Table of clinically important viruses
Encyclopedia
These are tables of the clinically most important viruses. A vast number of viruses cause infectious diseases, but these are the major ones.
There are five double stranded DNA families: three are non enveloped (Adenoviruses, Parvovirus and Polyomavirus) and two are enveloped (Herpesvirus and Poxvirus). All the non enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids.
There is one family of partly double stranded DNA viruses: the Hepadnaviridae. These viruses are enveloped.
There is one family of single stranded DNA viruses that infect humans: the Parvoviridae. These viruses are non enveloped.
There are seven positive single stranded RNA families: three non enveloped (Astrovirus, Calicivirus and Picornavirus) and four enveloped (Coronovirus, Flavivirus, Retrovirus and Togavirus). All the non enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids.
There are six negative single stranded RNA families: Arenavirus, Bunyavirus, Filovirus, Orthomyxovirus, Paramyxovirus and Rhabdovirus. All are enveloped with helical nucleocapsids.
There is one family with a double stranded RNA genome: the Reoviridae.
There are two additional viruses (Hepatitis D and Hepatitis E) which have not yet been assigned to a family but are clearly distinct from the other families infecting humans.
There is one family and one genus of viruses known to infect humans that have not been associated with disease: the family Anelloviridae and the genus Dependovirus
. Both of these taxa are non enveloped single stranded DNA viruses.
As a rule DNA viruses replicate within the nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses (DNA viruses) replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.
Four families have segmented genomes: Bunyavirus, Orthomyxovirus, Arenavirus and Reovirus (acronym BOAR). All are RNA viruses.
Three families are transmitted by arthropod
s: Bunyavirus, Flavivirus and Togavirus. All are RNA viruses.
Only one family of enveloped viruses causes gastroenteritis (Coronaviridae). All other viruses associated with gastroenteritis are non enveloped.
Structural characteristics
Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family. There are currently 21 families of viruses known to cause disease in humans.There are five double stranded DNA families: three are non enveloped (Adenoviruses, Parvovirus and Polyomavirus) and two are enveloped (Herpesvirus and Poxvirus). All the non enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids.
There is one family of partly double stranded DNA viruses: the Hepadnaviridae. These viruses are enveloped.
There is one family of single stranded DNA viruses that infect humans: the Parvoviridae. These viruses are non enveloped.
There are seven positive single stranded RNA families: three non enveloped (Astrovirus, Calicivirus and Picornavirus) and four enveloped (Coronovirus, Flavivirus, Retrovirus and Togavirus). All the non enveloped families have icosahedral nucleocapsids.
There are six negative single stranded RNA families: Arenavirus, Bunyavirus, Filovirus, Orthomyxovirus, Paramyxovirus and Rhabdovirus. All are enveloped with helical nucleocapsids.
There is one family with a double stranded RNA genome: the Reoviridae.
There are two additional viruses (Hepatitis D and Hepatitis E) which have not yet been assigned to a family but are clearly distinct from the other families infecting humans.
There is one family and one genus of viruses known to infect humans that have not been associated with disease: the family Anelloviridae and the genus Dependovirus
Dependovirus
Dependovirus is a genus of the Parvoviridae viruses, which are Group II viruses according to the Baltimore classification. The Dependovirus is part of the sub family of the Parvoviridae family known as the Parvovirinae...
. Both of these taxa are non enveloped single stranded DNA viruses.
Useful rules of thumb
Among the human infecting families there are a number of rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists/virologists.As a rule DNA viruses replicate within the nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses (DNA viruses) replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.
Four families have segmented genomes: Bunyavirus, Orthomyxovirus, Arenavirus and Reovirus (acronym BOAR). All are RNA viruses.
Three families are transmitted by arthropod
Arthropod
An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton , a segmented body, and jointed appendages. Arthropods are members of the phylum Arthropoda , and include the insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and others...
s: Bunyavirus, Flavivirus and Togavirus. All are RNA viruses.
Only one family of enveloped viruses causes gastroenteritis (Coronaviridae). All other viruses associated with gastroenteritis are non enveloped.
| Family | Baltimore group Baltimore classification The Baltimore classification, developed by David Baltimore, is a virus classification system that groups viruses into families, depending on their type of genome and their method of replication.... |
Important species | envelopment Viral envelope Many viruses have viral envelopes covering their protein capsids. The envelopes typically are derived from portions of the host cell membranes , but include some viral glycoproteins. Functionally, viral envelopes are used to help viruses enter host cells... |
Virion shape | Replication site |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adenoviridae Adenoviridae Adenoviruses are medium-sized , nonenveloped icosahedral viruses composed of a nucleocapsid and a double-stranded linear DNA genome... |
dsDNA | Adenovirus | non-enveloped | icosahedral | nucleus |
| Herpesviridae Herpesviridae The Herpesviridae are a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word herpein , referring to the latent, recurring infections typical of this group of viruses... |
dsDNA | Herpes simplex, type 1, Herpes simplex, type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-barr virus Epstein-Barr virus The Epstein–Barr virus , also called human herpesvirus 4 , is a virus of the herpes family and is one of the most common viruses in humans. It is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis... , Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus, type 8 |
enveloped | complex | nucleus |
| Papillomaviridae Papillomaviridae Papillomaviridae is an ancient taxonomic family of non-enveloped DNA viruses, collectively known as papillomaviruses. Several hundred species of papillomaviruses, traditionally referred to as "types", have been identified infecting all carefully inspected birds and mammals, but also a small number... |
dsDNA | Human papillomavirus Human papillomavirus Human papillomavirus is a member of the papillomavirus family of viruses that is capable of infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in keratinocytes of the skin or mucous membranes... |
non-enveloped | icosahedral | nucleus |
| Polyomaviridae | dsDNA | BK virus BK virus The BK virus is a member of the polyomavirus family. Past infection with the BK virus is widespread, but significant consequences of infection are uncommon, with the exception of the immunocompromised and the immunosuppressed.-History:... , JC virus JC virus The JC virus or John Cunningham virus is a type of human polyomavirus and is genetically similar to BK virus and SV40. It was discovered in 1971 and named using the two initials of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy... |
non-enveloped | icosahedral | nucleus |
| Poxviridae Poxviridae Poxviruses are viruses that can, as a family, infect both vertebrate and invertebrate animals.Four genera of poxviruses may infect humans: orthopox, parapox, yatapox, molluscipox.... |
dsDNA | Smallpox Smallpox Smallpox was an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning "spotted", or varus, meaning "pimple"... |
enveloped | complex | cytoplasm |
| Hepadnaviridae Hepadnaviridae Hepadnaviruses are a family of viruses which can cause liver infections in humans and animals. There are two recognized genera:*Genus Orthohepadnavirus; type species: Hepatitis B virus... |
dsDNA and ssDNA | Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B is an infectious illness caused by hepatitis B virus which infects the liver of hominoidea, including humans, and causes an inflammation called hepatitis. Originally known as "serum hepatitis", the disease has caused epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa, and it is endemic in China... |
enveloped | icosahedral | nucleus |
| Parvoviridae Parvoviridae The Parvoviridae family includes the smallest known viruses, and some of the most environmentally resistant. They were discovered during the 1960s and affect vertebrates and insects... |
ssDNA | Human bocavirus Human bocavirus Human bocavirus is a parvovirus that has been suggested to cause human disease. It is a probable cause of lower respiratory tract infections and it has been linked to gastroenteritis, although the role of this emerging infectious disease in human disease has not been firmly established.- History... , Parvovirus B19 Parvovirus B19 The B19 virus, generally referred to as parvovirus B19 or sometimes erythrovirus B19, was the first known human virus in the family of parvoviruses, genus erythrovirus... |
enveloped | icosahedral | nucleus |
| Astroviridae | +ssRNA | Human astrovirus | non-enveloped | icosahedral | cytoplasm |
| Caliciviridae Caliciviridae The Caliciviridae family are a family of viruses, members of Class IV of the Baltimore scheme. They are positive-sense, single stranded RNA which is non-segmented. The caliciviruses have been found in a number of organisms such as humans, cattle, pigs, cats, chickens, reptiles, dolphins and... |
+ssRNA | Norwalk virus | non-enveloped | icosahedral | cytoplasm |
| Picornaviridae | +ssRNA | coxsackievirus Coxsackievirus Coxsackievirus is a virus that belongs to a family of non enveloped linear positive-sense ssRNA viruses, Picornaviridae and the genus Enterovirus, which also includes poliovirus and echovirus. Enteroviruses are among the most common and important human pathogens and ordinarily its members are... , hepatitis A virus, poliovirus Poliovirus Poliovirus, the causative agent of poliomyelitis, is a human enterovirus and member of the family of Picornaviridae.Poliovirus is composed of an RNA genome and a protein capsid. The genome is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome that is about 7500 nucleotides long. The viral particle is... , rhinovirus Rhinovirus Human rhinoviruses are the most common viral infective agents in humans and are the predominant cause of the common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures between 33–35 °C , and this may be why it occurs primarily in the nose... |
non-enveloped | icosahedral | cytoplasm |
| Coronaviridae Coronaviridae Coronaviruses are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses with club-shaped surface about 120-160 nm in diameter that resemble a “corona”.-Virology:... |
+ssRNA | Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus SARS coronavirus The SARS coronavirus, sometimes shortened to SARS-CoV, is the virus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome . On April 16, 2003, following the outbreak of SARS in Asia and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization issued a press release stating that the... |
enveloped | helical | cytoplasm |
| Flaviviridae Flaviviridae The Flaviviridae are a family of viruses that are primarily spread through arthropod vectors . The family gets its name from Yellow Fever virus, a type virus of Flaviviridae; flavus means yellow in Latin... |
+ssRNA | Hepatitis C virus Hepatitis C virus Hepatitis C virus is a small , enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae... , yellow fever virus Yellow fever Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease. The virus is a 40 to 50 nm enveloped RNA virus with positive sense of the Flaviviridae family.... , dengue virus Dengue fever Dengue fever , also known as breakbone fever, is an infectious tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash that is similar to measles... , West Nile virus West Nile virus West Nile virus is a virus of the family Flaviviridae. Part of the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex of viruses, it is found in both tropical and temperate regions. It mainly infects birds, but is known to infect humans, horses, dogs, cats, bats, chipmunks, skunks, squirrels, domestic... |
enveloped | icosahedral | cytoplasm |
| Togaviridae Togaviridae The Togaviridae are a family of viruses, including the following genera:* Genus Alphavirus; type species: Sindbis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Ross River virus, O'nyong'nyong virus, Chikungunya* Genus Rubivirus;... |
+ssRNA | Rubella virus Rubella virus Rubella virus is the pathogenic agent of the disease Rubella, and is the cause of congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks of lunacy.Humans are the only known host of this virus.... |
enveloped | icosahedral | cytoplasm |
| Unassigned | +ssRNA | Hepatitis E virus Hepatitis E virus Hepatitis E virus is the infective organism that causes hepatitis E.The viral particles are 27 to 34 nanometers in diameter, are non-enveloped and contain a single-strand of positive-sense RNA that is approximately 7300 bases in length. The virus particle was first visualised in 1983 but was only... |
enveloped | icosahedral | cytoplasm |
| Retroviridae | +ssRNA | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | enveloped | icosahedral | nucleus |
| Orthomyxoviridae Orthomyxoviridae The Orthomyxoviridae are a family of RNA viruses that includes five genera: Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B, Influenzavirus C, Isavirus and Thogotovirus. A sixth has recently been described... |
-ssRNA | Influenza virus | enveloped | helical | nucleus |
| Arenaviridae | -ssRNA | Guanarito virus, Junin virus Junin virus -Morphology and genome structure:The Junin virus virion is enveloped with a variable diameter of between 50 and 300 nm. The surface of the particle encompasses a layer of T-shaped glycoprotein extensions, extending up to 10 nm from the envelope, which are important for mediating... , Lassa virus, Machupo virus, Sabiá virus |
enveloped | helical | cytoplasm |
| Bunyaviridae Bunyaviridae Bunyaviridae is a family of negative-stranded RNA viruses. Though generally found in arthropods or rodents, certain viruses in this family occasionally infect humans. Some of them also infect plants.... |
-ssRNA | Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus | enveloped | helical | cytoplasm |
| Filoviridae Filoviridae The family Filoviridae is the taxonomic home of several related viruses that form filamentous virions. Two members of the family that are commonly known are Ebola virus and Marburg virus. Both viruses, and some of their lesser known relatives, cause severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates in... |
-ssRNA | Ebola virus Ebola virus Ebola virus causes severe disease in humans and in nonhuman primates in the form of viral hemorrhagic fever. EBOV is a Select Agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen , National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen,... , Marburg virus Marburg virus Marburg virus disease is the name for the human disease caused by any of the two marburgviruses Marburg virus and Ravn virus... |
enveloped | helical | cytoplasm |
| Paramyxoviridae | -ssRNA | Measles virus, Mumps virus Mumps virus Mumps virus is the causative agent of mumps, a well-known common childhood disease characterised by swelling of the parotid glands and other epithelial tissues, causing high morbidity and in some cases more serious complications such as deafness... , Parainfluenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Human metapneumovirus |
enveloped | helical | cytoplasm |
| Rhabdoviridae Rhabdoviridae Rhabdoviruses are viruses belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae, which is in the order Mononegavirales. The name is derived from the Greek rhabdos meaning rod referring to the shape of the viral particles. Rhabdoviruses infect a broad range of hosts throughout the animal and plant kingdoms... |
-ssRNA | Rabies virus Rabies virus The rabies virus is neurotropic virus that causes fatal disease in human and animals. Rabies transmission can occur through the saliva of animals.... |
enveloped | helical, bullet shaped | cytoplasm |
| Unassigned | -ssRNA | Hepatitis D Hepatitis D Hepatitis D, also referred to as hepatitis D virus and classified as Hepatitis delta virus, is a disease caused by a small circular enveloped RNA virus. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E. HDV is considered to be a subviral satellite because it can propagate only in the... |
enveloped | spherical | nucleus |
| Reoviridae Reoviridae Reoviridae is a family of viruses that can affect the gastrointestinal system and respiratory tract. Viruses in the family Reoviridae have genomes consisting of segmented, double-stranded RNA... |
dsRNA | Rotavirus Rotavirus Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children, and is one of several viruses that cause infections often called stomach flu, despite having no relation to influenza. It is a genus of double-stranded RNA virus in the family Reoviridae. By the age of five,... |
non-enveloped | icosahedral | cytoplasm |
Clinical characteristics
The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:| Type | Family | Transmission Transmission (medicine) In medicine and biology, transmission is the passing of a communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a conspecific individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected... |
Diseases | Treatment | Prevention | laboratory diagnosis Laboratory diagnosis of virus In the diagnostic laboratory virus infections are confirmed by several methods that include:*Growth of the virus in a cell culture from a specimen taken from the patient.*Detection of virus-specific antibodies in the blood.*Detection of virus antigens... |
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| adenovirus Adenovirus infection Adenovirus infections most commonly cause illness of the respiratory system; however, depending on the infecting serotype, they may also cause various other illnesses and presentations.-Resultant illnesses and presentations:... |
adenoviridae Adenoviridae Adenoviruses are medium-sized , nonenveloped icosahedral viruses composed of a nucleocapsid and a double-stranded linear DNA genome... |
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| Coxsackievirus Coxsackievirus Coxsackievirus is a virus that belongs to a family of non enveloped linear positive-sense ssRNA viruses, Picornaviridae and the genus Enterovirus, which also includes poliovirus and echovirus. Enteroviruses are among the most common and important human pathogens and ordinarily its members are... |
Picornaviridae | fecal-oral, droplet contact | Coxsackie infections | None | None | Cell culture, antibody detection |
| Epstein-Barr virus Epstein-Barr virus The Epstein–Barr virus , also called human herpesvirus 4 , is a virus of the herpes family and is one of the most common viruses in humans. It is best known as the cause of infectious mononucleosis... |
Herpesviridae Herpesviridae The Herpesviridae are a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word herpein , referring to the latent, recurring infections typical of this group of viruses... |
Saliva |
Infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis is an infectious, widespread viral... |
None | None |
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| Hepatitis A virus | Picornaviridae | fecal-oral | acute hepatitis | Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis is any prophylactic treatment started immediately after exposure to a pathogen , in order to prevent infection by the pathogen and the development of disease.-Rabies:... ) |
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antibody detection |
| Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis B is an infectious illness caused by hepatitis B virus which infects the liver of hominoidea, including humans, and causes an inflammation called hepatitis. Originally known as "serum hepatitis", the disease has caused epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa, and it is endemic in China... |
Hepadnaviridae Hepadnaviridae Hepadnaviruses are a family of viruses which can cause liver infections in humans and animals. There are two recognized genera:*Genus Orthohepadnavirus; type species: Hepatitis B virus... |
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Cirrhosis Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, scar tissue and regenerative nodules , leading to loss of liver function... Hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common type of liver cancer. Most cases of HCC are secondary to either a viral hepatitide infection or cirrhosis .Compared to other cancers, HCC is quite a rare tumor in the United States... |
Adefovir Adefovir dipivoxil, previously called bis-POM PMEA, with trade names Preveon and Hepsera, is an orally-administered nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor .-Uses:... Entecavir Entecavir INN , abbreviated ETV, is an oral antiviral drug used in the treatment of hepatitis B infection. It is marketed under the trade name Baraclude .... Lamivudine Lamivudine is a potent nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor .It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline with the brand names Zeffix, Heptovir, Epivir, and Epivir-HBV.Lamivudine has been used for treatment of chronic hepatitis B at a lower dose than for treatment of HIV... |
Hepatitis B vaccine Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine developed for the prevention of hepatitis B virus infection. The vaccine contains one of the viral envelope proteins, hepatitis B surface antigen . It is produced by yeast cells, into which the genetic code for HBsAg has been inserted... |
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| Hepatitis C virus Hepatitis C virus Hepatitis C virus is a small , enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae... |
Flaviviridae Flaviviridae The Flaviviridae are a family of viruses that are primarily spread through arthropod vectors . The family gets its name from Yellow Fever virus, a type virus of Flaviviridae; flavus means yellow in Latin... |
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| Herpes simplex virus, type 1 | Herpesviridae Herpesviridae The Herpesviridae are a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word herpein , referring to the latent, recurring infections typical of this group of viruses... |
direct contact with saliva and lesions |
Herpes labialis Herpes labialis or "orolabial herpes" is an infection of the lip by herpes simplex virus . An outbreak typically causes small blisters or sores on or around the mouth commonly known as cold sores or fever blisters... , cold sores) |
Famciclovir Famciclovir is a guanine analogue antiviral drug used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections, most commonly for herpes zoster . It is a prodrug form of penciclovir with improved oral bioavailability... Foscarnet Foscarnet is the conjugate base of the chemical compound with the formula HO2CPO3H2.-Uses:This phosphonic acid derivative is an antiviral medication used to treat herpes viruses, including drug resistant cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2... |
None |
Immunofluorescence Immunofluorescence is a technique used for light microscopy with a fluorescence microscope and is used primarily on biological samples. This technique uses the specificity of antibodies to their antigen to target fluorescent dyes to specific biomolecule targets within a cell, and therefore allows... Immunoperoxidase Immunoperoxidase is a type of immunostain used in molecular biology, medical research, and clinical diagnostics. In particular, immunoperoxidase reactions refer to a sub-class of immunohistochemical or immunocytochemical procedures in which the antibodies are visualized via a peroxidase-catalyzed... |
| Herpes simplex virus, type 2 | Herpesviridae Herpesviridae The Herpesviridae are a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word herpein , referring to the latent, recurring infections typical of this group of viruses... |
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Aseptic meningitis Aseptic meningitis, or sterile meningitis, is a condition in which the layers lining the brain, meninges, become inflamed and a pyogenic bacterial source is not to blame. Meningitis is diagnosed on a history of characteristic symptoms and certain examination findings... |
Famciclovir Famciclovir is a guanine analogue antiviral drug used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections, most commonly for herpes zoster . It is a prodrug form of penciclovir with improved oral bioavailability... Foscarnet Foscarnet is the conjugate base of the chemical compound with the formula HO2CPO3H2.-Uses:This phosphonic acid derivative is an antiviral medication used to treat herpes viruses, including drug resistant cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2... Cidofovir Cidofovir is an injectable antiviral medication for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. It suppresses CMV replication by selective inhibition of viral DNA polymerase and therefore prevention of viral replication and transcription... |
Safe sex Safe sex is sexual activity engaged in by people who have taken precautions to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS. It is also referred to as safer sex or protected sex, while unsafe or unprotected sex is sexual activity engaged in without precautions... |
Immunofluorescence Immunofluorescence is a technique used for light microscopy with a fluorescence microscope and is used primarily on biological samples. This technique uses the specificity of antibodies to their antigen to target fluorescent dyes to specific biomolecule targets within a cell, and therefore allows... Immunoperoxidase Immunoperoxidase is a type of immunostain used in molecular biology, medical research, and clinical diagnostics. In particular, immunoperoxidase reactions refer to a sub-class of immunohistochemical or immunocytochemical procedures in which the antibodies are visualized via a peroxidase-catalyzed... |
| cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus is a viral genus of the viral group known as Herpesviridae or herpesviruses. It is typically abbreviated as CMV: The species that infects humans is commonly known as human CMV or human herpesvirus-5 , and is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses... |
Herpesviridae Herpesviridae The Herpesviridae are a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word herpein , referring to the latent, recurring infections typical of this group of viruses... |
Placenta The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. "True" placentas are a defining characteristic of eutherian or "placental" mammals, but are also found in some snakes and... |
Infectious mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis is an infectious, widespread viral... |
Ganciclovir Ganciclovir INN is an antiviral medication used to treat or prevent cytomegalovirus infections.Ganciclovir sodium is marketed under the trade names Cytovene and Cymevene . Ganciclovir for ocular use is marketed under the trade name Vitrasert... Cidofovir Cidofovir is an injectable antiviral medication for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. It suppresses CMV replication by selective inhibition of viral DNA polymerase and therefore prevention of viral replication and transcription... Foscarnet Foscarnet is the conjugate base of the chemical compound with the formula HO2CPO3H2.-Uses:This phosphonic acid derivative is an antiviral medication used to treat herpes viruses, including drug resistant cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2... |
None | antibody and nucleic acid detection |
| Human herpesvirus, type 8 | Herpesviridae Herpesviridae The Herpesviridae are a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word herpein , referring to the latent, recurring infections typical of this group of viruses... |
Primary effusion lymphoma -Causes:It is caused by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus , also known as human herpesvirus 8 .In most cases, the lymphoma cells are also infected with Epstein Barr virus .... |
many in evaluation-stage | None | Nucleic acid and antibody detection | |
| HIV HIV Human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive... |
Retroviridae |
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AIDS AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus... |
HAART |
Zidovudine Zidovudine or azidothymidine is a nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptase inhibitor , a type of antiretroviral drug used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. It is an analog of thymidine.... (perinatally) Safe sex Safe sex is sexual activity engaged in by people who have taken precautions to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS. It is also referred to as safer sex or protected sex, while unsafe or unprotected sex is sexual activity engaged in without precautions... |
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| Influenza virus | Orthomyxoviridae Orthomyxoviridae The Orthomyxoviridae are a family of RNA viruses that includes five genera: Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B, Influenzavirus C, Isavirus and Thogotovirus. A sixth has recently been described... |
droplet contact |
Influenza Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae , that affects birds and mammals... |
Amantadine Amantadine is the organic compound known formally as 1-adamantylamine or 1-aminoadamantane. The molecule consists of adamantane backbone that has an amino group substituted at one of the four methyne positions. This pharmaceutical is sold under the name Symmetrel for use both as an antiviral and an... Rimantadine Rimantadine is an orally administered antiviral drug used to treat, and in rare cases prevent, influenzavirus A infection. When taken within one to two days of developing symptoms, rimantadine can shorten the duration and moderate the severity of influenza. Both rimantadine and the similar drug... Oseltamivir Oseltamivir INN , an antiviral drug, slows the spread of influenza virus between cells in the body by stopping the virus from chemically cutting ties with its host cell; median time to symptom alleviation is reduced by 0.5–1 day. The drug is sold under the trade name Tamiflu, and is taken orally... |
Rimantadine Rimantadine is an orally administered antiviral drug used to treat, and in rare cases prevent, influenzavirus A infection. When taken within one to two days of developing symptoms, rimantadine can shorten the duration and moderate the severity of influenza. Both rimantadine and the similar drug... |
Hemagglutination assay The hemagglutination assay is a method of quantification for viruses or bacteria by hemagglutination... |
| measles virus | Paramyxoviridae | droplet contact |
Measles Measles, also known as rubeola or morbilli, is an infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus, specifically a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Morbilliviruses, like other paramyxoviruses, are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses... |
None | MMR vaccine MMR vaccine The MMR vaccine is an immunization shot against measles, mumps, and rubella . It was first developed by Maurice Hilleman while at Merck in the late 1960s.... |
antibody detection |
| Mumps virus Mumps virus Mumps virus is the causative agent of mumps, a well-known common childhood disease characterised by swelling of the parotid glands and other epithelial tissues, causing high morbidity and in some cases more serious complications such as deafness... |
Paramyxoviridae | droplet contact | Mumps Mumps Mumps is a viral disease of the human species, caused by the mumps virus. Before the development of vaccination and the introduction of a vaccine, it was a common childhood disease worldwide... |
None | MMR vaccine MMR vaccine The MMR vaccine is an immunization shot against measles, mumps, and rubella . It was first developed by Maurice Hilleman while at Merck in the late 1960s.... |
antibody detection |
| Human papillomavirus Human papillomavirus Human papillomavirus is a member of the papillomavirus family of viruses that is capable of infecting humans. Like all papillomaviruses, HPVs establish productive infections only in keratinocytes of the skin or mucous membranes... |
Papillomaviridae Papillomaviridae Papillomaviridae is an ancient taxonomic family of non-enveloped DNA viruses, collectively known as papillomaviruses. Several hundred species of papillomaviruses, traditionally referred to as "types", have been identified infecting all carefully inspected birds and mammals, but also a small number... |
direct contact |
Plantar wart -External links:* at the Mayo Clinic website* at The Merck Manual* at dermnet.com... and anogenital warts, laryngeal papillomas, epidermodysplasia verruciformis Epidermodysplasia verruciformis Epidermodysplasia verruciformis is an extremely rare autosomal recessive genetic hereditary skin disorder associated with a high risk of carcinoma of the skin. It is characterized by abnormal susceptibility to human papillomaviruses of the skin... ) 55+ (hands/ feet) 30+ (anogenital/ some are oral/ throat/ respiratory) |
Liquid nitrogen Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen in a liquid state at a very low temperature. It is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquid air. Liquid nitrogen is a colourless clear liquid with density of 0.807 g/mL at its boiling point and a dielectric constant of 1.4... Interferon Interferons are proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens—such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites—or tumor cells. They allow communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors.IFNs belong to... Cidofovir Cidofovir is an injectable antiviral medication for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS. It suppresses CMV replication by selective inhibition of viral DNA polymerase and therefore prevention of viral replication and transcription... |
HPV vaccine The human papilloma virus vaccine prevents infection with certain species of human papillomavirus associated with the development of cervical cancer, genital warts, and some less common cancers... Safe sex Safe sex is sexual activity engaged in by people who have taken precautions to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS. It is also referred to as safer sex or protected sex, while unsafe or unprotected sex is sexual activity engaged in without precautions... |
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| Parainfluenza virus | Paramyxoviridae | droplet contact |
Croup Croup is a respiratory condition that is usually triggered by an acute viral infection of the upper airway. The infection leads to swelling inside the throat, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classical symptoms of a "barking" cough, stridor, and hoarseness... Pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung—especially affecting the microscopic air sacs —associated with fever, chest symptoms, and a lack of air space on a chest X-ray. Pneumonia is typically caused by an infection but there are a number of other causes... Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis is inflammation of the bronchioles, the smallest air passages of the lungs. It usually occurs in children less than two years of age and presents with coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. This inflammation is usually caused by viruses... Common cold The common cold is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory system, caused primarily by rhinoviruses and coronaviruses. Common symptoms include a cough, sore throat, runny nose, and fever... |
None | None | Antibody detection |
| Poliovirus Poliovirus Poliovirus, the causative agent of poliomyelitis, is a human enterovirus and member of the family of Picornaviridae.Poliovirus is composed of an RNA genome and a protein capsid. The genome is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome that is about 7500 nucleotides long. The viral particle is... |
Picornaviridae | fecal-oral | Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an acute viral infectious disease spread from person to person, primarily via the fecal-oral route... |
None | Polio vaccine Polio vaccine Two polio vaccines are used throughout the world to combat poliomyelitis . The first was developed by Jonas Salk and first tested in 1952. Announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955, it consists of an injected dose of inactivated poliovirus. An oral vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin... |
Antibody detection |
| Rabies virus Rabies virus The rabies virus is neurotropic virus that causes fatal disease in human and animals. Rabies transmission can occur through the saliva of animals.... |
Rhabdoviridae Rhabdoviridae Rhabdoviruses are viruses belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae, which is in the order Mononegavirales. The name is derived from the Greek rhabdos meaning rod referring to the shape of the viral particles. Rhabdoviruses infect a broad range of hosts throughout the animal and plant kingdoms... |
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Rabies Rabies Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute encephalitis in warm-blooded animals. It is zoonotic , most commonly by a bite from an infected animal. For a human, rabies is almost invariably fatal if post-exposure prophylaxis is not administered prior to the onset of severe symptoms... |
Post-exposure prophylaxis | Pre- and postexposure prophylaxis | Histology (postmortem) |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | Paramyxoviridae | droplet contact, hand-to-mouth |
Pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung—especially affecting the microscopic air sacs —associated with fever, chest symptoms, and a lack of air space on a chest X-ray. Pneumonia is typically caused by an infection but there are a number of other causes... |
(ribavirin Ribavirin Ribavirin is an anti-viral drug indicated for severe RSV infection , hepatitis C infection and other viral infections. Ribavirin is a prodrug, which when metabolised resembles purine RNA nucleotides... ) |
Palivizumab Palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody produced by recombinant DNA technology. It is used in the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections... in high risk individuals |
antibody and antigen detection |
| Rubella virus Rubella virus Rubella virus is the pathogenic agent of the disease Rubella, and is the cause of congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks of lunacy.Humans are the only known host of this virus.... |
Togaviridae Togaviridae The Togaviridae are a family of viruses, including the following genera:* Genus Alphavirus; type species: Sindbis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Ross River virus, O'nyong'nyong virus, Chikungunya* Genus Rubivirus;... |
droplet contact |
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None | MMR vaccine MMR vaccine The MMR vaccine is an immunization shot against measles, mumps, and rubella . It was first developed by Maurice Hilleman while at Merck in the late 1960s.... |
Antibody detection |
| Varicella-zoster virus | Herpesviridae Herpesviridae The Herpesviridae are a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in animals, including humans. The members of this family are also known as herpesviruses. The family name is derived from the Greek word herpein , referring to the latent, recurring infections typical of this group of viruses... |
droplet contact |
Herpes zoster Herpes zoster , commonly known as shingles and also known as zona, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a limited area on one side of the body, often in a stripe... |
Varicella:
Famciclovir Famciclovir is a guanine analogue antiviral drug used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections, most commonly for herpes zoster . It is a prodrug form of penciclovir with improved oral bioavailability... Zoster:
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Varicella vaccine The varicella vaccine is a live virus that protects against the viral disease commonly known as chickenpox caused by Varicella Zoster Virus . Varicella vaccine is marketed as Varivax in the U.S. by Merck... |
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See also
- List of latent human viral infections
- List of human diseases associated with infectious pathogens
- Pathogenic bacteriaPathogenic bacteriaPathogenic bacteria are bacteria that cause bacterial infection. This article deals with human pathogenic bacteria.Although the vast majority of bacteria are harmless or beneficial, quite a few bacteria are pathogenic...