Tuyuhun
Encyclopedia
The Tuyuhun Kingdom was a powerful kingdom established by nomadic tribes related to the Xianbei
in the Qilian Mountains and upper Yellow River
valley.
, nomadic groups were led by their Khan, Tuyuhun, to the rich pasture lands around Lake Koko Nur about the middle of the 3rd century CE.
Murong Tuyuhun (慕容吐谷渾) was the older brother of the Former Yan
's ancestor Murong Hui
and elder son of the Chanyu
Murong Shegui (慕容涉歸) of the Murong
Xianbei who took his people from their original settlements on the Liaodong Peninsula to the region of the Yin Mountains
, crossing the Yellow River
between 307 and 313, and into the eastern region of modern Qinghai
.
The Tuyuhun Empire was established in 284 by subjugating the native peoples referred to as the Qiang
, including more than 100 different and loosely coordinated tribes that did not submit to each other or any authority.
After Tuyuhun died in Linxia, Gansu in 317, his sixty sons further expanded the empire by defeating the Western Qin
(385-430) and Xia
(407-431) kingdoms. The Qinghai Xianbei, Tufa Xianbei, Qifu Xianbei and Haolian Xianbei joined them. They moved their capital 6 km west of Koko Nur.
After the Jin elevated their status by conferring on their ruler the old Xiongnu
title of chanyu, in 281, they were ruled, from 285, by Murong Hui for five decades. These Xianbei groups formed the core of the Tuyuhun Empire and numbered about 3.3 million at their peak. They carried out extensive military expeditions westward, reaching as far as Hetian in Xinjiang
and the borders of Kashmir
and Afghanistan
, and established a vast empire that encompassed Qinghai
, Gansu
, Ningxia
, northern Sichuan
, eastern Shaanxi
, southern Xinjiang
, and most of Tibet
, stretching 1,500 kilometers from east to west and 1,000 kilometers from north to south. They unified northwest China for the first time in history, developed the southern route of the Silk Road
, and promoted cultural exchange between the eastern and western territories, dominating the northwest for more than three and half centuries until the Empire was destroyed by the Tibetans
. The Tuyuhun Empire existed as an independent Kingdom outside of China and was not included as part of Chinese historiography
.
the Tuyuhun empire came to a gradual decline and was increasingly caught in the conflict between China and Tibet. Because the Tuyuhun controlled the crucial trade routes between east and the west, the empire became the immediate target of invasion by the Tang.
The Tibetan Empire
developed rapidly under the leadership of Songtsän Gampo who united the Tibetans and expanded northward, directly threatening the Tuyhun Empire. Soon after he took the throne of the Yarlung
kingdom in Central Tibet in 634, he defeated the Tuyuhun near Koko Nur and received an envoy from the Tang The Tibetan King requested marriage to a Chinese princess but was refused. In 635-6 the Tang Emperor again attacked and defeated the Tuyuhun. After this campaign, and another defeat of his forces, the Chinese emperor agreed to provide a Chinese princess to Songtsän Gampo, although later historians are unsure whether she actually married Songtsän Gampo who would have been very old at the time..
The exiled Tuyuhun Khan, Dayan, submitted to the Tibetan ruler, who claimed that the Tuyuhun objected to his marriage with the Tang and sent 200,000 troops to attack. The Tuyuhun troops retreated to Qinghai
, whereas the Tibetans went eastward to attack Dangxiang and reached into southern Gansu. The Tang Government was shocked and sent five troops to fight. Although the Tibetans withdrew in response, the Tuyuhun Empire lost much of its territory in southern Gansu.
The Tuyuhun Government was split between the pro-Tang and pro-Tibet fractions, with the latter increasingly becoming stronger and collaborated with Tibet to bring about an invasion. The Tang sent general Xue Rengui
to lead 100,000 troops to fight Tibet in Dafeichuan (present Gonghe County
in Qinghai). They were annihilated by the ambush of 200,000 troops led by Dayan and the Tibetans, which was the biggest debacle in the Tang history and formally brought the Tuyuhun Empire to an end.
on the eastern side of the Qilian Mountains and increasingly migrated eastward into central China, whereas the Western Kingdom existed under the leadership of the former exile Khan Dayan. As the An Shi Rebellion
shook up the Tang Court and caused its emperor to flee, Tibet overtook the entire territory of the Tuyuhun. Internal turmoil developed within the Tibetan government and massive revolts brought an end to its ruling.
Through this period, the Xianbei underwent massive diasporas over a vast territory that stretched from the northwest into central and eastern parts of China, with the greatest concentrations by Mt. Yin near Ordos
. In 946, the Shatuo Turk, Liu Zhiyuan, conspired to murder the highest Xianbei leader, Bai Chengfu, who was reportedly so wealthy that “his horses had silver mangers”. With the looted wealth that included an abundance of property and thousands of fine horses, Liu established the Later Han Dynasty (Five Dynasties)
(947-950), which lasted only four years and became the shortest dynasty in Chinese history. The incident took away the central leadership and stripped the opportunity for the Xianbei to restore the Tuyuhun Kingdom, although later they were able to establish the Western Xia
(1038-1227), which was destroyed by the Mongols.
, and the Southern Dynasties
) and other steppe tribes such as the Rouran
and Tiele
, the Tuyuhun acted as envoys and traders, while many Buddhist
missionaries and travelers crossed their country.
When the Chinese pilgrim monk, Songyun, visited the region in 518 CE he noted that the people had a written language, which was more than a hundred years before Thonmi Sambhota
is said to have returned from India after developing a script for writing the Tibetan language.
The modern Monguor people are said to be descendants of the Tuyuhun.
Xianbei
The Xianbei were a significant Mongolic nomadic people residing in Manchuria, Inner Mongolia and eastern Mongolia. The title “Khan” was first used among the Xianbei.-Origins:...
in the Qilian Mountains and upper Yellow River
Yellow River
The Yellow River or Huang He, formerly known as the Hwang Ho, is the second-longest river in China and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of . Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai Province in western China, it flows through nine provinces of China and empties into...
valley.
History
After the disintegration of the Xianbei stateXianbei state
The Xianbei state or Xianbei confederation was a nomadic confederation existed in northern Manchuria and eastern Mongolia from 93 to 234 AD. They descended from the Donghu and spoke a Mongolic language....
, nomadic groups were led by their Khan, Tuyuhun, to the rich pasture lands around Lake Koko Nur about the middle of the 3rd century CE.
Murong Tuyuhun (慕容吐谷渾) was the older brother of the Former Yan
Former Yan
The Former Yan was a state of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China.Initially, Murong Huang and his son Murong Jun claimed the Jin Dynasty -created title "Prince of Yan," but subsequently, in 352, after seizing most of the former Later Zhao territory, Murong Juan would...
's ancestor Murong Hui
Murong Hui
Murong Hui , Xianbei chief and Duke Xiang of Liaodong, posthumously honored as Prince Wuxuan of Yan.Murong Hui had initially been a Xianbei chief who fought Jin forces during the late reign of Emperor Wu of Jin, Jin's founding emperor, but he submitted as a Jin vassal in 289...
and elder son of the Chanyu
Chanyu
Chanyu , was the title used by the nomadic supreme rulers of Middle and Central Asia for 8 centuries, starting...
Murong Shegui (慕容涉歸) of the Murong
Murong
Murong refers to an ethnic Xianbei tribe who are a Mongolic people attested from the time of Tanshihuai . Different strands of evidence exist linking the Murong to the language family of Mongols. Murong is also a Chinese surname...
Xianbei who took his people from their original settlements on the Liaodong Peninsula to the region of the Yin Mountains
Yin Mountains
The Yin Mountains are mountains in the steppe forming the southern border of the eastern Gobi Desert of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, as well as the northern part of Hebei province....
, crossing the Yellow River
Yellow River
The Yellow River or Huang He, formerly known as the Hwang Ho, is the second-longest river in China and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of . Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai Province in western China, it flows through nine provinces of China and empties into...
between 307 and 313, and into the eastern region of modern Qinghai
Qinghai
Qinghai ; Oirat Mongolian: ; ; Salar:) is a province of the People's Republic of China, named after Qinghai Lake...
.
The Tuyuhun Empire was established in 284 by subjugating the native peoples referred to as the Qiang
Qiang
The Qiang people are an ethnic group of China. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, with a population of approximately 200,000, living mainly in northwestern part of Sichuan province....
, including more than 100 different and loosely coordinated tribes that did not submit to each other or any authority.
After Tuyuhun died in Linxia, Gansu in 317, his sixty sons further expanded the empire by defeating the Western Qin
Western Qin
The Western Qin was a state of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. Note that the Western Qin is entirely distinct from the ancient Qin Dynasty, the Former Qin, and the Later Qin....
(385-430) and Xia
Xia
Xia may refer to:*Xia , a Chinese philosophy similar to the chivalrous code of European knights*Xia Dynasty, Chinese dynasty, ca...
(407-431) kingdoms. The Qinghai Xianbei, Tufa Xianbei, Qifu Xianbei and Haolian Xianbei joined them. They moved their capital 6 km west of Koko Nur.
After the Jin elevated their status by conferring on their ruler the old Xiongnu
Xiongnu
The Xiongnu were ancient nomadic-based people that formed a state or confederation north of the agriculture-based empire of the Han Dynasty. Most of the information on the Xiongnu comes from Chinese sources...
title of chanyu, in 281, they were ruled, from 285, by Murong Hui for five decades. These Xianbei groups formed the core of the Tuyuhun Empire and numbered about 3.3 million at their peak. They carried out extensive military expeditions westward, reaching as far as Hetian in Xinjiang
Xinjiang
Xinjiang is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2...
and the borders of Kashmir
Kashmir
Kashmir is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range...
and Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of , making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world...
, and established a vast empire that encompassed Qinghai
Qinghai
Qinghai ; Oirat Mongolian: ; ; Salar:) is a province of the People's Republic of China, named after Qinghai Lake...
, Gansu
Gansu
' is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China.It lies between the Tibetan and Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia to the north, Xinjiang and Qinghai to the west, Sichuan to the south, and Shaanxi to the east...
, Ningxia
Ningxia
Ningxia, formerly transliterated as Ningsia, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Located in Northwest China, on the Loess Plateau, the Yellow River flows through this vast area of land. The Great Wall of China runs along its northeastern boundary...
, northern Sichuan
Sichuan
' , known formerly in the West by its postal map spellings of Szechwan or Szechuan is a province in Southwest China with its capital in Chengdu...
, eastern Shaanxi
Shaanxi
' is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province...
, southern Xinjiang
Xinjiang
Xinjiang is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2...
, and most of Tibet
Tibet
Tibet is a plateau region in Asia, north-east of the Himalayas. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpas, Qiang, and Lhobas, and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han and Hui people...
, stretching 1,500 kilometers from east to west and 1,000 kilometers from north to south. They unified northwest China for the first time in history, developed the southern route of the Silk Road
Silk Road
The Silk Road or Silk Route refers to a historical network of interlinking trade routes across the Afro-Eurasian landmass that connected East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean and European world, as well as parts of North and East Africa...
, and promoted cultural exchange between the eastern and western territories, dominating the northwest for more than three and half centuries until the Empire was destroyed by the Tibetans
Tibetan Empire
The historic name for the Tibetan Empire is different from Tibet's present name.Traditional Tibetan history preserves a lengthy list of rulers, whose exploits become subject to external verification in the Chinese histories by the seventh century. From the 7th to the 11th century a series of...
. The Tuyuhun Empire existed as an independent Kingdom outside of China and was not included as part of Chinese historiography
Chinese historiography
Chinese historiography refers to the study of methods and assumptions made in studying Chinese history.-History of Chinese Historians:Record of Chinese history dated back to the Shang Dynasty. The Classic of History, one of the Five Classics of Chinese classic texts is one of the earliest...
.
Conflict between the Tang and Tibetan empires
In the beginning of the Tang DynastyTang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire...
the Tuyuhun empire came to a gradual decline and was increasingly caught in the conflict between China and Tibet. Because the Tuyuhun controlled the crucial trade routes between east and the west, the empire became the immediate target of invasion by the Tang.
The Tibetan Empire
Tibetan Empire
The historic name for the Tibetan Empire is different from Tibet's present name.Traditional Tibetan history preserves a lengthy list of rulers, whose exploits become subject to external verification in the Chinese histories by the seventh century. From the 7th to the 11th century a series of...
developed rapidly under the leadership of Songtsän Gampo who united the Tibetans and expanded northward, directly threatening the Tuyhun Empire. Soon after he took the throne of the Yarlung
Yarlung
Yarlung can refer to:*Yarlung Kingdom, see also: Tibetan empire*Yarlung Dynasty, see also: List of emperors of Tibet*Yarlung Valley, formed by the Yarlung River and refers especially to the district where it joins with the Chongye River, and broadens out into a large plain about 2 km wide, before...
kingdom in Central Tibet in 634, he defeated the Tuyuhun near Koko Nur and received an envoy from the Tang The Tibetan King requested marriage to a Chinese princess but was refused. In 635-6 the Tang Emperor again attacked and defeated the Tuyuhun. After this campaign, and another defeat of his forces, the Chinese emperor agreed to provide a Chinese princess to Songtsän Gampo, although later historians are unsure whether she actually married Songtsän Gampo who would have been very old at the time..
The exiled Tuyuhun Khan, Dayan, submitted to the Tibetan ruler, who claimed that the Tuyuhun objected to his marriage with the Tang and sent 200,000 troops to attack. The Tuyuhun troops retreated to Qinghai
Qinghai
Qinghai ; Oirat Mongolian: ; ; Salar:) is a province of the People's Republic of China, named after Qinghai Lake...
, whereas the Tibetans went eastward to attack Dangxiang and reached into southern Gansu. The Tang Government was shocked and sent five troops to fight. Although the Tibetans withdrew in response, the Tuyuhun Empire lost much of its territory in southern Gansu.
The Tuyuhun Government was split between the pro-Tang and pro-Tibet fractions, with the latter increasingly becoming stronger and collaborated with Tibet to bring about an invasion. The Tang sent general Xue Rengui
Xue rengui
Xue Ren'gui , formal name Xue Li but went by the courtesy name of Rengui, was one of the most famous Chinese generals during the early Tang Dynasty, due to references to him in popular literature...
to lead 100,000 troops to fight Tibet in Dafeichuan (present Gonghe County
Gonghe County
Gonghe County is a county of Qinghai Province, China. It is under the administration of Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture....
in Qinghai). They were annihilated by the ambush of 200,000 troops led by Dayan and the Tibetans, which was the biggest debacle in the Tang history and formally brought the Tuyuhun Empire to an end.
Disintegration
After its fall, the Tuyuhun Empire split into an Eastern and Western Kingdom. The Eastern Kingdom was led by Murong NuoheboMurong Nuohebo
Murong Nuohebo , regal title Wudiyebaledou Khan or, in short, Ledou Khan , Tang Dynasty noble title Prince of Qinghai , was the last khan of the Xianbei/Qiang/Tibetan state Tuyuhun...
on the eastern side of the Qilian Mountains and increasingly migrated eastward into central China, whereas the Western Kingdom existed under the leadership of the former exile Khan Dayan. As the An Shi Rebellion
An Shi Rebellion
The An Lushan Rebellion took place in China during the Tang Dynasty from CE December 16, 755 to CE February 17, 763, beginning when general An Lushan declared himself emperor, establishing the rival Yan Dynasty in Northern China...
shook up the Tang Court and caused its emperor to flee, Tibet overtook the entire territory of the Tuyuhun. Internal turmoil developed within the Tibetan government and massive revolts brought an end to its ruling.
Through this period, the Xianbei underwent massive diasporas over a vast territory that stretched from the northwest into central and eastern parts of China, with the greatest concentrations by Mt. Yin near Ordos
Ordos
-Places:*Ordos Loop of the Yellow River, a region of China*Ordos Desert, in Inner Mongolia*Ordos City, city and district in Inner Mongolia*Ordos International Circuit, a race track in Ordos City.-People:...
. In 946, the Shatuo Turk, Liu Zhiyuan, conspired to murder the highest Xianbei leader, Bai Chengfu, who was reportedly so wealthy that “his horses had silver mangers”. With the looted wealth that included an abundance of property and thousands of fine horses, Liu established the Later Han Dynasty (Five Dynasties)
Later Han Dynasty (Five Dynasties)
The Later Han Dynasty was founded in 947. It was the fourth of the Five Dynasties and the third consecutive Shatuo Turk dynasty...
(947-950), which lasted only four years and became the shortest dynasty in Chinese history. The incident took away the central leadership and stripped the opportunity for the Xianbei to restore the Tuyuhun Kingdom, although later they were able to establish the Western Xia
Western Xia
The Western Xia Dynasty or the Tangut Empire, was known to the Tanguts and the Tibetans as Minyak.The state existed from 1038 to 1227 AD in what are now the northwestern Chinese provinces of Ningxia, Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northern Shaanxi, northeastern Xinjiang, southwest Inner Mongolia, and...
(1038-1227), which was destroyed by the Mongols.
Culture
The Tuyuhun people were experts in horse breeding and also practiced agriculture. As a realm just between the Chinese empires in the east (Northern WeiNorthern Wei
The Northern Wei Dynasty , also known as the Tuoba Wei , Later Wei , or Yuan Wei , was a dynasty which ruled northern China from 386 to 534 . It has been described as "part of an era of political turbulence and intense social and cultural change"...
, and the Southern Dynasties
Southern dynasties
The Southern dynasties comprise the Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty, whose capital were at Jiankang , and Emperor Yuan of Liang, as well as the later Western Liang emperors , also set their...
) and other steppe tribes such as the Rouran
Rouran
Rouran , Mongolia name Jujan or Nirun Ruanruan/Ruru , Tan Tan , Juan-Juan or Zhu-Zhuwas the name of a confederation of nomadic tribes on the northern borders of Inner China from the late 4th century until the middle 6th century...
and Tiele
Tiele people
The Tiele or Tele , were a confederation of nine Turkic peoples living to the north of China and in Central Asia, emerging after the disintegration of the Xiongnu confederacy...
, the Tuyuhun acted as envoys and traders, while many Buddhist
Buddhism
Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha . The Buddha lived and taught in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th...
missionaries and travelers crossed their country.
When the Chinese pilgrim monk, Songyun, visited the region in 518 CE he noted that the people had a written language, which was more than a hundred years before Thonmi Sambhota
Thonmi Sambhota
Thonmi Sambhota [bhrahmi samhita; localized form of ]is traditionally regarded as the creator of the Tibetan script and author of the Sum cu pa and Rtags kyi 'jug pa in the 7th century AD. Thonmi Sambhota is not mentioned in any of the Old Tibetan Annals or other ancient texts, although the Annals...
is said to have returned from India after developing a script for writing the Tibetan language.
The modern Monguor people are said to be descendants of the Tuyuhun.
Rulers
| Regal names | Family names and given name Chinese name Personal names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Most noticeably, a Chinese name is written with the family name first and the given name next, therefore "John-Paul Smith" as a Chinese name would be "Smith John-Paul"... | Durations of reigns |
|---|---|---|
| Henan Wang (河南王) | 慕容吐谷渾 Mùróng Tǔyùhún | 284 284 Year 284 was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Carinus and Numerianus... -317 317 Year 317 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallicanus and Bassus... |
| Henan Wang (河南王) | 慕容吐延 Mùróng Tǔyán | 317 317 Year 317 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallicanus and Bassus... -329 329 Year 329 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Constatntinus and Constantinus... |
| Tuyuhun Wang (吐谷渾王) | 慕容葉延 Mùróng Yèyán | 329 329 Year 329 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Constatntinus and Constantinus... -351 351 Year 351 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Magnentius and Gaiso... |
| Tuyuhun Wang (吐谷渾王) | 慕容碎奚 Mùróng Suìxī | 351 351 Year 351 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Magnentius and Gaiso... -371 371 Year 371 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Petronius... |
| Bailan Wang (白蘭王) | 慕容視連 Mùróng Shìlián | 371 371 Year 371 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Petronius... -390 390 Year 390 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Neoterius... |
| Tuyuhun Wang (吐谷渾王) | 慕容視羆 Mùróng Shìpí | 390 390 Year 390 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Neoterius... -400 400 Year 400 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Stilicho and Aurelianus... |
| Da Chanyu (大單于) | 慕容烏紇褆 Mùróng Wūgētí | 400 400 Year 400 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Stilicho and Aurelianus... -405 405 Year 405 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Stilicho and Anthemius... |
| Wuyin Khan (戊寅可汗)/ Da Chanyu (大單于)/ Wu Wang (武王) |
慕容樹洛干 Mùróng Shùluògān | 405 405 Year 405 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Stilicho and Anthemius... -417 417 Year 417 was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Honorius and Constantius... |
| Bailan Wang (白蘭王) | 慕容阿柴 Mùróng Āchái | 417 417 Year 417 was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Honorius and Constantius... -424 424 Year 424 was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Castinus and Victor... |
| Hui Wang (惠王)/ Longxi Wang (隴西王) |
慕容慕璝 Mùróng Mùguī | 424 424 Year 424 was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Castinus and Victor... -436 436 Year 436 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Isodorus and Senator... |
| Henan Wang (河南王) | 慕容慕利延 Mùróng Mùlìyán | 436 436 Year 436 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Isodorus and Senator... -452 452 Year 452 was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Herculanus and Sporacius... |
| Henan Wang (河南王)/ Xiping Wang (西平王) |
慕容拾寅 Mùróng Shíyín | 452 452 Year 452 was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Herculanus and Sporacius... -481 481 Year 481 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Maecius without colleague... |
| Henan Wang (河南王) | 慕容度易侯 Mùróng Dùyìhóu | 481 481 Year 481 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Maecius without colleague... -490 490 Year 490 was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Faustus and Longinus... |
| 慕容伏連籌 Mùróng Fúliánchóu | 490 490 Year 490 was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Faustus and Longinus... -540 540 Year 540 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Iustinus without colleague... |
|
| Khan | 慕容夸呂 Mùróng Kuālǔ | 540 540 Year 540 was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Iustinus without colleague... -591 591 Year 591 was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 591 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Europe :* Agilulf marries Theodelinda and becomes king... |
| Khan | 慕容世伏 Mùróng Shìfú | 591 591 Year 591 was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 591 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Europe :* Agilulf marries Theodelinda and becomes king... -597 597 Year 597 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 597 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Education :* The King's School is founded in... |
| Busabo Khan (步薩鉢可汗) | 慕容伏允 Mùróng Fúyǔn Murong Fuyun Murong Fuyun , formal title Busabo Khan , was a ruler of the Xianbei/Qiang/Tibetan state Tuyuhun. He first became ruler when his brother Murong Shifu was assassinated in 597, and became one of the longest-ruling monarchs in Tuyuhun history... |
597 597 Year 597 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 597 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Education :* The King's School is founded in... -635 635 Year 635 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 635 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Religion :* Saint Aidan founds Lindisfarne in... |
| Zhugulüwugandou Khan (趉故呂烏甘豆可汗)/ Daning Wang (大寧王)/ Xiping Jun Wang (西平郡王) |
慕容順 Mùróng Shùn Murong Shun Murong Shun , regal title Zhugulüwugandou Khan or, in short, Gandou Khan , Tang Dynasty noble title Prince of Xiping , was briefly a khan of the Xianbei/Qiang/Tibetan state Tuyuhun... |
635 635 Year 635 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 635 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Religion :* Saint Aidan founds Lindisfarne in... |
| Wudiyebaledou Khan (烏地也拔勒豆可汗)/ Heyuan Jun Wang (河源郡王) |
慕容諾曷鉢 Mùróng Nuòhébō Murong Nuohebo Murong Nuohebo , regal title Wudiyebaledou Khan or, in short, Ledou Khan , Tang Dynasty noble title Prince of Qinghai , was the last khan of the Xianbei/Qiang/Tibetan state Tuyuhun... |
635 635 Year 635 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 635 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Religion :* Saint Aidan founds Lindisfarne in... -672 672 Year 672 was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 672 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- Europe :* Wamba succeeds Reccaswinth as king of the... |
External links
- Emperor Taizong's campaign against TuyuhunEmperor Taizong's campaign against TuyuhunEmperor Taizong of Tang , the second emperor of Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, throughout most of his reign, faced challenges from Tang's western neighbor, the state of Tuyuhun, whose Busabuo Khan Murong Fuyun constantly challenged Chinese authority in the border regions...
- with the 634634Year 634 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 634 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.- British Isles :* Oswald of Northumbria defeats...
defeat of Tuyuhun troops - http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/tuyuhun.html