Barbados–Canada relations
Encyclopedia
Barbados-Canada relations are the relations between the countries of Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...

 and Barbados
Barbados
Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles. It is in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 kilometres east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about east of the islands of Saint...

. In 1907, the Government of Canada opened a Trade Commissioner Service
Trade Commissioner Service
Part of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, the is a network of more than 1000 trade professionals working in Canadian embassies, high commissions, and consulates located in 150 cities around the world and 18 regional offices across Canada.-Role:...

 to the Caribbean region located in Bridgetown, Barbados. Following Barbadian independence from the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...

 in November 1966, the Canadian High Commission was established in Bridgetown, Barbados on 27 September 1973. There is a Barbadian High Commission in Ottawa
High Commission of Barbados in Ottawa
The High Commission of Barbados in Ottawa is the government of Barbados' highest and primary foreign mission to the country of Canada.The High Commissioner's office is located in the downtown, Ottawa, Ontario on Metcalfe Street...

 and a Barbadian Consulate in Toronto. The relationship between both nations today partly falls under the larger gambit of Canada–Caribbean relations.

History

The relationship between the nations of Barbados and Canada extends as far back as the late 17th century. During this period, Barbados and the current provinces of Canada
Province of Canada
The Province of Canada, United Province of Canada, or the United Canadas was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867. Its formation reflected recommendations made by John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham in the Report on the Affairs of British North America following the Rebellions of...

 were a series of colonial possessions of Great Britain
Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...

 and France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

. In the early most instances of trade between the two regions, Barbados and Canada found themselves able to fill niche markets between one another's markets. The Bluenose
Bluenose
Bluenose was a Canadian fishing and racing schooner from Nova Scotia built in 1921. She was later commemorated by a replica Bluenose II built in 1963. A celebrated racing ship and hard-working fishing vessel, Bluenose became a provincial icon for Nova Scotia as well as important Canadian symbol in...

 vessels were instrumental to trade as Barbados and other islands exported their sugar
Sugar
Sugar is a class of edible crystalline carbohydrates, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose, characterized by a sweet flavor.Sucrose in its refined form primarily comes from sugar cane and sugar beet...

 and rum
Rum
Rum is a distilled alcoholic beverage made from sugarcane by-products such as molasses, or directly from sugarcane juice, by a process of fermentation and distillation. The distillate, a clear liquid, is then usually aged in oak barrels...

 to the area of Canada, in return Canada exported salted cod
Cod
Cod is the common name for genus Gadus, belonging to the family Gadidae, and is also used in the common name for various other fishes. Cod is a popular food with a mild flavor, low fat content and a dense, flaky white flesh. Cod livers are processed to make cod liver oil, an important source of...

 and lumber
Lumber
Lumber or timber is wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural material for construction, or wood pulp for paper production....

 supplies to the West Indies
British West Indies
The British West Indies was a term used to describe the islands in and around the Caribbean that were part of the British Empire The term was sometimes used to include British Honduras and British Guiana, even though these territories are not geographically part of the Caribbean...

. This trade continued for a number of years, however these ties eventually weaned as the influence of the Thirteen American colonies
Thirteen Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies were English and later British colonies established on the Atlantic coast of North America between 1607 and 1733. They declared their independence in the American Revolution and formed the United States of America...

 grew in importance for Canada, Barbados, and the wider West Indies region.

In 1907, the Government of Canada opened its Trade Commissioner Service
Trade Commissioner Service
Part of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, the is a network of more than 1000 trade professionals working in Canadian embassies, high commissions, and consulates located in 150 cities around the world and 18 regional offices across Canada.-Role:...

 to the Caribbean region. This was located on the current grounds of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Bridgetown
The Queen Elizabeth Hospital is located in Barbados' capital city Bridgetown, which is located in the parish of Saint Michael. The hospital is the main General Hospital for the southern part of the island....

 in Bridgetown, Barbados.

By the early 20th century several large Canadian financial institutions looked towards expansion into the West Indies. On February 16, 1911 the Royal Bank of Canada
Royal Bank of Canada
The Royal Bank of Canada or RBC Financial Group is the largest financial institution in Canada, as measured by deposits, revenues, and market capitalization. The bank serves seventeen million clients and has 80,100 employees worldwide. The company corporate headquarters are located in Toronto,...

 marked the opening of their first commercial branch in Barbados. then in 1920, CIBC did the same, and finally Scotiabank
Scotiabank
The Bank of Nova Scotia , commonly known as Scotiabank , is the third largest bank in Canada by deposits and market capitalization. It serves some 18.6 million customers in more than 50 countries around the world and offers a broad range of products and services including personal, commercial,...

 followed the first two in 1956.

Trade

Today, the relations between both nations has flourished in recent years. A growing legion of Canadian businesses and companies have established operations offering services in Barbados. Additionally several reports have shown Barbados to be one of the largest recipients of Canadian Foreign Direct Investment
Foreign direct investment
Foreign direct investment or foreign investment refers to the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor.. It is the sum of equity capital,other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in...

 (FDI). The Barbadian economy
Economy of Barbados
Since achieving independence in 1966, the island nation of Barbados has transformed itself from a low-income economy dependent upon sugar production, into an upper-middle-income economy based on tourism and the offshore sector. Barbados went into a deep recession in the 1990s after 3 years of...

 on the other hand has witnessed Canada becoming its largest source of foreign investment. The governments of both nations continue to identify ways to cement good relations and to nurture economic growth between both countries.

During the Fifth Barbados Charity Ball held in Canada David Thompson
David Thompson (Barbadian politician)
David John Howard Thompson, QC, MP was the sixth Prime Minister of Barbados from January 2008 until his death from pancreatic cancer on 23 October 2010....

, the Prime Minister of Barbados and also its Minister of Finance announced that Canadians represent some 75% of the international financial community in Barbados.
The Canadian government has also played an extremely critical role in the continuation of the Barbados-based Caribbean Development Bank
Caribbean Development Bank
The Caribbean Development Bank is a financial institution which assists Caribbean nations in financing social and economic programs in its member countries...

 (CDB) since its inception and acts as a significant lending country to the institution.

Politics

Around the time of the various colonies of Canada entering into the agreement for Confederation
Confederation
A confederation in modern political terms is a permanent union of political units for common action in relation to other units. Usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution, confederations tend to be established for dealing with critical issues such as defense, foreign...

. The powerful Barbados Agricultural Society, (BAS) which was made up of influential Bajan plantation owners put together a proposition for Barbados to take part in this Canadian confederation as well. The proposal was made to Sir Francis Hincks
Francis Hincks
Sir Francis Hincks, KCMG, PC was a Canadian politician.Born in Cork, Ireland, he was the son of Thomas Dix Hincks an orientalist, naturalist and Presbyterian minister and the brother of Edward Hincks orientalist, naturalist and clergyman.He moved to York in 1832 and set up an importing business...

, but the deal didn't proceed and Barbados' interest subsided. It was not until the 1950s, just prior to the country of Barbados negotiating independence from the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...

, that yet another movement for establishing some form of political association with Canada was broached yet again. This time spurred by several Barbadian members of parliament
Parliament of Barbados
The Parliament of Barbados is the national legislature of Barbados. It is accorded legislative supremacy by Chapter V of the Constitution of Barbados. The Parliament is bicameral in composition and is formally made up of: HM Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados The Parliament of Barbados is the...

.

In 2007, Canada's Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Canada
The Prime Minister of Canada is the primary minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus head of government for Canada, charged with advising the Canadian monarch or viceroy on the exercise of the executive powers vested in them by the constitution...

 Stephen Harper announced the desire to heighten Canada's profile in the Americas. As part of his plan, Harper and his Canadian envoy visited several nations of Latin America
Latin America
Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages  – particularly Spanish and Portuguese, and variably French – are primarily spoken. Latin America has an area of approximately 21,069,500 km² , almost 3.9% of the Earth's surface or 14.1% of its land surface area...

 and the Caribbean
Caribbean
The Caribbean is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north...

 regions which included Barbados. Stephen Harper took part in several closed door meetings with the then Barbadian prime minister Owen Arthur
Owen Arthur
Owen Seymour Arthur, MP was the fifth Prime Minister of Barbados who was in office from 1994 to 2008 and is the current Leader of Opposition in Barbados. To date, he is the longest serving Barbadian Prime Minister....

 and the other heads of the Caribbean Community
Caribbean Community
The Caribbean Community is an organisation of 15 Caribbean nations and dependencies. CARICOM's main purposes are to promote economic integration and cooperation among its members, to ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared, and to coordinate foreign policy...

 (CARICOM) group of nations. Since Harper's visit, Canada and Barbados have concluded a mutual open skies agreement and are currently in the process of working on a bilateral Free trade agreement which will encompass Barbados and the rest of CARICOM.

The Canadian High Commission to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean also spoke of the possibility of Barbadian and Canadian Companies forming joint ventures. At the time it was proposed that such an agreement could encompass infrastructure projects in the country of Barbados.

In addition to the Prime Minister's visit to Barbados, the Canadian Governor-General Michaëlle Jean
Michaëlle Jean
Michaëlle Jean is a Canadian journalist and stateswoman who served as Governor General of Canada, the 27th since Canadian Confederation, from 2005 to 2010....

 also visited Barbados that same year where and met personally with the Governor-General of Barbados.

The overall relationship of Canada and Barbados are frequently overshadowed in media by the bilateral double taxation
Double taxation
Double taxation is the systematic imposition of two or more taxes on the same income , asset , or financial transaction . It refers to taxation by two or more countries of the same income, asset or transaction, for example income paid by an entity of one country to a resident of a different country...

 agreement between both nations.

In 2008, the three largest stock exchanges in the Caribbean (Jamaica
Jamaica Stock Exchange
The Jamaica Stock Exchange is the principal stock exchange of Jamaica. It is known as the JSE. It was founded in 1968 in Kingston, Jamaica and its current executive chairman is Mr Roy Johnson....

, Barbados
Barbados Stock Exchange
The Barbados Stock Exchange or BSE is Barbados' main stock exchange. Its headquarters are in the capital-city Bridgetown.The Barbados Stock Exchange is among the four major regional Caribbean stock exchanges. The other three being the exchanges of Jamaica, the Eastern Caribbean, and Trinidad and...

, and Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago Stock Exchange
The Trinidad and Tobago Stock Exchange is the main stock exchange in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Currently the leading stock exchange in the Caribbean region , the Trinidad and Tobago stock exchange caters mostly to the strong financial position of many indigenous companies incorporated...

) mulled the possibility that the Caribbean Stock Exchanges might seek to associate in some way with the Toronto Stock Exchange
Toronto Stock Exchange
Toronto Stock Exchange is the largest stock exchange in Canada, the third largest in North America and the seventh largest in the world by market capitalisation. Based in Canada's largest city, Toronto, it is owned by and operated as a subsidiary of the TMX Group for the trading of senior equities...

. All three of these exchanges are currently seeking to join their three bourses into a more effective single Caribbean-wide unit known as the Caribbean Exchange Network (CXN)

In 2009 The Hon. Peter Kent
Peter Kent
Peter Kent, PC, MP is a Conservative member of parliament for the riding of Thornhill, and the current Minister of the Environment in the 28th Canadian Ministry.Previously, he was Deputy Editor of Global Television, a Canadian TV network...

, Minister of State of Foreign Affairs (Americas), saluted Barbados on achieving the country’s 43rd anniversary of independence. In a press release the minister stated, "Canada salutes the people of Barbados as they mark their country’s independence, Canada and Barbados have a long tradition of very close relations based on common values, people-to-people links and shared Commonwealth history."

Migration

It is estimated that there are roughly 3,000-4,000 Canadian-born permanent residents living in Barbados and roughly the same number of Barbadian-born nationals living in Canada.

Notable Canadians in Barbados

  • Eugene Melnyk
    Eugene Melnyk
    Eugene Melnyk is a Ukrainian Canadian businessman who now resides in Barbados. He is the current owner, governor, and chairman of the Ottawa Senators professional ice hockey club of the National Hockey League . He also owns the Mississauga St. Michael's Majors junior-age ice hockey club...

     (Canadian Businessman) - Melenyk purchased a restaurant bar & grille establishment along the southern coast of Barbados from proprietor Bert Inniss. Melenyk then went on to continue marketing the bar as the Canadian Mecca of Barbados. Additionally, he is a financial stakeholder in the Barbados Sandy Lane Cup for horseracing and a major backer of Canadian community's sport of Road hockey usually played in supermarket or mall parking lots across Barbados.

Notable Barbadians in Canada

  • Brett Callaghan (Canadian professional racing jockey) - Callaghan is the managing director of the website TotallyBarbados.com the website won the award as "The Caribbean's Leading Overall Travel Information Website" on December 14, 2007 by the World Travel Award. Brett has also launched www.TotallyToronto.net promoting Toronto to the world.

  • Austin Clarke
    Austin Clarke
    Austin Ardinel Chesterfield Clarke, is a Canadian novelist, essayist and short story writer who lives in Toronto, Ontario. Born in St...

     - A renowned novelist for his literary work. Clark won the Giller Prize for The Polished Hoe in 2002, as well as the Commonwealth Writers Prize in 2003. Other works of his include, "Growing Up Stupid Under the Union Jack" a book about Barbados during the colonial years.

  • Anne Cools
    Anne Cools
    Anne Clare Cools is a member of the Canadian Senate. Born in Barbados, with her appointment, she became the first Black Canadian to be appointed to Canada's upper house...

     - Cools a Conservative party member, became the first person of afro-decent to be appointed Canadian Senate. Cools first entered into Canadian politics in 1978. She was appointed to the Senate in 1984.

  • Dr. William Duguid - A current member of the Barbados House of Assembly (M.P. for Christ Church West) living in Canada part time.

  • Alan Emtage
    Alan Emtage
    Alan Emtage conceived and implemented the first version of Archie, a pre-Web internet search engine for locating material in public FTP archives....

     - Emtage developed one of the first examples of an Internet search utility.

  • Keith Forde
    Keith Forde
    Keith Forde is a singer-songwriter and musician from Limerick, Ireland.- Early Career - Sutras :Forde began his musical career as a guitarist with Irish Pop/Rock band Sutras. The band exploded on the scene by winning the 1999 Heineken battle of the bands competition...

     - Forde is the first visible minority Deputy Chief of Police in the history of the Toronto Police Service
    Toronto Police Service
    The Toronto Police Service , formerly the Metropolitan Toronto Police, is the police service for the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is the largest municipal police service in Canada and second largest police force in Canada after the Royal Canadian Mounted Police...


  • Joe Fortes
    Joe Fortes
    Seraphim “Joe” Fortes is believed to have been born in Barbados in 1865. After leaving his homeland in his mid-teens, he worked in Britain for several years. In 1884 he sailed around Cape Horn from Liverpool on the "Robert Kerr", arriving in Burrard Inlet in September 1885...

     - Joe Fortes was the first official lifeguard in the city of Vancouver
    Vancouver
    Vancouver is a coastal seaport city on the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It is the hub of Greater Vancouver, which, with over 2.3 million residents, is the third most populous metropolitan area in the country,...

     at the turn of the 20th century. He is most famous for his contribution to society.

  • George Lamming
    George Lamming
    George Lamming , is a novelist and poet. He was born in Barbados and teaches at Brown University.- Early life and education :George Lamming was born on June 8, 1927 in Carrington Village, Barbados, of mixed African and English parentage. After his mother married his stepfather, Lamming split his...

     - A novelist.

Tourism

During the 1970s Canada became the largest source of tourists to Barbados. In 1979, roughly 97,000 Canadians visited the island of Barbados. Over time Barbados has seen market share from Canada shift towards lower cost Caribbean destinations such as Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...

 or the Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic is a nation on the island of La Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries...

.

On Monday, November 3, 2008 WestJet
WestJet
WestJet Airlines Ltd. is a Canadian low-cost carrier that provides scheduled and charter air service to 71 destinations in Canada, the United States, Mexico and the Caribbean. Founded in 1996, WestJet is currently the second largest Canadian air carrier, behind Air Canada, operating an average of...

 commenced the airline's inaugural flight to Barbados. The main competitory of WestJet on this route is Air Canada
Air Canada
Air Canada is the flag carrier and largest airline of Canada. The airline, founded in 1936, provides scheduled and charter air transport for passengers and cargo to 178 destinations worldwide. It is the world's tenth largest passenger airline by number of destinations, and the airline is a...

. The airline announced the start of a four-flights per week schedule going from Toronto, Ontario to Barbados. During the post-inaugural flight ceremony held at the executive lounge of the Grantley Adams International Airport
Grantley Adams International Airport
Grantley Adams International Airport , is found in Seawell, Christ Church on the island of Barbados. The former name of the airport was Seawell Airport before being dedicated in honour of the first Premier of Barbados, Sir Grantley Herbert Adams in 1976. The airport's timezone is GMT –4, and is...

 the Barbadian Minister of Tourism Richard Sealy said that the Barbados Tourism Authority was currently seeking to increase its tourism from Canada. He also offered opportunity to collaborate in the future with WestJet should they need a regional Caribbean hub. According to the Barbados Advocate newspaper Sealy stated "We are game if Westjet is interested, in becoming the regional hub for more of your business and we would certainly like to see not four flights a week, but eventually, if we can have a daily service. Grantley Adams is already an established hub and we can feed business into the other territories. So I think there are some possibilities for even greater levels of cooperation with Westjet" he remarked to his Canadian counterparts.

Bilateral agreements

DateAgreement nameLaw ref. number Note
1967 Canadian Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (C/MSAWP), Formerly: Canadian Farm Labour programme (CFLP)
January 1980 Double Taxation Agreement, E102234 - CTS 1980 No. 29
January 1986 Social Security Agreement,
January 1997 Foreign Investment Protection Agreement CTS 1997/4
May 2003 Transfer of Offenders Treaty E104967
March 2008 Open Skies Agreement No. H 067/08 The 2008 agreement supersedes the 1985 air agreement.

Diplomatic offices

Both nations maintain direct high-level diplomatic representatives. Consulate of Barbados in Toronto High Commission of Barbados in Ottawa
High Commission of Barbados in Ottawa
The High Commission of Barbados in Ottawa is the government of Barbados' highest and primary foreign mission to the country of Canada.The High Commissioner's office is located in the downtown, Ottawa, Ontario on Metcalfe Street...

 High Commission of Canada in Bridgetown

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK