William John Cooper
Encyclopedia
William John Cooper was an American educator who served as US Commissioner of Education from February 1929 to July 1933. According to the New York Times: "His fundamental theory of education, which he often repeated, was that the ultimate goal of teaching should be, not how to make a living, but how to live. Nevertheless, he believed that the system of education in this country should break away from the older traditions of Europe and seek to express the cultural developments of the New World. In one of his last public addresses Dr. Cooper urged a complete reorganization of the education system in this country to bring the schools into closer harmony with modern conditions." He began his career as a high school teacher of Latin and History in Stockton, California from 1907 to 1910, then directed history teaching in Berkeley, California for four junior high schools and one senior high school, as head of the Department of History of Berkeley High School from 1910 to 1915. From 1915 to 1918 he supervised social studies instruction for Oakland public schools. He worked for the US War Department for eighth months from 1918 to 1919 in education and training. He served as the district superintendent of schools in Piedmont, California from 1918 to 1921, and the city superintendent of schools in Fresno
Fresno Unified School District
Fresno Unified School District is a school district in Fresno, California, U.S.A.-Facts and Figures:*California's 4th largest school district*79,383 students *$869 million budget...

 from 1921 to 1926. According to Cooper's 1935 obituary in the Fresno Bee: "[Cooper] put into operation [in Fresno] a system which was considered one of the most efficient in the state. Fresno's public schools to-day are operating largely upon the basis laid down by Cooper in his five-year term as superintendent. He instituted wide reform of the curriculum and directed an $1,800,000 school building program." He also taught as a part-time instructor at Fresno State Teachers College
California State University, Fresno
California State University, Fresno, often referred to as Fresno State University and synonymously known in athletics as Fresno State , is one of the leading campuses of the California State University system, located at the northeast edge of Fresno, California, USA.The campus sits at the foot of...

 from 1923 to 1926. He served as superintendent of schools in San Diego in 1926, and was then appointed by Governor Young to be California State Superintendent of Public Instruction
California State Superintendent of Public Instruction
The State Superintendent of Public Instruction of California is the nonpartisan elected executive officer of the California Department of Education. The SPI directs all functions of the Department of Education and executes policies set by the California State Board of Education...

 in 1927. He served in that position until February 1929, when US President Calvin Coolidge
Calvin Coolidge
John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. was the 30th President of the United States . A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics, eventually becoming governor of that state...

 appointed him to be the Eighth United States Commissioner of Education
Commissioner of Education
The Commissioner of Education was the title given to the head of the National Bureau of Education, a former unit within the Department of the Interior in the United States...

. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate during the fourth week of January, 1929. He was re-appointed by President Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st President of the United States . Hoover was originally a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business...

 and served in the first four months of the Franklin Roosevelt administration, serving in total from February 11, 1929 to July 10, 1933. At the time Cooper served, the US Commissioner of Education
Commissioner of Education
The Commissioner of Education was the title given to the head of the National Bureau of Education, a former unit within the Department of the Interior in the United States...

 was not a cabinet
United States Cabinet
The Cabinet of the United States is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States, which are generally the heads of the federal executive departments...

-level position. Cooper reported to the United States Secretary of the Interior
United States Secretary of the Interior
The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior.The US Department of the Interior should not be confused with the concept of Ministries of the Interior as used in other countries...

. Ray Lyman Wilbur
Ray Lyman Wilbur
Ray Lyman Wilbur was an American medical doctor who served as the third president of Stanford University and the 31st United States Secretary of the Interior.-Early life:...

 was Secretary of the Interior during the Hoover
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st President of the United States . Hoover was originally a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business...

 administration. Wilbur served concurrently as President of Stanford University
Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately northwest of San...

. It was possibly Wilbur who suggested to President-elect Hoover that Cooper be appointed to the Commissioner of Education position. Hoover
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover was the 31st President of the United States . Hoover was originally a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business...

 was a graduate of Stanford University
Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university on an campus located near Palo Alto, California. It is situated in the northwestern Santa Clara Valley on the San Francisco Peninsula, approximately northwest of San...

.

According to Cooper's biography listed in Dictionary of American Biography: "As commissioner Cooper sponsored certain important investigations: a national survey of secondary education, national survey of the education of teachers, and a national survey of school finance which was cut short by the depression. To the national office he added the post of assistant commissioner and specialists in comparative education, tests and measurements, radio education, and the education of Negroes and exceptional children. He was the author of Economy in Education (1933) and published many papers in professional journals. During his commissionership he was in demand as a speaker, delivering 229 written addresses and numerous others extemporaneously."

In 1933, having not been asked by President Roosevelt to remain in the position beyond the initial few months of the Roosevelt administration, he resigned the position of US Commissioner of Education and became a professor at George Washington University
George Washington University
The George Washington University is a private, coeducational comprehensive university located in Washington, D.C. in the United States...

 in the District of Columbia. He also taught as a lecturer in education at the University of Michigan
University of Michigan
The University of Michigan is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan...

 in the summer of 1935. He suffered a stroke while riding as a passenger in an automobile on September 10, 1935 and died nine days later on September 19, 1935 in Kearney, Nebraska
Kearney, Nebraska
Kearney is a city in and the county seat of Buffalo County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 30,787 at the 2010 census. It is home to the University of Nebraska-Kearney....

, after having finished teaching a summer school course at the University of Michigan. He obtained his bachelor's (A.B. degree, 1906, dual major in Latin and history) and master's (M.A. degree, 1917, double major in education and history) degrees from the University of California
University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley , is a teaching and research university established in 1868 and located in Berkeley, California, USA...

. He was born in Sacramento, California.

As explained by Frederik Ohles, et al.: "Cooper held that the time had come for education in the United States to end its dependence on European traditions and that it was necessary to create a new manner of education rooted in the culture of the New World
New World
The New World is one of the names used for the Western Hemisphere, specifically America and sometimes Oceania . The term originated in the late 15th century, when America had been recently discovered by European explorers, expanding the geographical horizon of the people of the European middle...

. As the nation's commissioner of education, he called for consolidation of rural school
One-room school
One-room schools were commonplace throughout rural portions of various countries including the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In most rural and small town schools, all of the students met in a single room...

 districts and for greater guidance of schools by the states. He inaugurated surveys of educational practices in high schools nationwide, of teacher education
Teacher education
Teacher education refers to the policies and procedures designed to equip prospective teachers with the knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and skills they require to perform their tasks effectively in the classroom, school and wider community....

, and of school finance."
Although Cooper did not achieve an earned doctorate
Doctorate
A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder to teach in a specific field, A doctorate is an academic degree or professional degree that in most countries refers to a class of degrees which qualify the holder...

, he received nine honorary degrees during his career, including an honorary Doctor of Laws
Doctor of law
Doctor of Law or Doctor of Laws is a doctoral degree in law. The application of the term varies from country to country, and includes degrees such as the LL.D., Ph.D., J.D., J.S.D., and Dr. iur.-Argentina:...

 degree (LL.D.) from Whittier College
Whittier College
Whittier College is a private liberal arts college in Whittier, California. As of January 2009, the college has approximately 1540 enrolled students.-Overview:...

 in 1927, an honorary doctorate in education
Doctor of Education
The Doctor of Education or Doctor in Education degree , in Latin, Doctor Educationis, is a research-oriented professional doctorate that prepares the student for academic, administrative, clinical, or research positions in educational, civil, and private organizations.-Differences between an Ed.D...

 (Ed.D.) from the University of Southern California
University of Southern California
The University of Southern California is a private, not-for-profit, nonsectarian, research university located in Los Angeles, California, United States. USC was founded in 1880, making it California's oldest private research university...

 in 1928, and honorary doctor of laws (LL.D.) degrees from Detroit City College in 1929, Birmingham Southern College in 1930, and Lafayette College
Lafayette College
Lafayette College is a private coeducational liberal arts and engineering college located in Easton, Pennsylvania, USA. The school, founded in 1826 by James Madison Porter,son of General Andrew Porter of Norristown and citizens of Easton, first began holding classes in 1832...

 in Easton, Pennsylvania in 1931. He received an honorary Doctor of Litt.
Doctor of Letters
Doctor of Letters is a university academic degree, often a higher doctorate which is frequently awarded as an honorary degree in recognition of outstanding scholarship or other merits.-Commonwealth:...

 from Rhode Island State College in 1931, an honorary Doctor of Science
Doctor of Science
Doctor of Science , usually abbreviated Sc.D., D.Sc., S.D. or Dr.Sc., is an academic research degree awarded in a number of countries throughout the world. In some countries Doctor of Science is the name used for the standard doctorate in the sciences, elsewhere the Sc.D...

 in Education by George Washington University
George Washington University
The George Washington University is a private, coeducational comprehensive university located in Washington, D.C. in the United States...

 in 1931, and an honorary Ph.D. from the New York State Teachers College
University at Albany, SUNY
The State University of New York at Albany, also known as University at Albany, State University of New York, SUNY Albany or simply UAlbany, is a public university located in Albany, Guilderland, and East Greenbush, New York, United States; is the senior campus of the State University of New York ...

 also in 1931. He also received an honorary LL.D. from Dickinson College
Dickinson College
Dickinson College is a private, residential liberal arts college in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Originally established as a Grammar School in 1773, Dickinson was chartered September 9, 1783, five days after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, making it the first college to be founded in the newly...

 in 1932. As president of the senior class
Class President
A class president is usually the leader of a student body class, and presides over its class cabinet or organization within a student council, in a grade school class presidents are generally elected by the class, a constituency composed of all students in a grade level.The practice of electing a...

, he was selected to give a student address at the commencement ceremony at the University of California (Berkeley)
University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley , is a teaching and research university established in 1868 and located in Berkeley, California, USA...

 in 1906. He served as a Regent of the University of California
Regents of the University of California
The Regents of the University of California make up the governing board of the University of California. The Board has 26 full members:* The majority are appointed by the Governor of California for 12-year terms....

 from 1927 to 1929. He graduated with honors
Honors student
An honors student is a person recognized for achieving high grades or high marks in their course work.Honors students may refer to# Students recognized for their academic achievement on lists published periodically throughout the school year, known as honor rolls, varying from school to school, and...

 as a member of the Class of 1902 at Red Bluff High School
Red Bluff High School
Red Bluff High School is a public school in Red Bluff, California. The institution offers courses from the ninth grade school to the twelfth grade and is a member of the Red Bluff Joint Union High School District...

 in Red Bluff, California
Red Bluff, California
Red Bluff is a city in and the county seat of Tehama County, California, United States. The population was 14,076 at the 2010 census, up from 13,147 at the 2000 census....

. In 1922, as Superintendent of Fresno City schools, Cooper worked on a plan to establish "intermediate schools," which would be attended by students of ability canvased from the existing elementary schools (grades 1 to 6). Later, in 1959, a junior high school in Fresno, California was named after him.

William John Cooper was the son of William James Cooper, who immigrated to the US from Sydney, Australia, and Belle Stanley (Leary) Cooper. Miss Leary was from San Francisco. They were married on February 22, 1882 in Sacramento, California. William James Cooper was a house painter and moved the family to Cottonwood, California
Cottonwood, California
Cottonwood is a census-designated place in Shasta County, California, United States. The population was 3,316 at the 2010 census, up from 2,960 at the 2000 census. Cottonwood is a stagecoach town founded in 1882. Cottonwood is equidistant between Redding and Red Bluff , in both directions...

 near Red Bluff where William John was then enrolled in high school. William John Cooper became engaged to Edna Curtis of Sacramento
Sacramento
Sacramento is the capital of the state of California, in the United States of America.Sacramento may also refer to:- United States :*Sacramento County, California*Sacramento, Kentucky*Sacramento – San Joaquin River Delta...

 10 days before the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906, and they were married on Aug. 19, 1908. They had three children: William Curtis Cooper (1909–1987), Elizabeth Fales Cooper (1912–1988), and John Stanley Cooper (1918-2011). As a senior at the University of California in Berkeley, William John Cooper worked as an assistant in the Department of History. Cooper also taught summer session class at the University of California in 1919, 1920, 1924, 1926, and 1927, and also a summer session class at the University of Oregon in 1923. He was a part-time instructor at Johns Hopkins University in the spring of 1932. He was a member of the Federal Board for Vocational Education from 1930 to 1933, as well as the District of Columbia Commission on Licensure from 1930 to 1933. He was a member of the National Education Association (NEA) and also a member of the Department of Superintendence of the NEA. He was a member of the National Society for the Study of Education and also served as director and president of the Bay and Central sections of the California Teachers Association
California Teachers Association
The California Teachers Association , initially established in 1863 as the California Educational Society, is by far the largest teachers' union in the state of California. It is considered by many to be the most powerful union in California...

. He was a member of the A.A.A.S.
American Association for the Advancement of Science
The American Association for the Advancement of Science is an international non-profit organization with the stated goals of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the...

, as well as the American Academy of Political and Social Science
American Academy of Political and Social Science
The American Academy of Political and Social Science was founded in 1889 to promote progress in the social sciences. Sparked by Professor Edmund J. James and drawing from members of the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania, Swarthmore College, and Bryn Mawr College, the Academy sought to...

, and was also a member of Kappa Phi Kappa, Phi Beta Kappa
Phi Beta Kappa Society
The Phi Beta Kappa Society is an academic honor society. Its mission is to "celebrate and advocate excellence in the liberal arts and sciences"; and induct "the most outstanding students of arts and sciences at America’s leading colleges and universities." Founded at The College of William and...

, Phi Delta Kappa
Phi Delta Kappa
Phi Delta Kappa is an US professional organization for educators. Its headquarters are located in Bloomington, Indiana. It was founded on 24 January 1906. Phi Delta Kappa also had a youth organization, called Xinos, girls, and Kudos, guys.-Membership:Currently, membership consists of students,...

 and Alpha Sigma Phi
Alpha Sigma Phi
Alpha Sigma Phi Fraternity is a social fraternity with 71 active chapters and 9 colonies. Founded at Yale in 1845, it is the 10th oldest fraternity in the United States....

. He was president of the Federal Schoolmen's Club in 1930-1931. Volumes 16 (for 1930-31) and 17 (for 1932-33) of Marquis' Who's Who in America (but not Volume 18 for 1934-35) list Cooper as being a member of the Cosmos
Cosmos Club
The Cosmos Club is a private social club in Washington, D.C., founded by John Wesley Powell in 1878. In addition to Powell, original members included Clarence Edward Dutton, Henry Smith Pritchett, William Harkness, and John Shaw Billings. Among its stated goals is "The advancement of its members in...

 and Torch clubs, as well as being a Republican
Republican Party (United States)
The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery expansion activists in 1854, it is often called the GOP . The party's platform generally reflects American conservatism in the U.S...

. In 1911 he was a member of the American Historical Association. In 1929 Cooper oversaw the functioning of the Advisory Committee on Education by Radio, which was set up per the request of the Interior Secretary.

Cooper's widow, Edna Cooper, died on Saturday, September 15, 1956 in Oakland, California
Oakland, California
Oakland is a major West Coast port city on San Francisco Bay in the U.S. state of California. It is the eighth-largest city in the state with a 2010 population of 390,724...

, after an illness of seven weeks.

Works and Speeches by William John Cooper

  • Cooper, William John. 1906. Commencement address. University of California (Berkeley)
  • Cooper, William John. 1915. Berkeley Public Schools—Courses in History. History Teacher Magazine, VI (Dec.), pp. 328–330. Google Books
  • Cooper, William John. 1917. The teaching of Civics. Thesis (M.A.)--University of California (Berkeley).
  • Cooper, William John. 1928. Commencement address. Polytechnic High School, Long Beach, California
  • Cooper, William John. 1929. Address before the National Education Association's Department of Superintendence in Cleveland, Ohio (First official speech as US Commissioner of Education). Brief mention, with photo, in The Rotarian, May 1929, p. 19, Google Books. Brief mention: "Education: Commissioner Cooper," Time magazine, March 4, 1929
  • Cooper, William John. 1929. Address to the American Library Association. Brief mention: National Library of Education webpage
  • Cooper, William John. 1929. Some Advantages Expected to Result from Administering Secondary Education in Two Units of Four Years Each. The School Review (May, 1929), vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 335–346
  • Cooper, William John. 1929. Address before the National Education Association (N.E.A.) conference in Atlanta, Georgia, July 1929. Brief mention: Time magazine, July 8, 1929.
  • Cooper, William John. 1929. Some Opportunities for the Junior College. In: Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Junior Colleges, Atlantic City, New Jersey, November 19–20, 1929, pp. 87–94. Google Books
  • Cooper, William John. 1929. Address. In: Proceedings of the twenty-fifth anniversary conference of the National Child Labor Committee, held in New York city December 16–17, 1929. New York, National Child Labor Committee, 1930
  • Cooper, William John. 1930. Commencement address. Myrtilla Miner Teachers College, June 19, 1930.
  • Cooper, William John. 1930. Commencement Address--"Is Teaching a Profession?". State Teachers College, Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, May 27, 1930
  • Cooper, William John. 1930. Address before the National Congress of Parents and Teachers, Denver, Colorado. Brief mention in: Child Welfare--The PTA Magazine, Vol. 25, 1930, p. 50.
  • Cooper, William John. 1930. Address before the second Regional Conference on Home Making, held at Ames, Iowa, November 1930. In: A symposium on home and family life in a changing civilization: addresses delivered at the second Regional Conference on Home Making, held at Ames, Iowa, November 10 and 11, 1930. Bulletin (United States. Office of Education), 1931, no. 5.
  • Cooper, William John. 1930. New Responsibilities of Citizenship. Barnwell address given in Philadelphia
  • Cooper, William John. 1931. "Education as a Vocation," address given at American University, March 5, 1931
  • Cooper, William John. 1931. Address at the dedication of San Diego State College, May 1931. Brief mention: Google Books
  • Cooper, William John. 1931. Commencement address. George Washington University, June 10, 1931
  • Cooper, William John. 1931. Commencement address. American University. June 1, 1931
  • McNeely, John; Ray Lyman Wilbur; and William John Cooper. 1932. Faculty inbreeding in land-grant colleges and universities, Washington DC: US Government Printing Office
  • Cooper, William John. 1932. Commencement address. Sixty-eighth Commencement, Gallaudet College, Tuesday, June 7, 1932, Washington, District of Columbia. Excerpt: "You who of today go out of this college, go out into a world which is less hospitable to college graduates than usual."
  • Betts, Gilbert L; Benjamin W Frazier; Guy C Gamble; William John Cooper. 1932. Selected bibliography on the education of teachers. United States. Office of education. Bulletin, 1933, no. 10, vol. I
  • Cooper, William John. 1932. The Third Commission: International Justice and Education. World Affairs, Vol. 95, No. 1 (June 1932), p. 67
  • Cooper, William John. 1932. "Military Training" (editorial), The Washington Post, Jul 1, 1932, p. 6
  • Cooper, William John. 1932. Our Attitudes Toward Latin America Our Attitudes Toward Latin America, World Affairs, Vol. 95, No. 2 (September 1932), pp. 103–104
  • Cooper, William John. 1932. Nation-wide radio address, given at Alexandria, Virginia, December 14, 1932. Printed in: School Life, Vol. 18, No. 5.
  • Cooper, William John. 1933. The Office of Education. The Scientific Monthly (February 1933), Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 121–130
  • Cooper, William John. 1933. Our Age: Some Implications for Education, The Phi Delta Kappan, Vol. 15, No. 6 (Apr., 1933), pp. 161–164, 175
  • Evenden, E.S.; William John Cooper. 1933. Summary and interpretation, U.S. Office of Education. Bulletin, 1933, no. 10. vol. VI
  • Cooper, William John. 1933. Economy in Education (School Economy Series, Ray Lyman Wilbur, General Editor). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Packard, Bertram E., Ben G. Graham, E. W. Newton, Ralph T. Fisher, R. J. Gorman, Bruce A. Findlay, Howard Pillsbury, W. R. Herstein, William John Cooper, Walter H. Maloney, Daisie L. Short, R. V. Jordan, Willard E. Givens, Richard M. Tobin, Lee H. Driver, Vierling Kersey. 1933. What Are the Practical Values of Music Education? What Are the Practical Values of Music Education? Music Supervisors' Journal, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Mar., 1933), pp. 57–60
  • Cooper, William John. 1933. Address before the Woman's Club of Chevy Chase, January 21, 1933. Excerpt: "We must look at education not as a money return, but to be had as a means to live more fully."
  • Cooper, William John. 1933. Address before the American Association of University Women, May 12, 1933.
  • Cooper, William John. 1934. Address before the Takoma Park Home and School Association, April 24, 1934.
  • Cooper, William John. 1934. Address before the Bethesda Chevy Chase Parent-Teacher Association, October 3, 1934.
  • Cooper, William John. 1935. Commencement address. Harrisonburg State Teachers College, June 10, 1935.
  • Cooper, William John. 1935. Commencement address. James Madison University, June 10, 1935, Harrisonburg, Virginia.

External links

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