Australian Labor Party split of 1955
Encyclopedia
The Australian Labor Party split of 1955 was a splintering of the Australian Labor Party
along sectarian and ideological lines in the mid 1950s. With the exception of the consequences of The Petrov Affair
, the Australian conservative parties of the time had little or no influence on the split; it was essentially an internal conflict between elements of the Australian Labor Party
.
Key players in the split were the federal opposition leader H. V. "Doc" Evatt
and B. A. Santamaria
, the ruling mind behind the "Catholic Social Studies Movement" or "the Movement".
Evatt denounced the influence of Santamaria's Movement on 5 October 1954. The Victorian ALP state executive was officially dissolved, but both factions sent delegates to the 1955 Labor Party conference in Hobart. Movement delegates were excluded from the conference. They withdrew from the Labor party, going on to form the Democratic Labor Party
. The split then moved from federal level to states, predominantly Victoria
and Queensland
.
Historians, journalists, and political scientists have observed that the split was not a single event but a process that occurred over the early 1950s in state and federal Labor parties, and that it siphoned off enough support for the conservative Catholic and anti-communist Democratic Labor Party to prevent the election of an Australian Labor Party federal government until 1972.
and Roman Catholicism in Australia simply "the split".
in the 1930s. A group of that city's Catholics, predominantly lawyer
s, formed "The Campion Society" and published "The Catholic Worker". B. A. Santamaria
, then a recent graduate of Melbourne Law School
and became its editor. For both Santamaria and his sponsor Archbishop Daniel Mannix
, Adolf Hitler
's Nazism
was a lesser evil than Joseph Stalin
. By 1941 Santamaria had set up the Catholic Social Studies Movement
In the late 1930s and early 1940s, there was an effort by Communists
to infiltrate Trade Union
s in Australia. In response, the Labor party instituted Industrial Groups
within trade unions to counter the perceived Communist threat.
In September 1954, journalist Alan Reid
published an exposé in The Sydney Sun about Santamaria. He wrote of him that:
In 1947 then Prime Minister Ben Chifley
attempted to nationalise
Australia's bank
s. The Banking Act 1947 (Cth) was struck down as unconstitutional by the High Court of Australia
in the 1948 Bank Nationalisation Case
. In 1949, the Chifley government called in troops to break the 1949 Australian coal strike
.
, Labor was left with only 47 members in the lower house
. Of these, eight were new members from Victoria. Mostly Catholics, they were staunchly anti-Communist and had white-collar
union and professional
backgrounds. Western Australian MP Thomas Burke
persuaded his state ALP executive to support the Menzies government's controversial 1950 Communist Party Dissolution Bill. To Chifley's chagrin, the resultant majority in the federal executive instructed the party's parliamentary caucus to let the bill through the Senate. The bipartisan passage of the bill on 20 October 1950 was short-lived. An immediate High Court challenge
was sustained, the Act being invalidated on constitutional grounds by a judgment delivered in Melbourne on Friday, 9 March 1951. Menzies then sought to amend the Constitution through a referendum
, which failed to be carried on 22 September 1951.
. Evatt was elected unopposed as leader of the Federal Labor party caucus.
Evatt adopted a "mercurial" style of leadership. Without the approval of or consultation with Caucus or the Federal Labor executive, he led the legal challenge to the Communist Party Abolition Bill, sought rapprochement with those ALP members who had opposed it - especially in the Victorian Labor party's anti-Communist wing - and moderated the ALP's Nationalisation policy to a focus on a Welfare state
.
revealed details of the defection
of Vladimir Petrov
. It has been claimed that the Petrov Affair was the primary event that precipitated the split.
on "a small minority of members, located particularly in the State of Victoria", and they were in conspiracy to undermine him.
, the Victorian ALP state executive was dissolved, and a new executive appointed in its place. Delegates from both executives were sent to the 1955 ALP national conference in Hobart
. The delegates from the old Victorian executive were excluded from the conference. They went on to form the Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist)
, which went on to be the nucleus of the Democratic Labor Party
.
.
, the home state of Movement leaders B. A. Santamaria and Archbishop Daniel Mannix, the split destroyed the state government of John Cain (senior)
after the ALP federal executive expelled "disloyal" members. In a legal battle over succession after the split, the Victorian Supreme Court held that those who became the Democratic Labor Party were the legitimate Labor Party and not the renegade ALP that expelled them. The original party
was formally wound up in 1978. Soon after, a small group of supporters formed a new Democratic Labor Party
which continues to this day. In November 2006, its candidate Peter Kavanagh
was elected to the Legislative Council. The first "DLP" Senator in decades but elected largely on preferences, John Madigan
was elected to the Senate in Victoria at the 2010 federal election. He took his seat for a 6-year term in July 2011.
, Vince Gair
was expelled from the Labor party in 1957. Gair had previously attempted to mobilise the Industrial Groups
to counteract a perceived Communist influence of the Australian Workers' Union
in the Queensland Trades and Labor Council. With other Queensland Caucus members, Gair went on to form the Queensland Labor Party
, which was absorbed into the DLP
in 1962.
, Tom Burke was closely associated with the Catholic-instigated opposition to H. V. Evatt but refrained from joining the new party which became the DLP. With Kim Beazley (senior) and others, Burke was banned for three years from representing Western Australia at federal conferences.
Having been defeated at the 1955 federal election, Burke promoted the political careers of his sons Terry Burke
and Brian Burke
who were prime architects of the WA Inc
corruption scandals of the 1980s.
were photographed outside the Hotel Kingston, awaiting the outcome of the federal labor conference.
Australian Labor Party
The Australian Labor Party is an Australian political party. It has been the governing party of the Commonwealth of Australia since the 2007 federal election. Julia Gillard is the party's federal parliamentary leader and Prime Minister of Australia...
along sectarian and ideological lines in the mid 1950s. With the exception of the consequences of The Petrov Affair
Petrov Affair
The Petrov Affair was a dramatic Cold War spy incident in Australia in April 1954, concerning Vladimir Petrov, Third Secretary of the Soviet embassy in Canberra.- History :...
, the Australian conservative parties of the time had little or no influence on the split; it was essentially an internal conflict between elements of the Australian Labor Party
Australian Labor Party
The Australian Labor Party is an Australian political party. It has been the governing party of the Commonwealth of Australia since the 2007 federal election. Julia Gillard is the party's federal parliamentary leader and Prime Minister of Australia...
.
Key players in the split were the federal opposition leader H. V. "Doc" Evatt
H. V. Evatt
Herbert Vere Evatt, QC KStJ , was an Australian jurist, politician and writer. He was President of the United Nations General Assembly in 1948–49 and helped draft the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights...
and B. A. Santamaria
B. A. Santamaria
Bartholomew Augustine "B. A." Santamaria, otherwise 'Bob' , was an Australian political activist and journalist and one of the most influential political figures in 20th century Australian history...
, the ruling mind behind the "Catholic Social Studies Movement" or "the Movement".
 |
I have witnessed three disastrous splits in the Australian Labor Party during the past fifty-six years. ... The first split occurred in 1916 over conscription in World War I; the second in 1931 over the Premiers' Plan for economic recovery in the Great Depression; and the third in 1955 over alleged communist infiltration of the trade union movement. The last was the worst of the three, because the party has not yet healed the wounds that resulted from it.  |
|
Evatt denounced the influence of Santamaria's Movement on 5 October 1954. The Victorian ALP state executive was officially dissolved, but both factions sent delegates to the 1955 Labor Party conference in Hobart. Movement delegates were excluded from the conference. They withdrew from the Labor party, going on to form the Democratic Labor Party
Democratic Labor Party
The Democratic Labor Party is a political party in Australia that espouses social conservatism and opposes neo-liberalism. The first "DLP" Senator in decades, party vice-president John Madigan was elected to the Australian Senate with 2.3 percent of the primary vote in Victoria at the 2010 federal...
. The split then moved from federal level to states, predominantly Victoria
Victoria (Australia)
Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania on Boundary Islet to the north, west and south respectively....
and Queensland
Queensland
Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern section of the mainland continent. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west and south respectively. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean...
.
Historians, journalists, and political scientists have observed that the split was not a single event but a process that occurred over the early 1950s in state and federal Labor parties, and that it siphoned off enough support for the conservative Catholic and anti-communist Democratic Labor Party to prevent the election of an Australian Labor Party federal government until 1972.
Terminology
The Australian Labor Party split of 1955 is also described as the "Labor split of 1955", the "Labor split of 1954-55" or within the context of the Australian Labor PartyAustralian Labor Party
The Australian Labor Party is an Australian political party. It has been the governing party of the Commonwealth of Australia since the 2007 federal election. Julia Gillard is the party's federal parliamentary leader and Prime Minister of Australia...
and Roman Catholicism in Australia simply "the split".
Background
The split had its origins in MelbourneMelbourne
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre is the hub of the greater metropolitan area and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater...
in the 1930s. A group of that city's Catholics, predominantly lawyer
Lawyer
A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law; as an attorney, counsel or solicitor; a person who is practicing law." Law is the system of rules of conduct established by the sovereign government of a society to correct wrongs, maintain the stability of political...
s, formed "The Campion Society" and published "The Catholic Worker". B. A. Santamaria
B. A. Santamaria
Bartholomew Augustine "B. A." Santamaria, otherwise 'Bob' , was an Australian political activist and journalist and one of the most influential political figures in 20th century Australian history...
, then a recent graduate of Melbourne Law School
University of Melbourne
The University of Melbourne is a public university located in Melbourne, Victoria. Founded in 1853, it is the second oldest university in Australia and the oldest in Victoria...
and became its editor. For both Santamaria and his sponsor Archbishop Daniel Mannix
Daniel Mannix
Daniel Mannix was an Irish-born Australian Catholic bishop. Mannix was the Archbishop of Melbourne for 46 years and one of the most influential public figures in 20th century Australia....
, Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and head of state from 1934 to 1945...
's Nazism
Nazism
Nazism, the common short form name of National Socialism was the ideology and practice of the Nazi Party and of Nazi Germany...
was a lesser evil than Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
. By 1941 Santamaria had set up the Catholic Social Studies Movement
In the late 1930s and early 1940s, there was an effort by Communists
Communist Party of Australia
The Communist Party of Australia was founded in 1920 and dissolved in 1991; it was succeeded by the Socialist Party of Australia, which then renamed itself, becoming the current Communist Party of Australia. The CPA achieved its greatest political strength in the 1940s and faced an attempted...
to infiltrate Trade Union
Trade union
A trade union, trades union or labor union is an organization of workers that have banded together to achieve common goals such as better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labour contracts with...
s in Australia. In response, the Labor party instituted Industrial Groups
Industrial Groups
The Industrial Groups were groups formed by the Australian Labor Party in the late 1940s, to combat Communist Party influence in the trade unions....
within trade unions to counter the perceived Communist threat.
In September 1954, journalist Alan Reid
Alan Reid (journalist)
Alan Douglas Reid , nicknamed the Red Fox, was an Australian political journalist, who worked in the Federal Parliamentary Press Gallery from 1937 to 1985...
published an exposé in The Sydney Sun about Santamaria. He wrote of him that:
"In the tense melodrama of politics there are mysterious figures who stand virtually unnoticed in the wings, invisible to all but a few of the audience, as they cue, Svengali-like, among the actors out on the stage."
Chifley and the crises of 1948-9
Ben Chifley
Joseph Benedict Chifley , Australian politician, was the 16th Prime Minister of Australia. He took over the Australian Labor Party leadership and Prime Ministership after the death of John Curtin in 1945, and went on to retain government at the 1946 election, before being defeated at the 1949...
attempted to nationalise
Nationalization
Nationalisation, also spelled nationalization, is the process of taking an industry or assets into government ownership by a national government or state. Nationalization usually refers to private assets, but may also mean assets owned by lower levels of government, such as municipalities, being...
Australia's bank
Bank
A bank is a financial institution that serves as a financial intermediary. The term "bank" may refer to one of several related types of entities:...
s. The Banking Act 1947 (Cth) was struck down as unconstitutional by the High Court of Australia
High Court of Australia
The High Court of Australia is the supreme court in the Australian court hierarchy and the final court of appeal in Australia. It has both original and appellate jurisdiction, has the power of judicial review over laws passed by the Parliament of Australia and the parliaments of the States, and...
in the 1948 Bank Nationalisation Case
Bank of New South Wales v Commonwealth
Bank of New South Wales v The Commonwealth 76 CLR 1, also known as the Bank Nationalisation Case, is a notable case of the High Court of Australia.-Background:...
. In 1949, the Chifley government called in troops to break the 1949 Australian coal strike
1949 Australian coal strike
The 1949 Australian coal strike is the first time that Australian military forces were used during peacetime to break a Trade union strike. The strike by 23,000 coal miners lasted for seven weeks, from 27 June 1949 to 15 August 1949, with troops being sent in by the Ben Chifley Federal Labor...
.
Aftermath of the 1949 federal election
After the Australian federal election, 1949Australian federal election, 1949
Federal elections were held in Australia on 10 December 1949. All 121 seats in the House of Representatives, and 42 of the 60 seats in the Senate were up for election, where the single transferable vote was introduced...
, Labor was left with only 47 members in the lower house
Lower house
A lower house is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the upper house.Despite its official position "below" the upper house, in many legislatures worldwide the lower house has come to wield more power...
. Of these, eight were new members from Victoria. Mostly Catholics, they were staunchly anti-Communist and had white-collar
White-collar worker
The term white-collar worker refers to a person who performs professional, managerial, or administrative work, in contrast with a blue-collar worker, whose job requires manual labor...
union and professional
Professional
A professional is a person who is paid to undertake a specialised set of tasks and to complete them for a fee. The traditional professions were doctors, lawyers, clergymen, and commissioned military officers. Today, the term is applied to estate agents, surveyors , environmental scientists,...
backgrounds. Western Australian MP Thomas Burke
Thomas Burke
-Public officials:*Thomas Burke , Irish-born physician, lawyer and politician*Sir Thomas Burke, 3rd Baronet , Irish legislator...
persuaded his state ALP executive to support the Menzies government's controversial 1950 Communist Party Dissolution Bill. To Chifley's chagrin, the resultant majority in the federal executive instructed the party's parliamentary caucus to let the bill through the Senate. The bipartisan passage of the bill on 20 October 1950 was short-lived. An immediate High Court challenge
Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth
Australian Communist Party v The Commonwealth 83 CLR 1, also known as the Communist Party Case, was a legal case in the High Court of Australia described as "undoubtedly one of the High Court's most important decisions."- Background :...
was sustained, the Act being invalidated on constitutional grounds by a judgment delivered in Melbourne on Friday, 9 March 1951. Menzies then sought to amend the Constitution through a referendum
Australian referendum, 1951
The 1951 Australian Referendum was held on 22 September 1951 and sought approval for the federal government to ban the Communist Party of Australia. It was not carried.-Background:...
, which failed to be carried on 22 September 1951.
The split
On 13 June 1951 Ben Chifley died from a heart attackMyocardial infarction
Myocardial infarction or acute myocardial infarction , commonly known as a heart attack, results from the interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart, causing heart cells to die...
. Evatt was elected unopposed as leader of the Federal Labor party caucus.
Evatt adopted a "mercurial" style of leadership. Without the approval of or consultation with Caucus or the Federal Labor executive, he led the legal challenge to the Communist Party Abolition Bill, sought rapprochement with those ALP members who had opposed it - especially in the Victorian Labor party's anti-Communist wing - and moderated the ALP's Nationalisation policy to a focus on a Welfare state
Welfare state
A welfare state is a "concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those...
.
The Petrov Affair
In April 1954, prime minister Robert MenziesRobert Menzies
Sir Robert Gordon Menzies, , Australian politician, was the 12th and longest-serving Prime Minister of Australia....
revealed details of the defection
Defection
In politics, a defector is a person who gives up allegiance to one state or political entity in exchange for allegiance to another. More broadly, it involves abandoning a person, cause or doctrine to whom or to which one is bound by some tie, as of allegiance or duty.This term is also applied,...
of Vladimir Petrov
Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov (diplomat)
Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov was a member of the Soviet Union's clandestine services who became famous in 1954 for his defection to Australia.-Early life:...
. It has been claimed that the Petrov Affair was the primary event that precipitated the split.
Evatt's press release
On 5 October 1954 in a Press release, Evatt blamed Labor's defeat in the 1954 Federal electionAustralian federal election, 1954
Federal elections were held in Australia on 29 May 1954. All 121 seats in the House of Representatives were up for election, no Senate election took place...
on "a small minority of members, located particularly in the State of Victoria", and they were in conspiracy to undermine him.
The Federal Labor Party splits
Following an intervention by the Federal ALP executiveAustralian Labor Party National Executive
The National Executive is the highest elected body of the Australian Labor Party, one of the major political parties in Australia. The Executive is elected by the party's National Conference, held every three years, and represents the party's state and territory branches. Many of its members are...
, the Victorian ALP state executive was dissolved, and a new executive appointed in its place. Delegates from both executives were sent to the 1955 ALP national conference in Hobart
Hobart
Hobart is the state capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. Founded in 1804 as a penal colony,Hobart is Australia's second oldest capital city after Sydney. In 2009, the city had a greater area population of approximately 212,019. A resident of Hobart is known as...
. The delegates from the old Victorian executive were excluded from the conference. They went on to form the Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist)
Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist)
The Australian Labor Party was the name initially used by the right-wing group which split away from the Australian Labor Party in 1955, and which later became the Democratic Labor Party in 1957....
, which went on to be the nucleus of the Democratic Labor Party
Democratic Labor Party
The Democratic Labor Party is a political party in Australia that espouses social conservatism and opposes neo-liberalism. The first "DLP" Senator in decades, party vice-president John Madigan was elected to the Australian Senate with 2.3 percent of the primary vote in Victoria at the 2010 federal...
.
The split and the DLP in state politics
The split had ramifications in Labor politics in Australian statesStates and territories of Australia
The Commonwealth of Australia is a union of six states and various territories. The Australian mainland is made up of five states and three territories, with the sixth state of Tasmania being made up of islands. In addition there are six island territories, known as external territories, and a...
.
Victoria
In VictoriaVictoria (Australia)
Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales, South Australia, and Tasmania on Boundary Islet to the north, west and south respectively....
, the home state of Movement leaders B. A. Santamaria and Archbishop Daniel Mannix, the split destroyed the state government of John Cain (senior)
John Cain (senior)
John Cain was an Australian politician, who became the 34th premier of Victoria, and was the first Australian Labor Party leader to win a majority in the Victorian Legislative Assembly. He was the only premier of Victoria whose son also served as premier.-Early life:Cain was born, one of 18...
after the ALP federal executive expelled "disloyal" members. In a legal battle over succession after the split, the Victorian Supreme Court held that those who became the Democratic Labor Party were the legitimate Labor Party and not the renegade ALP that expelled them. The original party
Democratic Labor Party (historical)
The Democratic Labor Party was an Australian political party that existed from 1955 until 1978.-History:The DLP was formed as a result of a split in the Australian Labor Party that began in 1954. The split was between the party's national leadership, under the then party leader Dr H.V...
was formally wound up in 1978. Soon after, a small group of supporters formed a new Democratic Labor Party
Democratic Labor Party
The Democratic Labor Party is a political party in Australia that espouses social conservatism and opposes neo-liberalism. The first "DLP" Senator in decades, party vice-president John Madigan was elected to the Australian Senate with 2.3 percent of the primary vote in Victoria at the 2010 federal...
which continues to this day. In November 2006, its candidate Peter Kavanagh
Peter Kavanagh
Peter Kavanagh may refer to:*Peter Kavanagh *Peter Kavanagh *Peter Kavanagh *Peter Kavanagh , fictional character from Stargate Atlantis-See also:...
was elected to the Legislative Council. The first "DLP" Senator in decades but elected largely on preferences, John Madigan
John Madigan
John Madigan is a Gaelic football player from Laois in Ireland.At club level, John usually lines out at centre half back with Ballyroan Abbey and in 2006 he had the honour of captaining the Ballyroan/Abbeyleix combination, Ballyroan Gaels to the Laois Senior Football Championship title.His...
was elected to the Senate in Victoria at the 2010 federal election. He took his seat for a 6-year term in July 2011.
Queensland
In QueenslandQueensland
Queensland is a state of Australia, occupying the north-eastern section of the mainland continent. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west and south respectively. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean...
, Vince Gair
Vince Gair
Vincent Clare "Vince" Gair was an Australian politician. He served as Premier of Queensland from 1952 until 1957, when his stormy relations with the trade union movement saw him expelled from the Australian Labor Party. He was elected to the Australian Senate and led the Democratic Labor Party...
was expelled from the Labor party in 1957. Gair had previously attempted to mobilise the Industrial Groups
Industrial Groups
The Industrial Groups were groups formed by the Australian Labor Party in the late 1940s, to combat Communist Party influence in the trade unions....
to counteract a perceived Communist influence of the Australian Workers' Union
Australian Workers' Union
The Australian Workers' Union is one of Australia's largest and oldest trade unions. It traces its origins to unions founded in the pastoral and mining industries in the 1880s, and currently has approximately 135,000 members...
in the Queensland Trades and Labor Council. With other Queensland Caucus members, Gair went on to form the Queensland Labor Party
Queensland Labor Party
The Queensland Labor Party was a political party of Queensland, Australia formed in 1957 by a breakaway group of the then ruling Australian Labor Party Government after the expulsion of Premier Vince Gair...
, which was absorbed into the DLP
Democratic Labor Party (historical)
The Democratic Labor Party was an Australian political party that existed from 1955 until 1978.-History:The DLP was formed as a result of a split in the Australian Labor Party that began in 1954. The split was between the party's national leadership, under the then party leader Dr H.V...
in 1962.
Western Australia
The member for PerthDivision of Perth
The Division of Perth is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Western Australia. It is named after Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, where the Division is located...
, Tom Burke was closely associated with the Catholic-instigated opposition to H. V. Evatt but refrained from joining the new party which became the DLP. With Kim Beazley (senior) and others, Burke was banned for three years from representing Western Australia at federal conferences.
Having been defeated at the 1955 federal election, Burke promoted the political careers of his sons Terry Burke
Terry Burke
Terence Joseph "Terry" Burke is a former member for the seat of Perth in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly . He held the seat between 1968 and 1987....
and Brian Burke
Brian Burke
Brian Thomas Burke was Labor premier of Western Australia from 25 February 1983 until his resignation on 25 February 1988...
who were prime architects of the WA Inc
WA Inc
WA Inc was a political scandal in Western Australia. In the 1980s, the state government, which was led for much of the period by premier Brian Burke, engaged in business dealings with several prominent businessmen, including Alan Bond, Laurie Connell and Warren Anderson...
corruption scandals of the 1980s.
The "thirty-six faceless men"
After Evatt's unilateral actions split the federal Labor party, the federal ALP executive re-asserted its control over the party. In 1963 Federal party leader Calwell and his deputy Gough WhitlamGough Whitlam
Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC , known as Gough Whitlam , served as the 21st Prime Minister of Australia. Whitlam led the Australian Labor Party to power at the 1972 election and retained government at the 1974 election, before being dismissed by Governor-General Sir John Kerr at the climax of the...
were photographed outside the Hotel Kingston, awaiting the outcome of the federal labor conference.
See also
- Campion Society
- National Civic Council
- Alan Reid (journalist)Alan Reid (journalist)Alan Douglas Reid , nicknamed the Red Fox, was an Australian political journalist, who worked in the Federal Parliamentary Press Gallery from 1937 to 1985...
- Knights of the Southern CrossKnights of the Southern CrossThe Knights of the Southern Cross is a Catholic fraternal order committed to promoting the Christian way of life throughout Australia....
Further reading
- Lyle Allan (1988), "Irish ethnicity and the Democratic Labor Party," Politics, Vol. 23 No.2, Pages 28-34
- Niall Brennan (1964), Dr Mannix, Adelaide, South Australia, Rigby.
- Ken Buckley, Barbara Dale and Wayne Reynolds (1994), Doc Evatt, Melbourne, Victoria, Longman Cheshire. ISBN 058287495X
- A.A.CalwellArthur CalwellArthur Augustus Calwell Australian politician, was a member of the Australian House of Representatives for 32 years from 1940 to 1972, Immigration Minister in the government of Ben Chifley from 1945 to 1949 and Leader of the Australian Labor Party from 1960 to 1967.-Early life:Calwell was born in...
(1972), Be Just and Fear Not, Hawthorn, Victoria, Lloyd O'Neil. ISBN 085550 352 1 - Bob Corcoran (2001), "The Manifold Causes of the Labor Split", in Peter Love and Paul Strangio (eds.), Arguing the Cold War, Carlton North, Victoria, Red Rag Publications. ISBN 0-9577352-6-X
- Brian Costar, Peter Love and Paul Strangio (eds.)(2005), The Great Labor Schism. A Retrospective, Melbourne, Victoria, Scribe Publications. ISBN 1-920769-42-0
- Peter Crockett (1993), Evatt. A Life, South Melbourne, Victoria, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553558-8
- Allan Dalziel (1967), Evatt. The Enigma, Melbourne, Victoria, Lansdowne Press.
- Gavan Duffy (2002), Demons and Democrats. 1950s Labor at the Crossroads, North Melbourne, Victoria, Freedom Publishing. ISBN 0-9578682-2-7
- Bruce Duncan (2001), Crusade or Conspiracy? Catholics and the Anti-Communist Struggle in Australia, Sydney, NSW, University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 0-86840-731-3
- Gil DuthieGil DuthieGilbert William Arthur "Gil" Duthie AM was an Australian politician. Born in Nhill, Victoria, he was educated at state schools and at the University of Melbourne before becoming a schoolteacher and farmer in rural Victoria. In 1938 he was ordained a Methodist minister, and in 1944 he moved to...
(1984), I had 50,000 bosses. Memoirs of a Labor backbencher 1946-1975, Sydney, NSW, Angus and Robertson. ISBN 0-207-14916-X - John FaulknerJohn FaulknerJohn Philip Faulkner is an Australian politician. He has been a Labor member of the Australian Senate since 1989, representing the state of New South Wales. Following a period serving on various Senate Committees and as Deputy Whip, he was a Minister in the Keating Labor government 1993-96...
and Stuart MacintyreStuart MacintyreStuart Forbes Macintyre , Australian historian, academic and public intellectual, is a former Dean of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Melbourne. He has been voted one of Australia's most influential public intellectuals...
(eds.)(2001), True Believers. The Story of the Federal Parliamentary Labor Party, Crows Nest, NSW, Allen and Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-527-8 - Ross FitzgeraldRoss FitzgeraldRoss Fitzgerald is an Australian academic, historian, novelist, secularist, and political commentator.Author of 35 books, in 2009 Professor Fitzgerald co-authored "Made in Queensland: A New History", published by University of Queensland Press and also "Under the Influence, a history of alcohol in...
, Adam James Carr and William J. Dealy, (2003), The Pope's Battalions. Santamaria, Catholicism and the Labor Split, St Lucia, Queensland, University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0-7022-3389-7 - Ross Fitzgerald and Stephen Holt (2010), Alan "The Red Fox" Reid. Pressman Par Excellence, Sydney, NSW, University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 978-1-74223-132-7
- Gerard HendersonGerard HendersonGerard Henderson is a conservative Australian newspaper columnist for The Sydney Morning Herald.. He is also Executive Director of the Sydney Institute, a privately funded current affairs forum. His wife Anne Henderson is Deputy Director.-Education:Henderson attended the Jesuit Xavier College in...
(1982), Mr Santamaria and the Bishops, Sydney, NSW, Studies in the Christian Movement. ISBN 0-949807-00-1 - Jack KaneJack KaneJohn Thomas "Jack" Kane was an Australian politician. Born in Burraga, New South Wales, he was educated at Catholic schools in Lithgow, after which he became a coalminer. He was Vice-President of the Transport Workers' Union 1952-1956 and Assistant General Secretary of the New South Wales Labor...
(1989), Exploding the Myths. The Political Memoirs of Jack Kane, North Ryde, NSW, Angus and Robertson. ISBN 0-207-16209-3 - Colm KiernanColm KiernanColm Padraic Kiernan was an historian and writer.- Historian :In 1964 Colm Kiernan was appointed foundation Lecturer in History at the University of Wollongong, Australia...
(1978), Calwell. A Personal and Political Biography, West Melbourne, Thomas Nelson. ISBN 0-17-005185-4 - Michael Lyons (2008), "Defence, the Family and the Battler: The Democratic Labor Party and its Legacy," Australian Journal of Political Science, September, 43-3, Pages 425-442.
- Frank McManusFrank McManus (Australian politician)Francis Patrick Vincent McManus , Australian politician, was the last leader of the parliamentary Democratic Labor Party and a prominent figure in Australian politics for 30 years....
(1977), The Tumult and the Shouting, Adelaide, South Australia, Rigby. ISBN 0-7270-0219-8 - Frank Mines (1975), Gair, Canberra City, ACT, Arrow Press. ISBN 0-909095-00-0
- Patrick Morgan (ed.)(2007), B.A.Santamaria. Your Most Obedient Servant. Selected Letters: 1918-1996, Carlton, Victoria, Miegunyah Press. ISBN 0-522-85274-2
- Patrick Morgan (ed.)(2008), Running the Show. Selected Documents: 1939-1996, Carlton, Victoria, Miegunyah Press. ISBN 978-0-522-85497-8
- Robert Murray (1970), The Split. Australian Labor in the fifties, Melbourne, Victoria, F.W. Cheshire. ISBN 0-7015-0504-4
- Paul Ormonde (1972), The Movement, Melbourne, Victoria, Thomas Nelson. ISBN 0-17-001968-3
- Paul Ormonde (2000), "The Movement - Politics by Remote Control," in Paul Ormonde (ed.) Santamaria. The Politics of Fear, Richmond, Victoria, Spectrum Publications. ISBN 0-86786-294-7
- P.L Reynolds (1974), The Democratic Labor Party, Milton, Queensland, Jacaranda. ISBN 0-7016-0703-3
- B.A. Santamaria (1964), The Price of Freedom. The Movement - After Ten Years, Melbourne, Victoria, Campion Press.
- B.A Santamaria (1981), Against the Tide, Melbourne, Victoria, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-554346-7
- B.A. Santamaria (1984), Daniel Mannix. A Biography. The Quality of Leadership, Carlton, Victoria, University of Melbourne Press. ISBN 0-522-84247-X
- Kylie Tennant (1970), Evatt. Politics and Justice, Cremorne, NSW, Angus and Robertson. ISBN 0-207-12533-3
- Tom Truman (1960), Catholic Action and Politics, London, England, The Merlin Press.
- Kate White (1982), John Cain and Victorian Labor 1917-1957, Sydney, NSW, Hale and Iremonger. ISBN 0-86806-026-7
- Don Whitington (1964), The Rulers. Fifteen Years of the Liberals, Melbourne, Victoria, Lansdowne Press.
External links
- AUSTRALIA: Explosion - article about "The Split" in Time Magazine, Monday, 25 Oct 1954
- The "Communist Party case" (1951) 83 CLRCommonwealth Law ReportsThe Commonwealth Law Reports are the authorised reports of decisions of the High Court of Australia. The CLR are published by the Lawbook Company, a division of Thomson Reuters...
1 (9 March 1951) at Austlii