Black Summer
Encyclopedia
Black Summer is a comic book
limited series
written by Warren Ellis
, illustrated by Juan Jose Ryp
, and published by Avatar Press
starting in June 2007
.
The plot revolves around the consequences of a superhero, John Horus, who kills the President of the United States
and several of his advisers. The following seven issues detail the aftermath of the assassination.
. The Seven Guns are "an association of politically-aware young scientist-inventors" (according to creator Warren Ellis), who create their own superhuman enhancements through extreme body modification
experiments supervised by Tom Noir and Frank Blacksmith. Noir is the brains of the team, but by far the most powerful member is John Horus, whose enhancements make him, for all intents and purposes, "unbeatable" "an entirely different class of human being, in fact". Their first public mission was to free an unspecified West Coast
city from a corrupt police force and the criminal city government that backed it. Over time, they have gained the public trust. Tom began an affair with "Laura Torch", one of his teammates.
At some point, as yet unknown, Frank Blacksmith faked his own death so he could start working for the Central Intelligence Agency
. The CIA decided The Seven Guns were dangerous, especially Tom Noir, and arranged to kill him in a car bomb. Due to an error, the bomb killed Laura, but Tom was only wounded. Having lost his leg, he retired from superheroics and began a life of drinking and chain-smoking. Meanwhile, the CIA continued to experiment with human enhancement, creating their own super soldiers, which they claim were more advanced than The Seven Guns (other than Horus, who managed to keep the science behind his enhancements an impenetrable secret, even for the government and his team mates).
. They also each possess a weapon known as a gun, with additional capabilities.
In the present day of the series, relations between the various team members are strained due to divergent political beliefs and other reasons, in spite of shared interests in futurism and body modification
.
and claims that he did this because he had come to believe that the president's actions were criminal. The litany of charges he describes against the unnamed president are comparable to those claimed by critics of former US president George W. Bush
, including: electoral fraud, violating the Geneva Conventions with a recently admitted planned course for torture, the Pentagon's use of retired generals in the employ of defense contractors to sell the American public false reasons for war with Iraq, prior knowledge of the Sept. 11 attacks, and leading the United States
into an unnecessary war in Iraq
to further the interests of oil conglomerates. (The series does not specify whether any of these accusations are true in the story's universe.) He says that he did this to save the country from those who he believed were criminals only he could stop.
Tom stumbles upon his old costume, heavily reminiscent of both John Horus' (only rendered in black) and the Midnighter
's (from Ellis' previous work, The Authority). After donning said costume, Tom contradicts his previous statement by running a diagnostic, revealing his systems capabilities to be 99.3% operational.
He performs several actions, such as blocking John Horus from the Seven Guns database, and renders a 3D
map
of his location, revealing him to be in an underground base. Tom locates the nearest military activity and "breaks" the lock on the entrance to the base. He faces down the tank
, stating that he surrenders. Dominic notices Tom is no longer inside, and—realizing the danger he is in—sends Zoe Jump to rescue him.
The tank fires, seemingly obliterating Tom before Zoe could reach him. The rest of the Guns emerge, and upon realising Tom's fate, Dominic Hyde goes into a rage, destroying the tank and throwing it at approaching helicopters. Dominic laments Tom's death, and the remaining guns stand together, with Dominic stating that they will kill as many of the "little people" as they have to, and then they're going to "kill John."
, is the Japanese surname of Miyamoto Musashi
.
, he was the most publicly trusted member of the team, and was often a guest of the President. John benefits from the enhancements pioneered by the other Guns: Blacksmith's offensive gun, Angela's flight system, and Tom Noir's baseline augmentations. John's personal contribution was a customization of his Gun. Instead of a handgun-shaped weapon attachment, his Gun is a swarm of eye-shaped floating devices that function as an offensive and defensive weapons platform, making him virtually invincible. The eyes have shown the capacity to withstand several nuclear payloads, and Tom Noir says that Horus "could build cities out of mud" with his enhancements. He dresses in white clothes that resemble an officer's outfit from the US Civil War, but with Masonic symbols, or Eye of Ra sigils. He also carries on an Ellis trademark, a reluctant hero who wears all white (see Jenny Sparks
and Elijah Snow). Keyword unknown.
" to cover his body in massive black body armor and artificial muscle mass. His keyword, Herakles, refers to the legendary demigod.
to distort physical laws, giving her superhuman speed. Zoe theorized that if she could mentally encompass, in one instant, the complex mathematical equations describing such a Field, she could project such a field around herself. With help from Tom Noir, she created and installed cybernetic eye implants to project the information onto her field of vision. She is able to extend the field around herself to a limited degree, so that a single person running in tandem with her can achieve the same speed. Zoe shows serious misgivings regarding the use of lethal force.
imaging technology. He is able to see directly into any target with surgical precision through outer layers of clothing, weapons, devices, as well as bones and internal organs. This vision also allows him to find vital points and weaknesses. His Gun is named Inquiry, and fires surgical tungsten rounds that can penetrate a tank. Tom also covers his right arm in some kind of techno-organic looking armor while fighting the government assassin sent to kill him. Keyword: Bakerstreet
. The keyword is an allusion to Sherlock Holmes, whose fictional address was at 221b Baker Street, London. His Gun, Inquiry, also follows in this motif, alluding to Holmes's inquisitive mind, and fitting of Watson's role as the "brains" of the group.
More than a year ago, Tom lost part of his left leg below the knee in the explosion that killed Laura Tarrant. After her death, Tom quit the group and became an alcoholic shut-in, living in a squalid apartment
and drinking himself to death. Despite this, he was targeted first for termination after Horus' execution of the President. Frank Blacksmith believes that his genius-level intellect, which helped create the Gun technology Blacksmith now uses to empower his government agents, makes him at least as dangerous as John Horus. Consequently, Blacksmith wants to remove him from the playing field before he can become involved.
using systems surgically implanted in her legs, and possibly other parts of her torso. The effect works better in highly metallic environments, so better in urban areas than rural or wilderness. A Keyword, Daedalus
, which refers to the Greek myth of Daedalus the inventor who constructed, among other things, wings of wood and wax to escape imprisonment on Crete.
:
.
Comic book
A comic book or comicbook is a magazine made up of comics, narrative artwork in the form of separate panels that represent individual scenes, often accompanied by dialog as well as including...
limited series
Limited series
A limited series is a comic book series with a set number of installments. A limited series differs from an ongoing series in that the number of issues is determined before production and it differs from a one shot in that it is composed of multiple issues....
written by Warren Ellis
Warren Ellis
Warren Girard Ellis is an English author of comics, novels, and television, who is well-known for sociocultural commentary, both through his online presence and through his writing, which covers transhumanist themes...
, illustrated by Juan Jose Ryp
Juan Jose Ryp
Juan Jose Ryp is a Spanish comic book artist known, among other things, for his work on Black Summer with Warren Ellis. In Spain he contributed to erotic comics anthology magazines.-Biography:...
, and published by Avatar Press
Avatar Press
Avatar Press is an independent American publisher of comic books, founded in 1996 by William A. Christensen, and based in Rantoul, Illinois.Avatar initially published only mini-series; however, they have since begun to branch out...
starting in June 2007
2007 in comics
-January:*January 10: Superman & Batman vs. Aliens & Predator released.*January 24: The Boys is canceled with issue #6.-February:*February 2: Newsarama reports that The Boys has been picked up by Dynamite Entertainment....
.
The plot revolves around the consequences of a superhero, John Horus, who kills the President of the United States
President of the United States
The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces....
and several of his advisers. The following seven issues detail the aftermath of the assassination.
Plot synopsis
The limited series alternates between flashbacks detailing the origin of a superhero team called The Seven Guns, and the present day, where one of their members kills the President of the United StatesPresident of the United States
The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces....
. The Seven Guns are "an association of politically-aware young scientist-inventors" (according to creator Warren Ellis), who create their own superhuman enhancements through extreme body modification
Body modification
Body modification is the deliberate altering of the human body for any non-medical reason, such as aesthetics, sexual enhancement, a rite of passage, religious reasons, to display group membership or affiliation, to create body art, shock value, or self expression...
experiments supervised by Tom Noir and Frank Blacksmith. Noir is the brains of the team, but by far the most powerful member is John Horus, whose enhancements make him, for all intents and purposes, "unbeatable" "an entirely different class of human being, in fact". Their first public mission was to free an unspecified West Coast
West Coast of the United States
West Coast or Pacific Coast are terms for the westernmost coastal states of the United States. The term most often refers to the states of California, Oregon, and Washington. Although not part of the contiguous United States, Alaska and Hawaii do border the Pacific Ocean but can't be included in...
city from a corrupt police force and the criminal city government that backed it. Over time, they have gained the public trust. Tom began an affair with "Laura Torch", one of his teammates.
At some point, as yet unknown, Frank Blacksmith faked his own death so he could start working for the Central Intelligence Agency
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States government. It is an executive agency and reports directly to the Director of National Intelligence, responsible for providing national security intelligence assessment to senior United States policymakers...
. The CIA decided The Seven Guns were dangerous, especially Tom Noir, and arranged to kill him in a car bomb. Due to an error, the bomb killed Laura, but Tom was only wounded. Having lost his leg, he retired from superheroics and began a life of drinking and chain-smoking. Meanwhile, the CIA continued to experiment with human enhancement, creating their own super soldiers, which they claim were more advanced than The Seven Guns (other than Horus, who managed to keep the science behind his enhancements an impenetrable secret, even for the government and his team mates).
The Seven Guns
The Seven Guns are posthumans describing themselves as an "extralegal civic defense team," originally united against private security firms and organized criminals dominating their city. Their abilities are somewhat vague, but they appear to have access to a private wireless communication spectrum and network, and an enhanced nervous systemNervous system
The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of an animal and transmit signals between different parts of its body. In most animals the nervous system consists of two parts, central and peripheral. The central nervous...
. They also each possess a weapon known as a gun, with additional capabilities.
In the present day of the series, relations between the various team members are strained due to divergent political beliefs and other reasons, in spite of shared interests in futurism and body modification
Body modification
Body modification is the deliberate altering of the human body for any non-medical reason, such as aesthetics, sexual enhancement, a rite of passage, religious reasons, to display group membership or affiliation, to create body art, shock value, or self expression...
.
Issue 0
In the first published issue (#0), Tom Noir's solitude is shattered when John Horus assassinates the President of the United States. John goes on TelevisionTelevision
Television is a telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that can be monochrome or colored, with accompanying sound...
and claims that he did this because he had come to believe that the president's actions were criminal. The litany of charges he describes against the unnamed president are comparable to those claimed by critics of former US president George W. Bush
George W. Bush
George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States, from 2001 to 2009. Before that, he was the 46th Governor of Texas, having served from 1995 to 2000....
, including: electoral fraud, violating the Geneva Conventions with a recently admitted planned course for torture, the Pentagon's use of retired generals in the employ of defense contractors to sell the American public false reasons for war with Iraq, prior knowledge of the Sept. 11 attacks, and leading the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
into an unnecessary war in Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
to further the interests of oil conglomerates. (The series does not specify whether any of these accusations are true in the story's universe.) He says that he did this to save the country from those who he believed were criminals only he could stop.
Issue 1
As soon as this happens, martial law is declared across the country. Frank Blacksmith comes out of hiding to try and kill The Seven Guns, beginning with Tom Noir. This first attempt is unsuccessful, and brings Noir out of retirement.Issue 2
The remaining members of the team — besides Horus — gather and attempt to figure out what to do to stay alive, now that the government is after them. Despite mutual attempts to distance themselves from Horus and his actions, the government is firmly against all of the Guns — a situation exacerbated by certain Guns due to actions they take in what may or may not be considered self-defense.Issue 3
The impending attack by the US military on the Seven Guns' base is revealed to be taking place at a different location, the Guns' previous base abandoned prior to the book's beginning. Tom Noir is fitted with a prosthetic limb by Dominic, to replace the leg lost in the explosion that killed his girlfriend, Laura Torch. Dominic inquires as to the location of Laura's gun, commenting "that thing even scared me." Tom states that it is somewhere safe, and when asked about his capabilities, claims that his augmentations uses are limited, and is left alone to ponder recent events.Tom stumbles upon his old costume, heavily reminiscent of both John Horus' (only rendered in black) and the Midnighter
Midnighter
Midnighter is a fictional comic book superhero, best known as a member of the rogue superhero team The Authority. Created by writer Warren Ellis and artist Bryan Hitch, he first appeared in Stormwatch #4, before appearing in various Authority books and series and his own eponymous ongoing series...
's (from Ellis' previous work, The Authority). After donning said costume, Tom contradicts his previous statement by running a diagnostic, revealing his systems capabilities to be 99.3% operational.
He performs several actions, such as blocking John Horus from the Seven Guns database, and renders a 3D
Three-dimensional space
Three-dimensional space is a geometric 3-parameters model of the physical universe in which we live. These three dimensions are commonly called length, width, and depth , although any three directions can be chosen, provided that they do not lie in the same plane.In physics and mathematics, a...
map
Map
A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, regions, and themes....
of his location, revealing him to be in an underground base. Tom locates the nearest military activity and "breaks" the lock on the entrance to the base. He faces down the tank
Tank
A tank is a tracked, armoured fighting vehicle designed for front-line combat which combines operational mobility, tactical offensive, and defensive capabilities...
, stating that he surrenders. Dominic notices Tom is no longer inside, and—realizing the danger he is in—sends Zoe Jump to rescue him.
The tank fires, seemingly obliterating Tom before Zoe could reach him. The rest of the Guns emerge, and upon realising Tom's fate, Dominic Hyde goes into a rage, destroying the tank and throwing it at approaching helicopters. Dominic laments Tom's death, and the remaining guns stand together, with Dominic stating that they will kill as many of the "little people" as they have to, and then they're going to "kill John."
Issue 4
The remaining Guns strike back at the military. Elsewhere, John Horus is shocked at the reports of Tom's demise, but manages to survive against missiles launched by a fighter jet squadron, which he disposes of. While this is going on, Frank Blacksmith begins to send his "Tactical Stream"—enhanced soldiers all clad in black armor—against the remaining Guns.Issue 5
The remaining Guns decide to reach one of their bases (D2) to re-arm, only to find Frank Blacksmith's Tactical Stream waiting for them. Meanwhile, at a military base, the general and colonel discover that Tom took control of the tank to make it seem like it had fired upon him. It is then that John arrives, saying, "Take me to your leader."Issue 6
The battle between the remaining Four Guns and Frank Blacksmith's Tactical Stream is underway. One of them strikes down Dom and passes on the message that "Frank Blacksmith says hello, you piece of shit", before killing him. Meanwhile, John starts razing the base before the general can tell John what he found out about Tom. No sooner does John realize this than the rest of the Tactical Stream arrives at the base to deal with John. Zoe, Kathryn and Angela manage to dispose of the TS sent after them. Afterwards they witness a large explosion in the distance.Issue 7
John Horus fends off the attacks of Blacksmith's "Tactical Stream," despite the loss of several of his "eyes". The three women of the team decide to help the people of the destroyed city and tell John that he has to leave, warning him and the Tactical Stream to get out immediately. John eliminates the remainder of Frank Blacksmith's enhanced soldiers and travels to Laura Tarrant's grave, where he and Frank Blacksmith face off over Laura's unearthed grave, accusing each other of digging her up, leading to an argument reflecting of their versions of the events of John's attack on the nation. Tom Noir reveals himself, alive and well, taking both men to task for "fucking it up," ruining the original dream of the Seven Guns and telling them both that he is the one who dug up Laura's gun, activating a failsafe he and Laura put into it, igniting a massive blast that destroys all three men, leaving the women as the true protectors of the country, as Tom thinks it should be. As the smoke clears on the blast site, a prerecorded message Tom Noir made before the meeting airs through every radio in the country, telling Tom's version of events and confirming (in-universe) 9/11 to be a false flag operation as he sits "waiting here to kill [his] oldest friend."Kathryn Artemis
Before her enhancements, Kathryn was a world-class athlete and marksman. She customized her enhancements by incorporating her motorcycle into the transformation, becoming an armored motorcyclist. Unlike the other members, her background was in history rather than science, and she felt no qualms about killing criminals. Her Gun appears capable of firing scattered bursts that destroy multiple targets. Her keyword, MiyamotoMiyamoto
Miyamoto is a Japanese surname.-People:*Shigeru Miyamoto, video game designer for Nintendo*Shunichi Miyamoto, musician and voice actor*Kazushi Miyamoto, professional wrestler...
, is the Japanese surname of Miyamoto Musashi
Miyamoto Musashi
, also known as Shinmen Takezō, Miyamoto Bennosuke or, by his Buddhist name, Niten Dōraku, was a Japanese swordsman and rōnin. Musashi, as he was often simply known, became renowned through stories of his excellent swordsmanship in numerous duels, even from a very young age...
.
John Horus
The most well known and publicly active member of the Seven Guns, Horus is also the most powerful. Until he killed the president and everyone in the Oval OfficeOval Office
The Oval Office, located in the West Wing of the White House, is the official office of the President of the United States.The room features three large south-facing windows behind the president's desk, and a fireplace at the north end...
, he was the most publicly trusted member of the team, and was often a guest of the President. John benefits from the enhancements pioneered by the other Guns: Blacksmith's offensive gun, Angela's flight system, and Tom Noir's baseline augmentations. John's personal contribution was a customization of his Gun. Instead of a handgun-shaped weapon attachment, his Gun is a swarm of eye-shaped floating devices that function as an offensive and defensive weapons platform, making him virtually invincible. The eyes have shown the capacity to withstand several nuclear payloads, and Tom Noir says that Horus "could build cities out of mud" with his enhancements. He dresses in white clothes that resemble an officer's outfit from the US Civil War, but with Masonic symbols, or Eye of Ra sigils. He also carries on an Ellis trademark, a reluctant hero who wears all white (see Jenny Sparks
Jenny Sparks
Jenny Sparks, also known as "The Spirit of the 20th century", is a fictional character in the Wildstorm comic book universe created by Warren Ellis during his 1997 revamp of the dwindling Stormwatch series...
and Elijah Snow). Keyword unknown.
Dominic Atlas Hyde
The muscle of the team. At the time of the events of the series, Dominic has assumed the duties of mechanic, maintaining the team's equipment. Dominic possesses various implants allowing him to remotely control the team's computer equipment in addition to the baseline augmentations. When activated, his enhancements utilize "smart fullereneFullerene
A fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and they resemble the balls used in association football. Cylindrical ones are called carbon nanotubes or buckytubes...
" to cover his body in massive black body armor and artificial muscle mass. His keyword, Herakles, refers to the legendary demigod.
Zoe Jump
Zoe uses the Millis Bias FieldBreakthrough Propulsion Physics Program
The Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project was a research project funded by NASA from 1996 through 2002, to study various proposals for "revolutionary" methods of spacecraft propulsion which would require breakthroughs in physics before they could be realized, hence the name...
to distort physical laws, giving her superhuman speed. Zoe theorized that if she could mentally encompass, in one instant, the complex mathematical equations describing such a Field, she could project such a field around herself. With help from Tom Noir, she created and installed cybernetic eye implants to project the information onto her field of vision. She is able to extend the field around herself to a limited degree, so that a single person running in tandem with her can achieve the same speed. Zoe shows serious misgivings regarding the use of lethal force.
Tom Noir
Real Name: Tom Watson. Considered the "brains" of the Seven Guns, Tom Noir helped theorize the Gun technology that would empower the group. He worked closely with Frank Blacksmith to develop the Guns. Tom's Gun enhancements include a "supercortex" that allows him to perceive and process all available information streams, including decryption, and very precise ultrasoundUltrasound
Ultrasound is cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is thus not separated from "normal" sound based on differences in physical properties, only the fact that humans cannot hear it. Although this limit varies from person to person, it is...
imaging technology. He is able to see directly into any target with surgical precision through outer layers of clothing, weapons, devices, as well as bones and internal organs. This vision also allows him to find vital points and weaknesses. His Gun is named Inquiry, and fires surgical tungsten rounds that can penetrate a tank. Tom also covers his right arm in some kind of techno-organic looking armor while fighting the government assassin sent to kill him. Keyword: Bakerstreet
Baker Street
Baker Street is a street in the Marylebone district of the City of Westminster in London. It is named after builder William Baker, who laid the street out in the 18th century. The street is most famous for its connection to the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes, who lived at a fictional 221B...
. The keyword is an allusion to Sherlock Holmes, whose fictional address was at 221b Baker Street, London. His Gun, Inquiry, also follows in this motif, alluding to Holmes's inquisitive mind, and fitting of Watson's role as the "brains" of the group.
More than a year ago, Tom lost part of his left leg below the knee in the explosion that killed Laura Tarrant. After her death, Tom quit the group and became an alcoholic shut-in, living in a squalid apartment
Apartment
An apartment or flat is a self-contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building...
and drinking himself to death. Despite this, he was targeted first for termination after Horus' execution of the President. Frank Blacksmith believes that his genius-level intellect, which helped create the Gun technology Blacksmith now uses to empower his government agents, makes him at least as dangerous as John Horus. Consequently, Blacksmith wants to remove him from the playing field before he can become involved.
Angel One
Angel One, real name Angela, can levitate and 'fly' by superconductor based magnetic levitationMagnetic levitation
Magnetic levitation, maglev, or magnetic suspension is a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields...
using systems surgically implanted in her legs, and possibly other parts of her torso. The effect works better in highly metallic environments, so better in urban areas than rural or wilderness. A Keyword, Daedalus
Daedalus
In Greek mythology, Daedalus was a skillful craftsman and artisan.-Family:...
, which refers to the Greek myth of Daedalus the inventor who constructed, among other things, wings of wood and wax to escape imprisonment on Crete.
Laura Torch
In civilian life, her name was Laura Tarrant. Although deceased by the time of the comic book, Laura played a pivotal role in the current state of the team. A caring and compassionate woman; she worried that the power the group wielded would one day be misused. She asked her boyfriend, Tom Noir, to make sure her gun never fell into the wrong hands. Some time later, she was killed by the same car bomb that took Tom's leg. In the aftermath, Noir would turn to drink and disappear. Laura does not appear in the comic, nor does any description of her enhancements, but Dominic mentioned that the power of her Gun scared him. Her Gun acts as a Chekov's gun, Tom Noir activating it with the codeword "Laura". Its unknown location is first mentioned in issue 3 by Dominic, later revealed to be buried in her grave and unearthed by Tom Noir in the final issue. Her keyword is never revealed.Frank Blacksmith
Mentor to the Seven Guns and designer of the external gun attachment that the group utilized in their crime-fighting. The team witnessed Frank's apparent death at the hands of crooked cops years earlier. However, John Horus' actions have brought Frank out of hiding. Struck by the danger the team could pose, he faked his own death to work on countermeasures for the government. In the intervening years, he has improved upon the technology within the Seven Guns and assembled a team. In his first appearance, he revealed that he was behind the bomb that killed Laura Tarrant. He had been targeting Tom, due to his intelligence. In light of Horus' actions, he has been authorized to terminate the remaining members of the Seven Guns.Collected editions
The series has been collected into softcover and hardcover volumesTrade paperback (comics)
In comics, a trade paperback is a collection of stories originally published in comic books, reprinted in book format, usually capturing one story arc from a single title or a series of stories with a connected story arc or common theme from one or more titles...
:
- Black Summer (192 pages, September 2008, softcover, ISBN 1592910521, hardcover, ISBN 159291053X)
Film adaptation
The series has been optioned by Vigilante Entertainment, a newly created organisation started by Hicham Benkirane, who had previously developed comic books for other media at Les Humanoïdes AssociésLes Humanoïdes Associés
Les Humanoïdes Associés is a French publishing house specialising in comics and graphic novels. Founded in December 1974 by Mœbius, Jean-Pierre Dionnet, Philippe Druillet and Bernard Farkas in order to publish Métal Hurlant, it quickly expanded to include a variety of science fiction work...
.
External links
- Review of issue 0, 0, 1, 2 and 3, 4, 5 and 6 and the trade, Comics BulletinComics BulletinComics Bulletin is a website with an emphasis on the American comic book industry, updated daily with news, reviews, interviews, and editorial content. Coverage ranges from mainstream to independent/small press comic book and graphic novel publishers.-History:...