Surili
Encyclopedia
The surilis are a group of Old World monkey
s and make up the entirety of the genus
Presbytis. They live in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, on Sumatra
, Borneo
, Java
and smaller nearby islands.
Surilis are rather small, slim built primate
s. Their fur at the top is brown, grey, black or orange, and at the lower surface whitish or greyish, sometimes also orange, with some species having fur designs at the head or at the hips. Their German
name of Mützenlanguren ("capped langurs") comes from the hair on their head, which forms a tuft. They differ from the other langurs by characteristics in the shape of their head (particularly the poorly developed or absent brow ridges, and the prominent nasal bone
s), in the teeth and by the size of their small thumbs. Surilis range in adult length from 40 to 60 cm (with a 50 to 85 cm long tail) and a weight of 5 to 8 kg.
Diurnal
forest dwellers, they spend nearly their entire life in the trees. They live in groups of up to 21 animals (average 10 or less animals in most species) consisting of a male, several females, and their young. A few species have been observed in monogamous pairings (particularly the Mentawai langur
), although this might be a reaction to the decrease of their habitat. Lone males and all-male groups have also been reported. The groups are hierarchically developed, with intergroup communication that is both vocal and postural.
The surilis' diet consists of leaves, fruits, and seeds.
Gestation time is five to six months, and births are typically of single young. Newborn animals are white colored and have a black strip at the back, although some have a cross-shaped mark. By one year the young are weaned and at an age of four to five years they are fully mature. The typical life expectancy in the wild remains poorly known for most species, but captive Sumatran surili
s have lived for more than 18 years.
Several species in this genus are restricted to regions with extensive habitat destruction
, and are also threatened by hunting. Consequently, 8 of the 11 species are rated as vulnerable
or worse by IUCN, and the Sarawak surili
has been referred to as "one of the rarest primates in the world."
of Presbytis is complex, and significant changes have been proposed for several in recent years.
Old World monkey
The Old World monkeys or Cercopithecidae are a group of primates, falling in the superfamily Cercopithecoidea in the clade Catarrhini. The Old World monkeys are native to Africa and Asia today, inhabiting a range of environments from tropical rain forest to savanna, shrubland and mountainous...
s and make up the entirety of the genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
Presbytis. They live in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, on Sumatra
Sumatra
Sumatra is an island in western Indonesia, westernmost of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island entirely in Indonesia , and the sixth largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 with a population of 50,365,538...
, Borneo
Borneo
Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located north of Java Island, Indonesia, at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia....
, Java
Java
Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java...
and smaller nearby islands.
Surilis are rather small, slim built primate
Primate
A primate is a mammal of the order Primates , which contains prosimians and simians. Primates arose from ancestors that lived in the trees of tropical forests; many primate characteristics represent adaptations to life in this challenging three-dimensional environment...
s. Their fur at the top is brown, grey, black or orange, and at the lower surface whitish or greyish, sometimes also orange, with some species having fur designs at the head or at the hips. Their German
German language
German is a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. With an estimated 90 – 98 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and is the most widely-spoken first language in the European Union....
name of Mützenlanguren ("capped langurs") comes from the hair on their head, which forms a tuft. They differ from the other langurs by characteristics in the shape of their head (particularly the poorly developed or absent brow ridges, and the prominent nasal bone
Nasal bone
The nasal bones are two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face, and form, by their junction, "the bridge" of the nose.Each has two surfaces and four borders....
s), in the teeth and by the size of their small thumbs. Surilis range in adult length from 40 to 60 cm (with a 50 to 85 cm long tail) and a weight of 5 to 8 kg.
Diurnal
Diurnal animal
Diurnality is a plant or animal behavior characterized by activity during the day and sleeping at night.-In animals:Animals that are not diurnal might be nocturnal or crepuscular . Many animal species are diurnal, including many mammals, insects, reptiles and birds...
forest dwellers, they spend nearly their entire life in the trees. They live in groups of up to 21 animals (average 10 or less animals in most species) consisting of a male, several females, and their young. A few species have been observed in monogamous pairings (particularly the Mentawai langur
Mentawai Langur
The Mentawai langur is a species of primate in the Cercopithecidae family. It is endemic to the Mentawai Islands in Indonesia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss....
), although this might be a reaction to the decrease of their habitat. Lone males and all-male groups have also been reported. The groups are hierarchically developed, with intergroup communication that is both vocal and postural.
The surilis' diet consists of leaves, fruits, and seeds.
Gestation time is five to six months, and births are typically of single young. Newborn animals are white colored and have a black strip at the back, although some have a cross-shaped mark. By one year the young are weaned and at an age of four to five years they are fully mature. The typical life expectancy in the wild remains poorly known for most species, but captive Sumatran surili
Sumatran Surili
The Sumatran surili is a species of primate in the Cercopithecidae family. It is endemic to Sumatra in Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.-External links:...
s have lived for more than 18 years.
Several species in this genus are restricted to regions with extensive habitat destruction
Habitat destruction
Habitat destruction is the process in which natural habitat is rendered functionally unable to support the species present. In this process, the organisms that previously used the site are displaced or destroyed, reducing biodiversity. Habitat destruction by human activity mainly for the purpose of...
, and are also threatened by hunting. Consequently, 8 of the 11 species are rated as vulnerable
Vulnerable species
On 30 January 2010, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species identified 9694 Vulnerable species, subspecies and varieties, stocks and sub-populations.-References:...
or worse by IUCN, and the Sarawak surili
Sarawak Surili
The Sarawak surili is a species of primate in the Cercopithecidae family. It is endemic to the southeast Asian island of Borneo, where it is distributed north of the Kapuas River in Kalimantan, Indonesia, the Malaysia states of Sarawak and Sabah, and in Brunei. Its taxonomy is complex and...
has been referred to as "one of the rarest primates in the world."
Taxonomy
Two additional genera, Trachypithecus and Semnopithecus, were formerly considered subgenera of Presbytis. The species-level taxonomyTaxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into a classification. The field of taxonomy, sometimes referred to as "biological taxonomy", revolves around the description and use of taxonomic units, known as taxa...
of Presbytis is complex, and significant changes have been proposed for several in recent years.
- Genus Presbytis
- Sumatran suriliSumatran SuriliThe Sumatran surili is a species of primate in the Cercopithecidae family. It is endemic to Sumatra in Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.-External links:...
, Presbytis melalophos- Yellow-handed mitered surili, Presbytis melalophos melalophos
- Presbytis melalophos bicolor,
- Presbytis melalophos sumatrana,
- Presbytis melalophos mitrata,
- Banded suriliBanded SuriliThe banded surili is a species of primate in the Cercopithecidae family. It is endemic to the Thai-Malay Peninsula and the Indonesia island of Sumatra. It is threatened by habitat loss. Three subspecies, femoralis , robinsoni and percura, are recognized here, but the taxonomy is complex and...
, Presbytis femoralis- Raffle's banded surili, Presbytis femoralis femoralis
- Robinson's banded surili, Presbytis femoralis robinsoni
- East Sumatran banded surili, Presbytis femoralis percura
- Sarawak suriliSarawak SuriliThe Sarawak surili is a species of primate in the Cercopithecidae family. It is endemic to the southeast Asian island of Borneo, where it is distributed north of the Kapuas River in Kalimantan, Indonesia, the Malaysia states of Sarawak and Sabah, and in Brunei. Its taxonomy is complex and...
, Presbytis chrysomelas- Bornean banded surili, Presbytis chrysomelas chrysomelas
- Tricolored surili, Presbytis chrysomelas cruciger
- White-thighed suriliWhite-thighed SuriliThe white-thighed surili is a species of primate in the Cercopithecidae family. It is endemic to the Thai-Malay Peninsula, the Riau Archipelago and Sumatra. Four subspecies, siamensis , cana, paenulata and rhionis, are recognized here, but the taxonomy is disputed and in need of a review, and it...
, Presbytis siamensis- Malayan white-thighed surili, Presbytis siamensis siamensis
- Presbytis siamensis rhionis
- Presbytis siamensis cana
- Presbytis siamensis paenulata
- White-fronted suriliWhite-fronted SuriliThe white-fronted surili is a species of primate in the Cercopithecidae family. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, and possibly Brunei. Its body is mainly grey-brown, with a distinct white spot on the forehead. Its chin and lower cheeks are greyish. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical...
, Presbytis frontata - Javan suriliJavan SuriliThe Javan surili is an endangered species of Old World monkey endemic to the western half of Java, Indonesia, a biodiversity hotspot...
, Presbytis comata- Grizzled leaf monkey, Presbytis comata comata
- Javan fuscous langur, Presbytis comata fredericae
- Thomas's langurThomas's LangurThomas's langur is a species of primate in the Cercopithecidae family. It is endemic to Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss....
, Presbytis thomasi - Hose's langurHose's LangurHose's langur is a species of primate in the Cercopithecidae family. It is endemic to the island of Borneo, including Brunei, Kalimantan , and East Malaysia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.- External links :* ARKive -...
, Presbytis hosei- Hose's grizzled langur, Presbytis hosei hosei
- Everett's grizzled langur, Presbytis hosei everetti
- Saban grizzled langur, Presbytis hosei sabana
- Miller's grizzled langur, Presbytis hosei canicrus
- Maroon leaf monkeyMaroon Leaf MonkeyThe maroon langur, maroon leaf monkey, or red leaf monkey is a species of primate in the Cercopithecidae family. It is found on the southeast Asian island of Borneo and the nearby smaller Karimata....
, Presbytis rubicunda- Muller's maroon langur, Presbytis rubicunda rubicunda
- Presbytis rubicunda rubida
- Presbytis rubicunda ignita
- Davis's maroon langur, Presbytis rubicunda chrysea
- Karimata Island maroon langur, Presbytis rubicunda carimatae
- Mentawai langurMentawai LangurThe Mentawai langur is a species of primate in the Cercopithecidae family. It is endemic to the Mentawai Islands in Indonesia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss....
or joja, Presbytis potenziani- Golden-bellied Mentawai langur, Presbytis potenziani potenziani
- Sombre-bellied Mentawai langur, Presbytis potenziani siberu
- Natuna Island suriliNatuna Island SuriliThe Natuna Island surili is a species of primate in the Cercopithecidae family. It is endemic to the Indonesian island of Natuna Besar. It was separated from P. siamensis by Groves in 2001....
, Presbytis natunae
- Sumatran surili