

 macrofamily

Macrofamily

In historical linguistics, a macro-family, also called a superfamily or phylum, is defined as a proposed genetic relationship grouping together language families in a larger scale clasification.However, Campbell regards this term as superfluous, preferring language family for those clasifications...

.

1. Northern Amerind
   1. Almosan–Keresiouan
      1. Almosan
         1. Algic
         2. Kutenai
         3. Mosan
            1. Wakashan
            2. Salish
            3. Chimakuan
      2. Caddoan
      3. Keres
      4. Siouan
      5. Iroquoian
   2. Penutian
      1. California Penutian
         1. Maidu
         2. Miwok–Costanoan
         3. Wintun
         4. Yokuts
      2. Chinook
      3. Mexican Penutian (=Macro-Mayan)
         1. Huave
         2. Mayan
         3. Mixe–Zoque
         4. Totonac
      4. Oregon Penutian
      5. Plateau Penutian
      6. Tsimshian
      7. Yukian
      8. Gulf
         1. Atakapa
         2. Chitimacha
         3. Muskogean
         4. Natchez
         5. Tunica
      9. Zuni
   3. Hokan
      1. Nuclear Hokan
         1. Northern
            1. Karok–Shasta
            2. Yana
            3. Pomo
         2. Washo
         3. Esselen–Yuman
         4. Salinan–Seri
         5. Waicuri
         6. Maratino
         7. Quinigua
         8. Tequistlatec
      2. Coahuiltecan
         1. Tonkawa
         2. Nuclear Coahuiltecan
         3. Karankawa
      3. Subtiaba
      4. Jicaque
      5. Yurumangui
2. Central Amerind
   1. Kiowa–Tanoan
   2. Otomanguean
   3. Uto-Aztecan
3. Chibchan–Paezan
   1. Chibchan
      1. Nuclear Chibchan
         1. Antioquia
         2. Aruak
         3. Chibcha
         4. Cuna
         5. Guaymi
         6. Malibu
         7. Misumalpan
         8. Motilon
         9. Rama
         10. Talamanca
      2. Paya
      3. Tarascan
      4. Xinca
      5. Yanomam
      6. Yunca–Puruhan
   2. Paezan
      1. Allentiac
      2. Atacama
      3. Betoi
      4. Chimu
      5. Itonama
      6. Jirajara
      7. Mura
      8. Nuclear Paezan
         1. Andaqui
         2. Barbacoa
         3. Choco
         4. Paez
      9. Timucua
         Timucua language
         Timucua is a language isolate formerly spoken in northern and central Florida and southern Georgia by the Timucua people. Timucua was the primary language used in the area at the time of Spanish arrival in Florida. Linguistic and archaeological studies suggest that it may have been spoken from...
         
         
      10. Warrao
4. Andean (Greenberg (1960) joined Andean and Equatorial, but Greenberg (1987) did not)
   1. Aymara language
      Aymara language
      Aymara is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara people of the Andes. It is one of only a handful of Native American languages with over three million speakers. Aymara, along with Quechua and Spanish, is an official language of Peru and Bolivia...
      
      
   2. Itucale–Sabela
      1. Itucale
      2. Mayna
      3. Sabela
   3. Cahuapana–Zaparo
      1. Cahuapano
      2. Zaparo
   4. Northern
      1. Catacao
      2. Cholona
      3. Culli
      4. Leco
      5. Sechura
   5. Quechua
      Quechua languages
      Quechua is a Native South American language family and dialect cluster spoken primarily in the Andes of South America, derived from an original common ancestor language, Proto-Quechua. It is the most widely spoken language family of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, with a total of probably...
      
      
   6. Southern
      1. Qawesqar
      2. Mapundungu
      3. Gennaken
      4. Patagon
      5. Yamana
5. Equatorial–Tucanoan
   1. Equatorial
      Equatorial
      Equatorial may refer to:* Equator of the Earth* Equatorial climate in meteorology* The ring-shaped outer boundary of the cross-section of a round three dimensional shape or object in geometry* The equatorial bond of a molecule in chemistry...
      
      
      1. Macro-Arawakan
         1. Arawakan languages
            Arawakan languages
            Macro-Arawakan is a proposed language family of South America and the Caribbean based on the Arawakan languages. Sometimes the proposal is called Arawakan, in which case the central family is called Maipurean....
            
            
         2. Guahibo
         3. Katembri
         4. Otomaco
         5. Tinigua
      2. Cayuvava
      3. Coche
      4. Jivaro–Kandoshi
         1. Cofan
         2. Esmeralda
         3. Jivaro
         4. Kandoshi
         5. Yaruro
      5. Kariri–Tupi
         1. Kariri
         2. Tupian languages
            Tupian languages
            The Tupi or Tupian language family comprises some 70 languages spoken in South America, of which the best known are Tupi proper and Guarani.-History, members and classification:...
            
            
      6. Piaroa
      7. Taruma
      8. Timote
      9. Trumai
      10. Tusha
      11. Yuracare
      12. Zamucoan
   2. Tucanoan
      1. Auixiri
      2. Canichana
      3. Capixana
      4. Catuquina
      5. Gamella
      6. Huari
      7. Iranshe
      8. Kaliana–Maku
         1. Auake
         2. Kaliana
         3. Maku
      9. Koaia
      10. Movima
      11. Muniche
      12. Nambikwara
      13. Natu
      14. Pankaruru
      15. Puinave
      16. Shukura
      17. Ticuna–Yuri
          1. Ticuna
          2. Yuri
      18. Tucanoan
      19. Uman
6. Ge–Pano–Carib
   1. Macro-Ge
      1. Bororo
      2. Botocudo
      3. Caraja
      4. Chiquito
      5. Erikbatsa
      6. Fulnio
      7. Ge–Kaingang
         1. Ge languages
            Ge languages
            The Jê languages , or Jê–Kaingang languages, are spoken by the Gê, a group of indigenous peoples in Brazil.-Family division:The language family is as follows:*Jaikó...
            
            
         2. Kaingang
      8. Guato
      9. Kamakan
      10. Mashakali
      11. Opaie
      12. Oti
      13. Puri
      14. Yabuti
   2. Macro-Panoan
      Macro-Panoan
      Macro-Panoan is a hypothetical proposal linking four language families of Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina that Kaufman says "seems promising". The Pano–Takanan connection is generally accepted. Kaufman also finds the Moseten–Chon connection fairly convincing. However, the deeper...
      
      
      1. Charruan
      2. Lengua
      3. Luke–Vilela
         1. Lule
         2. Vilela
      4. Mataco–Guaicuru
         1. Guaicuru
         2. Mataco
      5. Moseten
      6. Pano–Tacanan languages
         1. Panoan languages
            Panoan languages
            Panoan is a family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia. It is a branch of the larger Pano–Tacanan family.-Family division:Panoan consists of some two dozen languages:...
            
            
         2. Tacanan languages
            Tacanan languages
            Tacanan is a family of languages spoken in Bolivia, with Ese’ejja also spoken in Peru.-Family division:*Ese’ejja *Araona–Tacana**Araona **Cavineña–Tacana***Cavineña ***Tacana proper****Tacana ****Reyesano...
            
            
   3. Macro-Carib
      Cariban languages
      The Cariban languages are an indigenous language family of South America. They are widespread across northernmost South America, from the mouth of the Amazon River to the Colombian Andes, but also appear in central Brazil. Cariban languages are relatively closely related, and number two to three...
      
      
      1. Andoke
      2. Bora–Uitoto
         1. Boro
         2. Uitoto
         3. Carib
         4. Kukura
         5. Yagua

Mixed languages

In American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America, Lyle Campbell

Lyle Campbell

Lyle Richard Campbell is a linguist and leading expert on indigenous American languages—especially those of Mesoamerica—and on historical linguistics in general. He also has expertise in Uralic languages. He is presently Professor of Linguistics at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.-Life and...

 describes various pidgins and trade languages spoken by the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Some of these mixed languages have not been documented and are known only by name.

• Mednyj Aleut
  Mednyj Aleut
  Mednyj Aleut is a nearly extinct mixed language spoken on Bering Island. It is characterized by Aleut nouns and Russian verbs, each with the full inflectional complexity of the source languages...
  
   (Copper Island Aleut)
• Chinook Jargon
  Chinook Jargon
  Chinook Jargon originated as a pidgin trade language of the Pacific Northwest, and spread during the 19th century from the lower Columbia River, first to other areas in modern Oregon and Washington, then British Columbia and as far as Alaska, sometimes taking on characteristics of a creole language...
  
  
• Broken Slavey
  Broken Slavey
  Broken Slavey is a trade language used between Indians and whites in the Yukon area in the 19th century.Broken Slavey is based primarily on the Slavey language with elements from French, Cree, and perhaps...
  
   (Slavey Jargon)
• Loucheux Jargon
• Michif (French Cree, Métis
  Métis
  A Métis is a person born to parents who belong to different groups defined by visible physical differences, regarded as racial, or the descendant of such persons. The term is of French origin, and also is a cognate of mestizo in Spanish, mestiço in Portuguese, and mestee in English...
  
  , Metchif)
• "Boken Oghibbeway" (Broken Ojibwa)
• Basque-Algonquian Pidgin (spoken by the Basque
  Basque people
  The Basques as an ethnic group, primarily inhabit an area traditionally known as the Basque Country , a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-central Spain and south-western France.The Basques are known in the...
  
  s, Micmacs, and Montagnais in eastern Canada)
• Delaware Jargon
• Pidgin Massachusett
• Jargonized Powhatan
  Powhatan
  The Powhatan is the name of a Virginia Indian confederation of tribes. It is estimated that there were about 14,000–21,000 of these native Powhatan people in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607...
  
  
• Lingua Franca Creek
  Creek language
  The Creek language, also known as Muskogee or Muscogee , is a Muskogean language spoken by Muscogee and Seminole people primarily in the U.S. states of Oklahoma and Florida....
  
  
• Lingua Franca Apalachee
• Mobilian Jargon
  Mobilian Jargon
  Mobilian Jargon was a pidgin used as a lingua franca among Native American groups living along the Gulf of Mexico around the time of European settlement of the region...
  
  
• Güegüence-Nicarao (formerly spoken in Nicaragua)
• Carib Pidgin or Ndjuka-Amerindian Pidgin (Ndjuka-Trio)
• Carib Pidgin-Arawak mixed language
• Media Lengua
  Media Lengua
  Media Lengua is a language spoken in Salcedo, about 100 km south of Quito, Ecuador, by about 1,000 people of Native American ancestry. It is usually classified as a mixed language as it combines Spanish vocabulary with a Quechua grammatical system, most conspicuously morphology...
  
  
• Catalangu
• Callahuaya (Machaj-Juyai, Kallawaya)
• Nheengatú or Lingua Geral Amazonica ("Lingua Boa," Lingua Brasílica, Lingua Geral do Norte)
• Lingua Geral do Sul or Lingua Geral Paulista (Tupí Austral)
• Labrador Eskimo Pidgin
• Hudson Strait Pidgin Eskimo (spoken from 1750–1850)
• Nootka Jargon (18th-19th centuries; later replaced by Chinook Jargon)
• Trader Navajo
• Yopará (Guaraní-Spanish pidgin)
• Afro-Seminole
  Seminole
  The Seminole are a Native American people originally of Florida, who now reside primarily in that state and Oklahoma. The Seminole nation emerged in a process of ethnogenesis out of groups of Native Americans, most significantly Creeks from what is now Georgia and Alabama, who settled in Florida in...
  
   Creole (variety of Gullah)
• Haida
  Haida language
  The Haida language is the language of the Haida people. It contains seven vowels and well over 30 consonants.-History:The first documented contact between the Haida and Europeans was in 1774, on Juan Pérez's exploratory voyage. At this time Haidas inhabited the Queen Charlotte Islands, Dall...
  
   Jargon
• Kutenai
  Kutenai language
  The Kutenai language is named after and is spoken by some of the Kootenai Native American/First Nations people who are indigenous to the area of North America that is now Montana, Idaho, and British Columbia....
  
   Jargon
• Guajiro-Spanish mixed language

Lingua francas

• Ocaneechi/Occaneechee (spoken in Virginia and the Carolinas in early colonial times)
• Tuscarora language
  Tuscarora language
  Tuscarora, sometimes called Ska:rù:rę, is an Iroquoian language of the Tuscarora people, spoken in southern Ontario, Canada, and northwestern New York around Niagara Falls, in the United States. The historic homeland of the Tuscarora was in eastern North Carolina, in and around the Goldsboro,...
  
  
• Plains sign language