WAVE Trust
Encyclopedia
WAVE Trust was formed in 1996 and registered as an international educational charity
with the Charity Commission for England and Wales under Number 1080189 in 1999. The charity is dedicated to reducing the key root cause
s of interpersonal violence
: child neglect
and maltreatment
. The method used is a business strategy
approach to identify and then tackle these problems at root cause level.
WAVE’s fundamental message is that most family violence
and maltreatment can be prevented by known, economically viable programmes to break damaging family cycles. They say their research
identifies and actively promotes UK adoption of global best practice
methods and programmes to address violence, e.g. the Nurse-Family Partnership.
WAVE also says extensive research
highlights the crucial nature of experience from conception to age 3 in the formation of seriously violent personalities, largely because of the sensitive nature of the infant brain during these formative years. Research also identifies two important early conditions as antidotes to the development of violent personalities: attunement between carers and babies, and the development of empathy
in the child.
WAVE cites the research finding that between birth and age 3 the synapses
(or connections) in the infant brain multiply 20 fold, and develop 85% of the human brain
(and that 95% of the brain is developed by age 4). This speed of development causes the brain to be acutely sensitive to environmental experience during the first 3 years of life.
The charity’s reports and articles particularly emphasise the importance of warm, nurturing, loving parenting
in the first 18 months of life when the emotional brain is largely created, and juxtaposes this with statistics showing that age 0-1 is the peak age for physical abuse in the UK. The people most likely to die a violent death are babies under 1 year old, who are four times more likely to be killed than the average person in England
and Wales
.
Although there are many causes of violence, WAVE’s research conclusion
is that child abuse, neglect and witnessing domestic violence are fundamental contributors to later antisocial
, aggressive
or violent behaviour because:
, government departments
, academics
and other voluntary organisations
to improve understanding of the most effective strategies and policies for reducing violence and child maltreatment. The charity also delivers therapeutic programmes for violent offenders in prison and after release.
In 2008 WAVE cooperated with the Centre for Social Justice
and the Smith Institute
to write and publish the booklet Early Intervention: Good Parents, Great Kids, Better Citizens. This publication calls on all political parties
to unite around a long-term commitment to the policy of Early Intervention.
Concerned about the lack of measurable reductions in child maltreatment in the UK over the previous 60 years, in 2009 WAVE created a ‘70/30’ strategy to reduce this by 70% by 2030. This strategy is backed by a number of UK academics, politicians, think tank
s and other charities. In 2010, the Liberal Democrats
pledged support for WAVE's 70/30 strategy in their pre-election manifesto.
s from private individuals.
, physical health, educational performance, wealth generation and antisocial behaviour.
, Liberal Democrat
spokesperson
on children, schools and families in the House of Lords
The Rt Hon Iain Duncan Smith
, Member of Cabinet, holding portfolio of Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
and Former Leader of the UK Conservative Party
General the Lord Ramsbotham
, GCB CBE, Crossbench peer in the House of Lords and Vice-Chair of both the All Party Penal Affairs Group and the All Party Parliamentary Group for Learning & Skills in the Criminal Justice System.
and Chancellor of the University of Derby
Sir Richard Bowlby (son of John Bowlby
) specialises in the impact of early attachment relationships between parents and their young children
, founder and Chief Executive Officer, economist, psychologist and clinical criminologist
Ita Walsh, former Trustee, author of WAVE reports Violence and what to do about it and Working together to reduce serious youth violence
Anthoulla Koutsoudi, company secretary, lawyer
, author of 6 books, including Teaching Peace and Tortured Youth, Children in Violence
Professor Vivette Glover
, Professor of Perinatal Psychobiology at Imperial College London
Kate Quigley, Prison Officer advising WAVE on therapeutic work in prisons
Honor Rhodes, OBE, Director of Strategic Development and Projects, Tavistock Centre for Couple Relationships
Kevin McGrath, chartered surveyor, Founder and Chair of McGrath Charitable Trust, entrepreneur and philanthropist
Commissioned by C4EO to conduct this review which also formed the basis for their report 'Grasping the nettle: early intervention for children, families and communities'
WAVE REPORT 2005: Violence and what to do about it
The culmination of the charity’s first 9 years of research.
Working Together to Reduce Serious Youth Violence
Report on London Conference in November 2007.
Early Intervention: Good Parents, Great Kids, Better Citizens
WAVE-drafted 2008 joint party booklet.
Charitable organization
A charitable organization is a type of non-profit organization . It differs from other types of NPOs in that it centers on philanthropic goals A charitable organization is a type of non-profit organization (NPO). It differs from other types of NPOs in that it centers on philanthropic goals A...
with the Charity Commission for England and Wales under Number 1080189 in 1999. The charity is dedicated to reducing the key root cause
Root cause
A root cause is rarely an initiating cause of a causal chain which leads to an outcome or effect of interest. Commonly, root cause is misused to describe the depth in the causal chain where an intervention could reasonably be implemented to change performance and prevent an undesirable outcome.In...
s of interpersonal violence
Violence
Violence is the use of physical force to apply a state to others contrary to their wishes. violence, while often a stand-alone issue, is often the culmination of other kinds of conflict, e.g...
: child neglect
Child neglect
Child neglect is defined as:# "the failure of a person responsible for a child’s care and upbringing to safeguard the child’s emotional and physical health and general well-being"...
and maltreatment
Child abuse
Child abuse is the physical, sexual, emotional mistreatment, or neglect of a child. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Department of Children And Families define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or...
. The method used is a business strategy
Strategic management
Strategic management is a field that deals with the major intended and emergent initiatives taken by general managers on behalf of owners, involving utilization of resources, to enhance the performance of firms in their external environments...
approach to identify and then tackle these problems at root cause level.
WAVE’s fundamental message is that most family violence
Domestic violence
Domestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence , is broadly defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation...
and maltreatment can be prevented by known, economically viable programmes to break damaging family cycles. They say their research
Research
Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method...
identifies and actively promotes UK adoption of global best practice
Best practice
A best practice is a method or technique that has consistently shown results superior to those achieved with other means, and that is used as a benchmark...
methods and programmes to address violence, e.g. the Nurse-Family Partnership.
WAVE also says extensive research
Research
Research can be defined as the scientific search for knowledge, or as any systematic investigation, to establish novel facts, solve new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new theories, usually using a scientific method...
highlights the crucial nature of experience from conception to age 3 in the formation of seriously violent personalities, largely because of the sensitive nature of the infant brain during these formative years. Research also identifies two important early conditions as antidotes to the development of violent personalities: attunement between carers and babies, and the development of empathy
Empathy
Empathy is the capacity to recognize and, to some extent, share feelings that are being experienced by another sapient or semi-sapient being. Someone may need to have a certain amount of empathy before they are able to feel compassion. The English word was coined in 1909 by E.B...
in the child.
WAVE strategies to reduce violence and child abuse
- Identify the root causes of child abuseChild abuseChild abuse is the physical, sexual, emotional mistreatment, or neglect of a child. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Department of Children And Families define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or...
and violence. - Find the most effectiveEffectivenessEffectiveness is the capability of producing a desired result. When something is deemed effective, it means it has an intended or expected outcome, or produces a deep, vivid impression.-Etymology:...
methodMethodMethod may refer to:* Scientific method, a series of steps taken to acquire knowledge* Method , a piece of code associated with a class or object to perform a task...
s known to address these root causes. - Promote the adoption of these proven methods.
WAVE cites the research finding that between birth and age 3 the synapses
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie...
(or connections) in the infant brain multiply 20 fold, and develop 85% of the human brain
Human brain
The human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...
(and that 95% of the brain is developed by age 4). This speed of development causes the brain to be acutely sensitive to environmental experience during the first 3 years of life.
The charity’s reports and articles particularly emphasise the importance of warm, nurturing, loving parenting
Parenting
Parenting is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood...
in the first 18 months of life when the emotional brain is largely created, and juxtaposes this with statistics showing that age 0-1 is the peak age for physical abuse in the UK. The people most likely to die a violent death are babies under 1 year old, who are four times more likely to be killed than the average person in England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
and Wales
Wales
Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km²...
.
Although there are many causes of violence, WAVE’s research conclusion
Conclusion
-Logic:*Logical consequence*Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise, a logical fallacy-Music:*Conclusion , the end of a musical composition*The Conclusion, an album by Bombshell Rocks*Conclusion of an Age, an album by the band Sylosis...
is that child abuse, neglect and witnessing domestic violence are fundamental contributors to later antisocial
Anti-social behaviour
Anti-social behaviour is behaviour that lacks consideration for others and that may cause damage to society, whether intentionally or through negligence, as opposed to pro-social behaviour, behaviour that helps or benefits society...
, aggressive
Aggression
In psychology, as well as other social and behavioral sciences, aggression refers to behavior between members of the same species that is intended to cause humiliation, pain, or harm. Ferguson and Beaver defined aggressive behavior as "Behavior which is intended to increase the social dominance of...
or violent behaviour because:
- Patterns of behaviour are adopted very early in life. Many children who are abused or neglected learn that the world is a cruelCrueltyCruelty can be described as indifference to suffering, and even positive pleasure in inflicting it. If this is supported by a legal or social framework, then receives the name of perversion. Sadism can also be related to this form of action or concept....
place and act accordingly. - Antisocial behaviour is difficult to change – once adopted, this character trait is strong and often leads to adult violence.
- This pattern of violence is then repeated within the family as the antisocial / aggressive adults go on to raise their own children.
WAVE's key recommendations
- ImplementImplementationImplementation is the realization of an application, or execution of a plan, idea, model, design, specification, standard, algorithm, or policy.-Computer Science:...
a focused primary prevention strategy (i.e. intervening before rather than after damage takes place) for at-risk children aged 0–3 - Set up a National Early Prevention Agency to co-ordinate, fund and drive a strategy to prevent Adverse Childhood Experiences.
- No child should leave school without receiving fundamental training in how to ‘attune’ with babies and to parent in a non-violent manner. An example of a programme to do this is Roots of EmpathyRoots of EmpathyRoots of Empathy is an evidence-based classroom program that has shown dramatic effect in reducing levels of aggression among schoolchildren by raising social/emotional competence and increasing empathy. The program reaches elementary schoolchildren from Kindergarten to Grade 8...
. - During a first pregnancyPregnancyPregnancy refers to the fertilization and development of one or more offspring, known as a fetus or embryo, in a woman's uterus. In a pregnancy, there can be multiple gestations, as in the case of twins or triplets...
, every mother- and father-to-be should receive supportive coaching on how to ‘attune’ with babies, how to ensure the child's successful emotional development and how to parent in a non-violent manner. An example of this type of support is offered by the programme First Steps in Parenting. - Babies in at-risk families should be monitored during their first three years, with the parents receiving regular visits by specially trained Health VisitorsHealth visitorHealth visitors are UK community health nurses who have undertaken further training to work as part of a primary health care team. As their name suggests, their role is to promote mental, physical and social well-being in the community by giving advice and support to families in all age groups...
who provide practical encouragement and support e.g. Nurse Family Partnership. - Violent individuals entering legal/prison systems, whether adults or children, should be assessed for Posttraumatic stress disorder and, if diagnosed, steps taken to heal the condition.
Activities
WAVE works with policePolice
The police is a personification of the state designated to put in practice the enforced law, protect property and reduce civil disorder in civilian matters. Their powers include the legitimized use of force...
, government departments
Ministry (government department)
A ministry is a specialised organisation responsible for a sector of government public administration, sometimes led by a minister or a senior public servant, that can have responsibility for one or more departments, agencies, bureaus, commissions or other smaller executive, advisory, managerial or...
, academics
Academia
Academia is the community of students and scholars engaged in higher education and research.-Etymology:The word comes from the akademeia in ancient Greece. Outside the city walls of Athens, the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning...
and other voluntary organisations
Voluntary association
A voluntary association or union is a group of individuals who enter into an agreement as volunteers to form a body to accomplish a purpose.Strictly speaking, in many jurisdictions no formalities are necessary to start an association...
to improve understanding of the most effective strategies and policies for reducing violence and child maltreatment. The charity also delivers therapeutic programmes for violent offenders in prison and after release.
In 2008 WAVE cooperated with the Centre for Social Justice
Centre for Social Justice
The Centre for Social Justice is an independent, not-for-profit thinktank set up by the Rt. Hon Iain Duncan Smith MP, to advance the education of the public in the subject of social justice and to promote the role of the voluntary sector...
and the Smith Institute
Smith Institute
The Smith Institute is a left-wing think tank in the United Kingdom. It was founded in memory of the late John Smith QC MP, former Leader of the Labour Party....
to write and publish the booklet Early Intervention: Good Parents, Great Kids, Better Citizens. This publication calls on all political parties
Political Parties
Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy is a book by sociologist Robert Michels, published in 1911 , and first introducing the concept of iron law of oligarchy...
to unite around a long-term commitment to the policy of Early Intervention.
Concerned about the lack of measurable reductions in child maltreatment in the UK over the previous 60 years, in 2009 WAVE created a ‘70/30’ strategy to reduce this by 70% by 2030. This strategy is backed by a number of UK academics, politicians, think tank
Think tank
A think tank is an organization that conducts research and engages in advocacy in areas such as social policy, political strategy, economics, military, and technology issues. Most think tanks are non-profit organizations, which some countries such as the United States and Canada provide with tax...
s and other charities. In 2010, the Liberal Democrats
Liberal Democrats
The Liberal Democrats are a social liberal political party in the United Kingdom which supports constitutional and electoral reform, progressive taxation, wealth taxation, human rights laws, cultural liberalism, banking reform and civil liberties .The party was formed in 1988 by a merger of the...
pledged support for WAVE's 70/30 strategy in their pre-election manifesto.
Funding
WAVE’s funding comes from national and local government bodies, police forces, foundations and trusts, as well as donationDonation
A donation is a gift given by physical or legal persons, typically for charitable purposes and/or to benefit a cause. A donation may take various forms, including cash, services, new or used goods including clothing, toys, food, and vehicles...
s from private individuals.
Not just violence
WAVE’s more recent research, following the publication of Violence and what to do about it, shows that child maltreatment also underlies subsequent problems with mental healthMental health
Mental health describes either a level of cognitive or emotional well-being or an absence of a mental disorder. From perspectives of the discipline of positive psychology or holism mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and...
, physical health, educational performance, wealth generation and antisocial behaviour.
Patrons
Baroness WalmsleyJoan Walmsley, Baroness Walmsley
Joan Margaret Walmsley, Baroness Walmsley is a British Liberal Democrat politician. She is currently the party spokesperson on Children, Schools and Families in the House of Lords....
, Liberal Democrat
Liberal Democrats
The Liberal Democrats are a social liberal political party in the United Kingdom which supports constitutional and electoral reform, progressive taxation, wealth taxation, human rights laws, cultural liberalism, banking reform and civil liberties .The party was formed in 1988 by a merger of the...
spokesperson
Spokesman
A spokesperson or spokesman or spokeswoman is someone engaged or elected to speak on behalf of others.In the present media-sensitive world, many organizations are increasingly likely to employ professionals who have received formal training in journalism, communications, public relations and...
on children, schools and families in the House of Lords
House of Lords
The House of Lords is the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Like the House of Commons, it meets in the Palace of Westminster....
The Rt Hon Iain Duncan Smith
Iain Duncan Smith
George Iain Duncan Smith is a British Conservative politician. He is currently the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and was previously leader of the Conservative Party from September 2001 to October 2003...
, Member of Cabinet, holding portfolio of Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
The Secretary of State for Work and Pensions is a post in the British Cabinet, responsible for the Department for Work and Pensions. It was created on 8 June 2001 by the merger of the Employment part of the Department for Education and Employment and the Department of Social Security.The Ministry...
and Former Leader of the UK Conservative Party
Conservative Party (UK)
The Conservative Party, formally the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to the philosophies of conservatism and British unionism. It is the largest political party in the UK, and is currently the largest single party in the House...
General the Lord Ramsbotham
David Ramsbotham, Baron Ramsbotham
General David John Ramsbotham, Baron Ramsbotham GCB CBE is a retired British Army officer, who later served as Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons...
, GCB CBE, Crossbench peer in the House of Lords and Vice-Chair of both the All Party Penal Affairs Group and the All Party Parliamentary Group for Learning & Skills in the Criminal Justice System.
Strategic advisers
Sir Christopher Ball, formerly Warden of Keble College, OxfordKeble College, Oxford
Keble College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Its main buildings are on Parks Road, opposite the University Museum and the University Parks. The college is bordered to the north by Keble Road, to the south by Museum Road, and to the west by Blackhall...
and Chancellor of the University of Derby
University of Derby
The University of Derby is a university in the city of Derby, England. The main site is on Kedleston Road, Allestree in the north-west of Derby close to the A38 opposite Markeaton Park...
Sir Richard Bowlby (son of John Bowlby
John Bowlby
Edward John Mostyn "John" Bowlby was a British psychologist, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, notable for his interest in child development and for his pioneering work in attachment theory.- Family background :...
) specialises in the impact of early attachment relationships between parents and their young children
Senior Officers
George HoskingGeorge Hosking
George Hosking, Quaker, economist, accountant, psychologist and Clinical Criminologist, founded WAVE Trust in 1996.-Background:Hosking has been successful in taking WAVE Trust from a small organization chatting about how to tackle the root causes of violence in internet chat rooms, to being WAVE...
, founder and Chief Executive Officer, economist, psychologist and clinical criminologist
Ita Walsh, former Trustee, author of WAVE reports Violence and what to do about it and Working together to reduce serious youth violence
Anthoulla Koutsoudi, company secretary, lawyer
Trustees
Jan ArnowJan Arnow
Jan Arnow is most commonly known for her work as the founder and director of the Institute for Intercultural Understanding, the No More Violence Project, and the Stand and Be Counted group, but she is also the author eight published books, a teacher, activist, artist, and mother of three.-About...
, author of 6 books, including Teaching Peace and Tortured Youth, Children in Violence
Professor Vivette Glover
Vivette Glover
Vivette Glover is a British Professor of Perinatal Psychobiology at Imperial College London. She studies the effects of stress in pregnancy on the development of the fetus and child....
, Professor of Perinatal Psychobiology at Imperial College London
Kate Quigley, Prison Officer advising WAVE on therapeutic work in prisons
Honor Rhodes, OBE, Director of Strategic Development and Projects, Tavistock Centre for Couple Relationships
Kevin McGrath, chartered surveyor, Founder and Chair of McGrath Charitable Trust, entrepreneur and philanthropist
WAVE key publications
WAVE REPORT 2010: International experience of early intervention for children, young people and their familiesCommissioned by C4EO to conduct this review which also formed the basis for their report 'Grasping the nettle: early intervention for children, families and communities'
WAVE REPORT 2005: Violence and what to do about it
The culmination of the charity’s first 9 years of research.
Working Together to Reduce Serious Youth Violence
Report on London Conference in November 2007.
Early Intervention: Good Parents, Great Kids, Better Citizens
WAVE-drafted 2008 joint party booklet.
See also
- Attachment theoryAttachment theoryAttachment theory describes the dynamics of long-term relationships between humans. Its most important tenet is that an infant needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally. Attachment theory is an interdisciplinary study...
- Child abuseChild abuseChild abuse is the physical, sexual, emotional mistreatment, or neglect of a child. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Department of Children And Families define child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or...
- Child Development IndexChild Development IndexThe Child Development Index is an index combining performance measures specific to children - education, health and nutrition - to produce a score on a scale of 0 to 100. A zero score would be the best...
- Complex post-traumatic stress disorderComplex post-traumatic stress disorderComplex post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychological injury that results from protracted exposure to prolonged social and/or interpersonal trauma with lack or loss of control, disempowerment, and in the context of either captivity or entrapment, i.e. the lack of a viable escape route for the...
- Cinderella effectCinderella EffectThe Cinderella effect is a term used by psychologists to describe the high incidence of stepchildren being physically abused, emotionally abused, sexually abused, neglected, murdered, or otherwise mistreated at the hands of their stepparents at significantly higher rates than at the hands of their...
- Domestic violenceDomestic violenceDomestic violence, also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, and intimate partner violence , is broadly defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, or cohabitation...
- Emotional dysregulationEmotional dysregulationEmotional dysregulation is a term used in the mental health community to refer to an emotional response that is poorly modulated, and does not fall within the conventionally accepted range of emotive response...
- International Save the Children AllianceInternational Save the Children AllianceThe International Save The Children Alliance is a worldwide non-profit organisation which aims to improve the living of children. There are 27 Save the Children member organisations around the world....
- Karim Khan Zand / Zand DynastyZand dynastyThe Zand dynasty ruled southern and central Iran in the 18th century.- Karim Khan Zand :The dynasty was founded by Karim Khan, chief of the Zand tribe which was Lur or Lak deportees. Modern scholarships such as Wadie Jwaideh suggested his Kurdishness. He became one of Nader Shah's generals...
in so far as it refers to George HoskingGeorge HoskingGeorge Hosking, Quaker, economist, accountant, psychologist and Clinical Criminologist, founded WAVE Trust in 1996.-Background:Hosking has been successful in taking WAVE Trust from a small organization chatting about how to tackle the root causes of violence in internet chat rooms, to being WAVE... - PedophiliaPedophiliaAs a medical diagnosis, pedophilia is defined as a psychiatric disorder in adults or late adolescents typically characterized by a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children...
- Sociology of the familySociology of the familyThe Sociology of the family examines the family, as an institution and a unit of socialisation, through various sociological perspectives, particularly with regard to the relationship between the nuclear family and industrial capitalism, and the distinct gender roles and concepts of childhood which...
- Youth studiesYouth studiesYouth studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of the development, history, culture, psychology, and politics of youth. The field studies not only specific cultures of young people, but also their relationships, roles and responsibilities throughout the larger societies...
External links
- The WAVE Trust website - please note that this has recently been given a substantial overhaul and improvement
- PDF of The WAVE Report 2005
- Child Psychotherapy Trust provides information on children's emotional development, behaviour and relationships from birth to adulthood
- Child Abuse Prevention Network is the Internet Nerve Center for professionals in the field of child abuse and neglect
- Children's Defense Fund Their mission is to Leave No Child Behind and to ensure every child a Healthy Start, a Head Start, a Fair Start, a Safe Start, and a Moral Start in life and successful passage to adulthood with the help of caring families and communities
- Committee for Children is a leader in social and emotional learning and violence prevention
- Some Things You Should Know About the Effects of Violence on Children original source of the document in the Preventing Violence section of this site
- RAND report on the prevention of youth violence: this report suggests that some approaches to preventing criminal careers look promising enough to warrant more extensive demonstration
- PITT mother and child project is an ongoing longitudinal study of child development. This site offers the opportunity to learn more about the results of their study