Chanyu
Encyclopedia
Chanyu was the title used by the nomadic supreme rulers of Middle and Central Asia for 8 centuries, starting from the Zhou go
period (1045–256 BCE) and superseded by the title "Khagan
"" in 402 CE. The title was used by the nomadic Xiongnu
Luanti
clan during the Qin
(221-206 BCE) and Han dynasties
(206 BCE–220 CE).
The reason 'Chanyu' is preferable to 'Shanyu' is to be found in the Guangyun
, a dictionary compiled in 601 CE by Lu Fayan, and completed during the Song dynasty from 1007 to 1011. It gives three readings for the first character of this title [i.e. Chanyu]: dan, chan, and shan. The form chan is specifically mentioned as being used in the Xiongnu title Chanyu. The reading shan is used as a place or family name; the reading shan means 'immense' or 'sky.' Certain Mongolian scholars think that the title "Chengli Gutu Chanyu" is equivalent to the Mongolian phrase "Tengriin Huhudu Chino" meaning "Heaven's Child Wolf". "Chino", also written "Chono", means wolf in Mongolian and it seems plausible that the Chanyu was seen as embodying the spirit of the tribal wolf totem. Irreverent use of the sacred name "Chino" was and is still seen as taboo
by Mongols and substitutes such as "Tengriin Nogai
" (Dog of Heaven) and "Kheeriin Bookhoi" (Steppe Bookhoi) are used instead when referring to wolves. There is also an uncanny resemblance between Modu Chanyu and the name of Genghis Khan's first ancestor "Borte Chino" (Grey Wolf). Genghis Khan
refers to the time of Modu Chanyu as "the remote times of our Chanyu" in his letter to Daoist Qiu Chuji
.
Literally, the full phrase in which Chanyu is used means "son of endless sky", clearly an epithet for a ruler, just as the Chinese have called the emperor the "son of heaven
". "Chengli" refers to the Turkic Tengri
, the highest deity of the steppe tribes, similar to Dyaus Pita
. The Xiongnu Lateral succession system seems to have been what the late Joseph Fletcher
called blood tanistry
, with the closest male relative inheriting the position of Chanyu from his predecessor. There were sixty historical Chanyu.
Zhou
Zhou may refer to:*Zhou Dynasty , a Chinese Dynasty *Zhou Predynastic Lineage, the antecedents to the above Zhou Dynasty*Northern Zhou , a Chinese Dynasty...
period (1045–256 BCE) and superseded by the title "Khagan
Khagan
Khagan or qagan , alternatively spelled kagan, khaghan, qaghan, or chagan, is a title of imperial rank in the Mongolian and Turkic languages equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a khaganate...
"" in 402 CE. The title was used by the nomadic Xiongnu
Xiongnu
The Xiongnu were ancient nomadic-based people that formed a state or confederation north of the agriculture-based empire of the Han Dynasty. Most of the information on the Xiongnu comes from Chinese sources...
Luanti
Luanti
The Luanti was a clan and the ruling dynasty of the ancient Xiongnu that flourished between 3rd century BCE to 4th century CE. The form Luanti is from the Hanshu chapter 94a, l. 7a, and the form Xulianti...
clan during the Qin
Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty was the first imperial dynasty of China, lasting from 221 to 207 BC. The Qin state derived its name from its heartland of Qin, in modern-day Shaanxi. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the legalist reforms of Shang Yang in the 4th century BC, during the Warring...
(221-206 BCE) and Han dynasties
Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms . It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty of the former regent Wang Mang...
(206 BCE–220 CE).
The reason 'Chanyu' is preferable to 'Shanyu' is to be found in the Guangyun
Guangyun
The Guangyun is a Chinese rime dictionary that was compiled from 1007 to 1008 under the auspices of Emperor Zhenzong of Song. Chen Pengnian and Qiu Yong were the chief editors....
, a dictionary compiled in 601 CE by Lu Fayan, and completed during the Song dynasty from 1007 to 1011. It gives three readings for the first character of this title [i.e. Chanyu]: dan, chan, and shan. The form chan is specifically mentioned as being used in the Xiongnu title Chanyu. The reading shan is used as a place or family name; the reading shan means 'immense' or 'sky.' Certain Mongolian scholars think that the title "Chengli Gutu Chanyu" is equivalent to the Mongolian phrase "Tengriin Huhudu Chino" meaning "Heaven's Child Wolf". "Chino", also written "Chono", means wolf in Mongolian and it seems plausible that the Chanyu was seen as embodying the spirit of the tribal wolf totem. Irreverent use of the sacred name "Chino" was and is still seen as taboo
Taboo
A taboo is a strong social prohibition relating to any area of human activity or social custom that is sacred and or forbidden based on moral judgment, religious beliefs and or scientific consensus. Breaking the taboo is usually considered objectionable or abhorrent by society...
by Mongols and substitutes such as "Tengriin Nogai
Nogai
The term Nogai can refer to more than one thing:* Nogai Khan was a de facto ruler of the Golden Horde.* Nogai Horde was a Turkic state which split from the Golden Horde in late 15th century.* The Nogais are a Turkic people....
" (Dog of Heaven) and "Kheeriin Bookhoi" (Steppe Bookhoi) are used instead when referring to wolves. There is also an uncanny resemblance between Modu Chanyu and the name of Genghis Khan's first ancestor "Borte Chino" (Grey Wolf). Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan , born Temujin and occasionally known by his temple name Taizu , was the founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death....
refers to the time of Modu Chanyu as "the remote times of our Chanyu" in his letter to Daoist Qiu Chuji
Qiu Chuji
Qiu Chuji was a Daoist disciple of Wang Chongyang. He was the most famous among the Seven True Daoists of the North...
.
Literally, the full phrase in which Chanyu is used means "son of endless sky", clearly an epithet for a ruler, just as the Chinese have called the emperor the "son of heaven
Son of Heaven
Son of Heaven may refer to:* Emperor of China* Emperor of Japan* Emperors of Vietnam* Son of God* Son of Heaven , book on Guangxu Emperor by Princess Der Ling...
". "Chengli" refers to the Turkic Tengri
Tengri
Tengri or Tengger Tengri or Tengger Tengri or Tengger (Old Turkic: ; Mongolian: Тэнгэр, Tenger; Chinese: 腾格里, Mandarin: Ténggélǐ, Hungarian: Tengri, Turkish: Tanrı, Bulgarian: Tangra (Тангра) is a sky god, formerly the chief deity of the early Turkic peoples, including the Xiongnu, Huns, Bulgars,...
, the highest deity of the steppe tribes, similar to Dyaus Pita
Dyaus Pita
In the Vedic pantheon ' or ' or Dyaus Pitar is the Sky Father, divine consort of the Prithvi and father of Agni, Indra , and Ushas, the daughter representing dawn. In archaic Vedic lore, Dyauṣ Pitṛ and Prithivi Matṛ were one, single composite dvandva entity, named as the Dyavaprthivi...
. The Xiongnu Lateral succession system seems to have been what the late Joseph Fletcher
Joseph Fletcher (historian)
Joseph F. Fletcher, Jr., usually referred to simply as Joseph Fletcher was an American historian of China and Central Asia, a professor at East Asian Languages and Civilizations Department of Harvard University...
called blood tanistry
Tanistry
Tanistry was a Gaelic system for passing on titles and lands. In this system the Tanist was the office of heir-apparent, or second-in-command, among the Gaelic patrilineal dynasties of Ireland, Scotland and Man, to succeed to the chieftainship or to the kingship.-Origins:The Tanist was chosen from...
, with the closest male relative inheriting the position of Chanyu from his predecessor. There were sixty historical Chanyu.
List of Xiongnu Chanyus
| Chinese name | Pinyin Pinyin Pinyin is the official system to transcribe Chinese characters into the Roman alphabet in China, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan. It is also often used to teach Mandarin Chinese and spell Chinese names in foreign publications and used as an input method to enter Chinese characters into... /Wade-Giles Wade-Giles Wade–Giles , sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a romanization system for the Mandarin Chinese language. It developed from a system produced by Thomas Wade during the mid-19th century , and was given completed form with Herbert Giles' Chinese–English dictionary of 1892.Wade–Giles was the most... | Guangyun Guangyun The Guangyun is a Chinese rime dictionary that was compiled from 1007 to 1008 under the auspices of Emperor Zhenzong of Song. Chen Pengnian and Qiu Yong were the chief editors.... | Personal Name | Reign | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Touman (頭曼單于/头曼单于) | tóumàn/ t'ou-man | 240–209 BC | |||
| Maodun (冒頓單于/冒顿单于) | mòudùn / mou-tun | 209–174 BC | a.k.a. Batur (Baγatur) | ||
| Laoshang (老上單于/老上单于) | lǎoshàng / lao-shang | 174–161 BC | |||
| Gunchen Gunchen Chanyu Gunchen Chanyu , whose proper name is unknown, was a Chanyu of the Xiongnu, the successor to Laoshang Chanyu . During his long reign Gunchen Chanyu outlived the Han emperors Wendi Liu Heng 文帝劉恆 , Jingdi Liu Qi 景帝 劉啟 Gunchen Chanyu (aka Junchen Chinese: 單于, 軍臣; r. 161–126 BCE), whose proper... (軍臣單于/军臣单于) |
jūnchén / chün-ch'en | 161–126 BC | |||
| Ichise Ichise Chanyu Ichise Chanyu , whose full title is unknown, was a Chanyu of the Xiongnu, the successor to Gunchen Chanyu . Ichise Chanyu reigned during the reign of the Han emperor Wudi Liu Che 武帝 劉徹 Ichise Chanyu (aka Yizhixie Chinese: 伊稚邪; r. 126–114 BCE), whose full title is unknown, was a Chanyu of the... (伊稚斜單于/伊稚斜单于) |
yīzhìxié / i-chih-hsieh | 126–114 BC | |||
| Uwei Uwei Chanyu Uwei Chanyu , whose full title is unknown, was a Chanyu of the Xiongnu Huns, the successor to Ichise Chanyu . Uwei Chanyu reigned during the reign of the Han emperor Wudi Liu Che 武帝 劉徹 , after Wudi broke the heqin 和親 peace and kinship treaty with the Huns... |
(攣鞮 烏維/挛鞮 乌维) | 114–105 BC | |||
| Ushylu (兒單于/儿单于) | (攣鞮 烏師廬/挛鞮 乌师庐) | 105–102/101 BC | "Err Chanyu" (underage) | ||
| Guilihu | (攣鞮 呴犛湖/挛鞮 呴犁湖) | 102/101–101/100 BC | |||
| Chedi (且鞮侯) | (攣鞮 且鞮侯) | 101/100–96 BC | a.k.a. Quidi, Chedihou | ||
| Hulugu (狐鹿姑單于/狐鹿姑单于) | húlùgū / hu-lu-ku | 96–85 BC | |||
| Huandi (壺衍鞮單于/壺衍鞮单于) | húyǎndī / hu-yen-ti | 85–68 BC | |||
| Hyuilui-Juankui (虛閭權渠單于/虚闾权渠单于) | xūlǘquánqú / hsü-lü-ch'üan-ch'ü | 68–60 BC | |||
| Uyan-Guidi (握衍朐鞮單于/握衍朐鞮单于) | wòyǎnqúdī / wo-lu-ch'ü-ti | (攣鞮 屠耆堂/挛鞮 屠耆堂) | 60–58 BC | ||
| Huhanye (呼韓邪單于/呼韩邪单于) | hūhánxié / hu-han-hsieh | Giheushyan (攣鞮 稽侯狦) |
58 – 31 BC 屠耆單于, 58–56 BC 呼揭單于, 57 BC 車犂單于, 57–56 BC 烏籍單于, 57 BC 閏振單于, 56–54 BC Zhizhi Chanyu Zhizhi Chanyu Zhizhi Chanyu was a Chanyu of the Xiongnu at the time of the first Xiongnu civil war, who held the north and west in contention with his younger brother Huhanye who held the south. His original name in Chinese transcription was Luanti Hutuwusi, i.e... 郅支單于, 55 – 36 BC 伊利目單于, 49 BC |
||
| Fujulei (復株纍若鞮單于/复株累若鞮单于) |
fùzhūléiruòdī/fu-chu-lei-je-ti | Dyaotao-mogao (攣鞮 彫陶莫皋/挛鞮 雕陶莫皋) |
31–20 BC | "Jodi" in Hunnic means "respectful to parents" | |
| Seuxie (搜諧若鞮單于/搜谐若鞮单于) |
Juimixui (攣鞮 且麋胥) |
20–12 BC | Title Jodi-Chanyu | ||
| Guia (車牙若鞮單于/车牙若鞮单于) |
Juimigui (攣鞮 且莫車/挛鞮 且莫车) |
12–8 BC | Title Jodi-Chanyu | ||
| Uchjulu (烏珠留若鞮單于/乌珠留若鞮单于) | Nengzhiyasi (攣鞮 囊知牙斯) |
8 BC – 13 AD | Title Jodi-Chanyu | ||
| Ulei Hyan (烏累若鞮單于/乌累若鞮单于) | (攣鞮 鹹/挛鞮 咸) | 13–18 AD | Title Jodi-Chanyu | ||
| Yui (呼都而尸道皋若鞮單于/呼都而尸道皋若鞮单于) | (攣鞮 輿/挛鞮 舆) | 18–46 AD | |||
| Wudadi-hou | Wudadi | (烏達鞮侯/乌达鞮侯) | 46 AD | ||
Northern Xiongnu (北匈奴)
| Chinese name | Pinyin Pinyin Pinyin is the official system to transcribe Chinese characters into the Roman alphabet in China, Malaysia, Singapore and Taiwan. It is also often used to teach Mandarin Chinese and spell Chinese names in foreign publications and used as an input method to enter Chinese characters into... /Wade-Giles Wade-Giles Wade–Giles , sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a romanization system for the Mandarin Chinese language. It developed from a system produced by Thomas Wade during the mid-19th century , and was given completed form with Herbert Giles' Chinese–English dictionary of 1892.Wade–Giles was the most... | Guangyun Guangyun The Guangyun is a Chinese rime dictionary that was compiled from 1007 to 1008 under the auspices of Emperor Zhenzong of Song. Chen Pengnian and Qiu Yong were the chief editors.... | Personal Name | Reign | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Punu (蒲奴) | Punu | 46–48 AD | |||
| Youliu (優留) | Youliu | ?–87 AD | |||
| (北單于) | 88–? AD | ||||
| Yuchujian (於除鞬單于) | Yuchujian | 91–93 AD | |||
| Feng-hou (逢侯) | Feng, a.k.a. Finghey | 94–118 AD | |||
Southern Xiongnu (南匈奴)
| Chinese name | Data | Personal Name | Reign | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hu, Han-Sie/Hanxie (呼, 韓邪) Di II (第二) 醢落尸逐鞮 |
a.k.a. Bey/Bi (KhuKheniy II) of the East partition brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in AD 50 |
48–56/55 AD | ||
| Chiu-Fu Yu-Ti (丘浮 尤提) |
Chupu-NoTi | 55/56–56/57 AD | ||
| I-Fa Wu Yu-Ti (伊伐 於 慮提) |
??? | 56/57–59 AD | ||
| XienTung ShiSuQuTi (醢僮 尸逐侯提) |
Shtongsi SuyGhuTi | 59–63 AD | ||
| 丘除車林提 |
Kuchi QilinTi | 63 AD | ||
| HuYeh ShiSuQuTi (湖邪 尸逐侯提) |
Ghushi Shisu Quti | 63–85 AD | ||
| I-Tu-Yi-Lu-Ti (伊屠 於 閭提) |
Iltu UluTi | 85–88 AD | ||
| Tuntuhe Siuan | XiuLan ShiSuQuTi (休蘭 尸逐侯提) Shulan | 88–93 AD | ||
| Anguo (安國) |
a.k.a. Arqu started a large scale rebellion against the Han |
93–94 AD | ||
| Shizi-hou (尸逐) |
Tindu ShiSuQuTi (亭獨 尸逐侯提) | 94–98 AD | ||
| Wanchi ShiSuQuTi (萬氏 尸逐侯提) |
opposed by... ...Feng a.k.a. Finghey |
98-124AD 98–118 AD |
||
| Wuzhi ShiSuQuTi (烏稽 尸逐侯提) |
??? | 124–127/128 AD | ||
| Xiuli | Kuti NoShiSuChin (去特 若尸逐就), committed suicide under Chinese pressure | 127/128–140/142? | ||
| Cheniu | Chu-Xiu ???, popularly elected not from Hunnic dynastic lines | 140–143 AD | ||
| Deuleuchu | Ghoran, Hu, Lan NoShiSuChin (呼, 蘭 若尸逐就), pin. Touluchu, puppet fictitious appointee at the Chinese court | 143–147 AD | ||
| Guiguir | Illin, I-Ling NoShiSuChin (伊陵 若尸逐就), pin. Jucheer; puppet Chinese appointee that escaped Chinese control; incarcerated by Chinese in 158 AD | 147–158 AD (d. 172 AD) | ||
| Tude-joshy-zhuogu | Dotuk NoShiSuChin (屠特 若尸逐就), a.k.a. Utno Shisu Quti | 158–178 AD | ||
| Huzheng (呼, 徵) | a.k.a. Hu, Ching; Ghuzhin | 178–179 AD | ||
| Qiangqui Qiangqui Chanyu Qiangqui Chanyu , whose full title is unknown, was a Chanyu of the Southern Huns , a successor to Huzheng Chanyu of the Southern Huns. Qiangqui Chanyu was a head of the maternal dynastic tribe Qiang with a title Western Tuqi-Prince Qiangqui Chanyu (aka Jiangqu Chinese: 羌渠 單于; r. 179–188... (羌渠) |
a.k.a. Qiangquy, Qiangqu, Jiangqu; killed in Xiuchuge Huns rebellion | 179–188 AD | ||
| Yufuluo (於扶羅) |
a.k.a. Qizi ShiSuQu (特至 尸逐侯). The last ShiSu. Homeless puppet Chanyu, overthrown in the Ordos by the unnamed Chanyu of Xiluo 醯落 and Tu'ge 屠各. Led dozens of refugee Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang (平阳) in Shanxi. |
188–195 AD | ||
| Huchuquan (呼廚泉) | Yufuluo's brother, he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu after Yufuluo died. |
195–215/6 AD | ||
Da Chanyu (大單于)
| Chinese name | Data | Personal Name | Reign | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu Bao (劉豹) | Yufuluo's son. He changed the Chanyu clan name from Luanti to Liu – meaning Dragon in the Xiongnu Language. He bore the title 匈奴 單于 but ruled only over the West partition in Jiuyuan (九原) of the Pingyang Xiongnu newly partitioned into North, South, left (West), right (East), and Centre by Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao was a warlord and the penultimate chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during the dynasty's final years. As one of the central figures of the Three Kingdoms period, he laid the foundations for what was to become the state of Cao Wei and was posthumously titled... |
216–260AD | ||
| 劉(刘)去卑 Liú Qùbēi Liu Qubei Liu Qubei , was a Tiefu Hun chieftain from 260 to 272. Right Prince of the Southern Xiongnu. . 南匈奴之右賢王（魏書作左賢王）... |
Huchuquan's son. Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao Cao was a warlord and the penultimate chancellor of the Eastern Han Dynasty who rose to great power during the dynasty's final years. As one of the central figures of the Three Kingdoms period, he laid the foundations for what was to become the state of Cao Wei and was posthumously titled... ordered him to rule over the north partition of Pingyang Xiongnu as Tiefu Right Virtuous King (鐵弗 右贤王). |
260–272 | ||
| 劉誥升爰 Liú Gàoshēngyuán | Son of 劉(刘)去卑 Liú Qùbēi Liu Qubei Liu Qubei , was a Tiefu Hun chieftain from 260 to 272. Right Prince of the Southern Xiongnu. . 南匈奴之右賢王（魏書作左賢王）... . Bore the title 鐵弗 右贤王 |
272–309 | ||
| Liu Yuan Liu Yuan (Han Zhao) Liu Yuan , courtesy name Yuanhai , formally Emperor Guangwen of Han was the founding emperor of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Han Zhao.-Family background:... (劉淵) |
Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Guangwen (光文). Son of Liu Bao (劉豹). Bore the title Hun Chanyu 匈奴 單于. Of Hun tribe Yuanhai, so Chinese annals use Yuanhai as his name | 309–310 | ||
| Liu He Liu He Liu He , courtesy name Xuantai , was for seven days an emperor of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Han Zhao in 310.-Biography:... , ch. 劉和 py. liú hé |
Han Zhao state, personal name Xuantai 玄泰 | 7 days in 310 | ||
| Liu Cong Liu Cong Liu Cong may refer to:*Liu Cong , emperor of Han Zhao of the Sixteen Kingdoms*Liu Cong , younger son of the Han Dynasty warlord Liu Biao... , ch. 劉聰 py. liú cōng |
Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Zhaowu, ch. 昭武, personal name Xuanmen 玄門, nickname Zai 載 | 310–318 | ||
| Liu Can Liu Can Liu Can , courtesy name Shiguang , Posthumous name Emperor Yin of Han , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Han Zhao, who reigned briefly in 318 before being killed by his trusted father-in-law Jin Zhun.-As Prince of He'nei and then Prince of Jin:Liu Can was Liu Cong's son by his first... , ch. 劉粲 py. liú càn |
Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Yin, ch. 隱, personal name Shiguang 士光 | a month and days in 318 | ||
| Liu Yao Liu Yao Liu Yao , courtesy name Yongming , was the final emperor of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Han Zhao. He became emperor in 318 after most other members of the imperial Liu clan were massacred by Jin Zhun in a coup. However, the empire was soon divided in half, as the general Shi Le declared... ch. Liu Yao 劉曜 py. liú yaò |
Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Hou Zhu 後主, personal name Yongming 永明 | 318–329 | ||
| Liu Xi Liu Xi Liu Xi , courtesy name Yiguang , was the crown prince and a son of Liu Yao, the final emperor of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Han Zhao, who was thrust into the leadership role after his father was captured by rival Later Zhao's forces, but was unable to resist Later Zhao and killed less than a year... ch. Liu Xi 劉熙 |
Last ruler of Han Zhao Han Zhao The Han Zhao , or Former Zhao, or Northern Han , was a Southern Xiongnu state during Sixteen Kingdoms period coeval with the Chinese Jin Dynasty... ; statutory Chanyu, probably never raised to the throne |
329 | ||
| Liu Hu 劉虎 | Liu Qubei Liu Qubei Liu Qubei , was a Tiefu Hun chieftain from 260 to 272. Right Prince of the Southern Xiongnu. . 南匈奴之右賢王（魏書作左賢王）... 's grandson. He was not allowed to call himself Chanyu |
329–341 | ||
| 劉務恒 Liú Wùhéng | ??? | 341–356 | ||
| 劉閼陋頭 Liú èlòutóu | ??? | 356–358 | ||
| 劉悉勿祈 Liú Xīwùqí | ??? | 358–359 | ||
| 劉衛辰 Liú Wèichén | Posthumously named "Emperor Huan" | 359–391 | ||
| 劉勃勃 Liú Bóbó | a.k.a. Wulie (武烈 Wǔliè) established Xiongnu Xia 407 and in 413 reverted surname to 赫連 Hèlián Helian Bobo Helian Bobo , né Liu Bobo , courtesy name Qujie , formally Emperor Wulie of Xia , was the founding emperor of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Xia... |
391–425 | ||
| 赫連昌 Hèlián Chāng Helian Chang Helian Chang , courtesy name Huan'guo , nickname Zhe , was an emperor of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Xia. He was the successor and a son of the founding emperor Helian Bobo . After his father's death in 425, he tried to expand Xia further, but soon his state began to collapse in light of pressure... |
??? | 425–428 | ||
| 赫連定 Hèlián Dìng Helian Ding Helian Ding , nickname Zhifen , was the last emperor of the Chinese/Xiongnu state Xia. He was a son of the founding emperor Helian Bobo and a younger brother of his predecessor Helian Chang... |
Last native ruler of Huns in China | 428–431 | ||