Sumter, South Carolina - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Demographics

, there were 59,180 people, 34,717 households, and 4,049 families living in the city. The population density

Population density

Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and particularly to humans...

was 4,469.5 people per square mile (775.6/km²). There were 416,032 housing units at an average density of 603.0 per square mile (232.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 34.74% Caucasian, 39.88% African American, 1.24% Native American, 11.62% Asian, 11.07% Pacific Islander, 1.12% from other races

Race (United States Census)

Race and ethnicity in the United States Census, as defined by the Federal Office of Management and Budget and the United States Census Bureau, are self-identification data items in which residents choose the race or races with which they most closely identify, and indicate whether or not they are...

, and 1.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.98% of the population.

There were 44,717 households, of which 75% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.0% were married couples

Marriage

Marriage is a social union or legal contract between people that creates kinship. It is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged in a variety of ways, depending on the culture or subculture in which it is found...

living together, 19.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.0% were non-families. 17.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 1.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the city, the population was spread out with 37.6% under the age of 18, 12.28% from 18 to 24, 26.04% from 25 to 44, 19.55% from 45 to 64, and 14.12% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.3 years. For every 100 females there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $39,264, and the median income for a family was $55,328. Males had a median income of $37,078 versus $32,002 for females. The per capita income

Per capita income

Per capita income or income per person is a measure of mean income within an economic aggregate, such as a country or city. It is calculated by taking a measure of all sources of income in the aggregate and dividing it by the total population...

for the city was $36,949. About 13.0% of families and 26.6% of the population were below the poverty line

Poverty threshold

The poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the minimum level of income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate standard of living in a given country...

, including 21.8% of those under age 18 and 15.3% of those age 65 or over.

Crime

The following table shows Sumter's crime rate in 6 crimes that Morgan Quitno uses in their calculations for "America's most dangerous cities" rankings, in comparison to the national average. The statistics provided are not for the actual number of crimes committed, but for the number of crimes committed per capita.

Crime	Sumter, SC (2006)	National Average
Murder	9.9	6.9
Rape	34.7	32.2
Robbery	215.9	195.4
Assault	1059.7	340.1
Burglary	1228.4	814.5
Automobile Theft	282.9	526.5

According to the Congressional Quarterly Press '2008 City Crime Rankings: Crime in Metropolitan America, Sumter Statistical Metropolitan Area ranks as having the 5th highest overall crime rate out of 338 statistical metropolitan areas in the United States of America.

Municipal government and politics

The City of Sumter holds the distinction of being the first to adopt the council-manager form of government on June 11, 1912. City Council, with representatives from six single-member districts, appoints a city manager

City manager

A city manager is an official appointed as the administrative manager of a city, in a council-manager form of city government. Local officials serving in this position are sometimes referred to as the chief executive officer or chief administrative officer in some municipalities...

to serve as chief administrative officer to run the day-to-day business of the city. This individual serves at the pleasure of the council. The current City Manager of Sumter is Deron L. McCormick.

Joseph T. McElveen Jr is currently serving his third term as mayor

Mayor

In many countries, a Mayor is the highest ranking officer in the municipal government of a town or a large urban city....

having been elected in 2000. Sumter holds elections for mayor every four years, with the next election in 2012. The mayor

Mayor

In many countries, a Mayor is the highest ranking officer in the municipal government of a town or a large urban city....

also serves as Chair for Sumter City Council

City council

A city council or town council is the legislative body that governs a city, town, municipality or local government area.-Australia & NZ:Because of the differences in legislation between the States, the exact definition of a City Council varies...

.

Sumter City Council

City council

members are elected for four-year terms with no term limit

Term limit

A term limit is a legal restriction that limits the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office. When term limits are found in presidential and semi-presidential systems they act as a method to curb the potential for monopoly, where a leader effectively becomes "president for...

s. The six members of city council

City council

are elected by ward whereas the mayor

Mayor

In many countries, a Mayor is the highest ranking officer in the municipal government of a town or a large urban city....

is elected at-large. Sumter City Council is responsible for making policies and enacting laws, rules and regulations in order to provide for future community and economic growth. City council is also responsible for providing the necessary support for the orderly and efficient operation of city services.

Sumter City Council Wards

1: Thomas J. Lowery
2: Ione J. Dwyer
3: Calvin K. Hastie, Sr.
4: Walter G. Newman
5: Robert A. Galiano
6: William T. Painter, Sr.

Public education

On July 1, 2011, school district officials consolidated the districts to form the Sumter School District. The inaugural superintendent of the Sumter School District is Randolph D. Bynum Sr.

Schools in this new district have received national recognition as Blue Ribbon Schools, produce students who annually earn large scholarship awards, and employ award-winning teachers and administrators. Each public school is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the State Department of Education.

Higher education

Sumter is home to several collegiate institutions. The area is served by Morris College

Morris College

Morris College , located in Sumter, South Carolina, is a four-year, coeducational, liberal arts, private, historically black college which operates under the Baptist Educational and Missionary Convention.- History :...

, a private four-year liberal arts

Liberal arts

The term liberal arts refers to those subjects which in classical antiquity were considered essential for a free citizen to study. Grammar, Rhetoric and Logic were the core liberal arts. In medieval times these subjects were extended to include mathematics, geometry, music and astronomy...

college, Central Carolina Technical College, a public two-year technical college

Institute of technology

Institute of technology is a designation employed in a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system...

, and the University of South Carolina Sumter

University of South Carolina Sumter

The University of South Carolina Sumter is a public university located in Sumter, South Carolina. One of the 7 regional USC campuses and is currently an accredited two-year school in the University of South Carolina System, it is home to approximately 1,500 students...

. Saint Leo University

Saint Leo University

Saint Leo University is a private, non-profit, Roman Catholic liberal arts university established in 1889 and located in Saint Leo, Florida, 35 miles north of Tampa. The University is associated with the Holy Name Monastery, a Benedictine convent, and Saint Leo Abbey, a Benedictine monastery...

, Troy University

Troy University

Troy University is a public university that is located in Troy, Alabama, United States. It was originally founded in 1887 as Troy Normal School. Its main campus enrollment is 7,194 students. The total enrollment of all Troy University campuses is 29,689...

, and Webster University

Webster University

Webster University is an American non-profit private university with its main campus in Webster Groves, a suburb of St. Louis, Missouri. Webster University is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission and is a member of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools...

all offer course and degree programs at Shaw Air Force Base.

Shaw Air Force Base

Sumter is home to Shaw Air Force Base

Shaw Air Force Base

Shaw Air Force Base is a United States Military facility located approximately west-northwest of Sumter, South Carolina. It is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force Air Combat Command...

, headquarters of the 3rd Army

Third Army

A number of nations have had a Third Army* Third Army * Third Army * 3rd Army * Third Army * Third Army * 3rd Army * Third Army * United States Army Central...

, 9th Air Force

Ninth Air Force

The Ninth Air Force is a numbered air force of the United States Air Force's Air Combat Command . It is headquartered at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina....

and the 20th Fighter Wing

20th Fighter Wing

The 20th Fighter Wing is a wing of the United States Air Force and the host unit at Shaw Air Force Base South Carolina. The wing is assigned to Air Combat Command's Ninth Air Force.-Mission:...

. Since World War II

World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

it has been a major source of federal and civilian employment in the area.
Shaw's fighter planes consist of the F-16 Fighting Falcon

F-16 Fighting Falcon

The General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon is a multirole jet fighter aircraft originally developed by General Dynamics for the United States Air Force . Designed as an air superiority day fighter, it evolved into a successful all-weather multirole aircraft. Over 4,400 aircraft have been built since...

, which is a versatile multi-role fighter. F-16's dispatched from Shaw were the primary fighters used in the Gulf War

Gulf War

The Persian Gulf War , commonly referred to as simply the Gulf War, was a war waged by a U.N.-authorized coalition force from 34 nations led by the United States, against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.The war is also known under other names, such as the First Gulf...

. In response to the city's service, Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961. He was a five-star general in the United States Army...

through Barack Obama

Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama previously served as a United States Senator from Illinois, from January 2005 until he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.Born in...

have came to Sumter to express their gratitude. The base was named in honor of 1st Lieutenant Ervin David Shaw, one of the first Americans to fly combat missions in World War I

World War I

World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...

. Shaw, a Sumter County native, died after three enemy aircraft attacked his Bristol F.2 Fighter

Bristol F.2 Fighter

The Bristol F.2 Fighter was a British two-seat biplane fighter and reconnaissance aircraft of the First World War flown by the Royal Flying Corps. It is often simply called the Bristol Fighter or popularly the "Brisfit" or "Biff". Despite being a two-seater, the F.2B proved to be an agile aircraft...

while he was returning from a reconnaissance mission.

Mass transit

The Santee-Wateree Regional Transit Authority (SWRTA), is the agency responsible for operating mass transit in greater Sumter area.
SWRTA operates express shuttles, and bus service serving Sumter and the communities within the county. The authority was established in October 2002 after SCANA released ownership of public transportation back to the City of Sumter. Since 2003, SWRTA provides transportation for more than 10,000 passengers, has expanded route services and introduced 15 new ADA accessible buses offering a safer, more comfortable means of transportation. In recent years, SWRTA has added natural gas powered buses to its small fleet, and has plans to expand.

US Routes

U.S. 15
U.S. Route 15
U.S. Route 15 is a -long United States highway, designated along South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New York. The route is signed north–south, from U.S. Route 17 Alternate in Walterboro, South Carolina to Interstate 86 and NY 17 in Painted Post, New York.US...
U.S. 76
U.S. Route 76
U.S. Route 76 is an east–west United States highway that runs for from Chattanooga, Tennessee to Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina.-Tennessee:...
U.S. 378
U.S. Route 378
U.S. Route 378 is a spur of U.S. Route 78. It currently runs for 234 miles from Conway, South Carolina at U.S. Route 501 to Washington, Georgia at U.S. Route 78.-Route description:...
U.S. 401
U.S. Route 401
U.S. Route 401 is an north–south United States highway, a spur of U.S. Route 1, that traverses along the fall line from Sumter, South Carolina to Interstate 85 near Wise, North Carolina.-Route description:...
U.S. 521
U.S. Route 521
U.S. Route 521 is an north–south United States highway that runs for from Georgetown, South Carolina to Charlotte, North Carolina.-South Carolina:...

South Carolina State Highways

South Carolina Highway 120
SC 261
South Carolina Highway 261
South Carolina Highway 261 is a state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It runs between Kershaw County to Yauhannah in Georgetown County.-Route description:...
South Carolina Highway 441
South Carolina Highway 762

Swan Lake/Iris Gardens

Located in Sumter, South Carolina, Swan Lake-Iris Gardens began in 1927 as a private fishing lake for wealthy businessman Hamilton Carr Bland, who also began landcaping his garden with Japanese Iris flowers...

is the only public park in the United States with all eight known species of swan

Swan

Swans, genus Cygnus, are birds of the family Anatidae, which also includes geese and ducks. Swans are grouped with the closely related geese in the subfamily Anserinae where they form the tribe Cygnini. Sometimes, they are considered a distinct subfamily, Cygninae...

. Sumter hosts the "Iris Festival" at Swan Lake/Iris Gardens every May; the event is open to the public. Traditionally, the festival is held Memorial Day

Memorial Day

Memorial Day is a United States federal holiday observed on the last Monday of May. Formerly known as Decoration Day, it originated after the American Civil War to commemorate the fallen Union soldiers of the Civil War...

weekend. The park is also the host during the holiday season to the "Swan Lake Fantasy of Lights", the largest free Christmas light display in the South East, with more than one hundred million lights. Beginning in 2009, Swan Lake/Iris Gardens became the site of the City of Sumter's annual Earth Day celebration.

Sports

Riley Park

Riley Park (Sumter)

Riley Park is a stadium in Sumter, South Carolina. It is primarily used for baseball and was the home of Sumter Braves. Today the stadium is mostly used for American Legion Baseball in the summer. It is also home to the USC Sumter Fire Ants of the NJCAA and the Morris College Hornets of the NAIA....

is a 40,000 seat stadium that is primarily used for baseball

Baseball

Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. The aim is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot diamond...

and was the home of Sumter Braves, a Single A Atlanta Braves affiliate that competed in the South Atlantic League. Riley Park was home to the Sumter Braves from 1985 until 1990, when the team left Sumter for Macon, Georgia

Macon, Georgia

Macon is a city located in central Georgia, US. Founded at the fall line of the Ocmulgee River, it is part of the Macon metropolitan area, and the county seat of Bibb County. A small portion of the city extends into Jones County. Macon is the biggest city in central Georgia...

. Notable Sumter Braves that went on to Major League success include Tom Glavine

Tom Glavine

Thomas Michael Glavine is a former Major League Baseball left-handed pitcher.With 164 victories during the 1990s, Glavine was the second winningest pitcher in the National League, second only to teammate Greg Maddux's 176...

, David Justice

David Justice

David Christopher Justice is a former outfielder and designated hitter in Major League Baseball who played for the Atlanta Braves , Cleveland Indians , New York Yankees , and Oakland Athletics .-Early life:David was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the son of Robert and Nettie Justice...

, Kevin Brown (right-handed pitcher), Mark Wohlers

Mark Wohlers

Mark Edward Wohlers is a former right-handed relief pitcher in Major League Baseball best known for his years with the Atlanta Braves from to...

, Ryan Klesko

Ryan Klesko

Ryan Anthony Klesko , is a former Major League Baseball first baseman and corner outfielder, who played for the Atlanta Braves, San Diego Padres, and the San Francisco Giants...

, and Vinny Castilla

Vinny Castilla

Vinicio "Vinny" Castilla Soria is a former Major League Baseball third baseman who played his best years with the Colorado Rockies and Atlanta Braves...

. The Braves were replaced by the Sumter Flyers in 1991, a Single A Montreal Expos affiliate. The Flyers, however, left Sumter after one season. No professional baseball team has competed in Sumter since the end of the 1991 season.

Riley continues to be the home of the P-15s, an American Legion baseball team with a long history of success. The P-15's have won 15 state titles including 1940, 1950, 1952, 1962, 1977, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009 and 2011. They advanced to the 2006 American Legion World Series in Cedar Rapids, IA where they finished 4th nationally. The P-15's made a return trip to the American Legion World Series hosted by Shelby, NC in 2008 and 2009.
Palmetto Tennis Center is a new state of the art tennis court in Palmetto Park. The tennis center has 24 official size tennis courts. The Palmetto Tennis Center hosts numerous youth, collegiate and professional tournaments each year.
Sumter Memorial Stadium is home to Sumter High School's Gamecocks, Marvin Montgomery Field at Donald L. Crolley Memorial Stadium is home to the Crestwood High School Knights and Dr. J. Frank Baker Stadium is home to the Lakewood High School Gators.

In the 1950's, Sumter was very strong in table tennis in S. C. state champions; and, in 1951, produced a All-American Table Tennis Tournament national men's champion in Oliver Stubbs.

Palmetto Tennis Center (PTC) is a National Tennis Court in Palmetto Park in Sumter, South Carolina. It is one of the largest public tennis centers in the state, with 18 lit hard courts as well as 6 Deco-Turf courts. PTC hosts numerous tournaments every year for juniors and adults. PTC is also the host to the Palmetto Pro Open, a women's 10K event on the USTA Pro Circuit.

Notable people from Sumter

Ray Allen
Ray Allen
Walter Ray Allen is an American professional basketball player who is currently playing for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association. He has played professionally for the Milwaukee Bucks, Seattle SuperSonics, and the Boston Celtics; and collegiately for the University of...

, professional basketball player, is from Dalzell, in Sumter County, where his children still reside.
Lee Brice
Lee Brice
Lee Brice is an American country music artist. Signed to Curb Records' Asylum-Curb division since 2007, Brice has released four singles to country radio, all four of which have charted on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts. The fourth of these, "Love Like Crazy," holds the record for the...

, country music singer-songwriter
Ryan Buell
Ryan Buell
Ryan Daniel Buell is an American paranormal investigator, author and producer who founded the Paranormal Research Society when he was a 19-year-old student at Pennsylvania State University.-Early life:...

, Founder of Penn State Paranormal Research Society. Has a reality series on A&E
A&E Network
The A&E Network is a United States-based cable and satellite television network with headquarters in New York City and offices in Atlanta, Chicago, Detroit, London, Los Angeles and Stamford. A&E also airs in Canada and Latin America. Initially named the Arts & Entertainment Network, A&E launched...

called Paranormal State
Paranormal State
Paranormal State is an American paranormal reality television series that premiered on the A&E Network on December 10, 2007. The program follows and stars the Pennsylvania State University Paranormal Research Society, a student-led college club...

.
Ronnie Burgess
Ronnie Burgess
Ronnie Burgess is a former defensive back in the National Football League.-Career:Burgess was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in the tenth round of the 1985 NFL Draft and played that season with the team. He played at the collegiate level at Wake Forest University.-References:...

, National Football League defensive back, formerly of the Green Bay Packers.
Virginia Capers
Virginia Capers
Eliza Virginia Capers was an American actress.-Early life:Born in Sumter, South Carolina, Capers attended Howard University and studied voice at the Juilliard School in New York City. She made her Broadway debut in Jamaica in 1957...

, Tony Award-winning actress
Pete Chilcutt
Pete Chilcutt
Peter Shawn Chilcutt is a retired American basketball player in the NBA....

, played basketball for the University of North Carolina and then the NBA from 1991 to 2000.
Jim Clyburn
Jim Clyburn
James Enos "Jim" Clyburn is the U.S. Representative for , serving since 1993, and the Assistant Democratic Leader since 2011. He was previously House Majority Whip, serving in that post from 2007 to 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party...

, politician, currently a member of the U.S. House of Representatives and House Majority Whip for the 110th Congress
Rob Crosby
Rob Crosby
Robert Crosby Hoar , is an American country music artist, known professionally as Rob Crosby. Between 1990 and 1996, Rob charted eight singles on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts. He has also recorded six studio albums, with his most recent, Catfish Baby, being released in 2007...

, country music artist
Ray Davis
Ray Davis (musician)
Raymond "Ray" Davis was the original bass singer and one of the founding members of The Parliaments, Parliament, and Funkadelic. His regular nickname while he was with those groups was "Sting Ray Davis". Aside from George Clinton, he was the only original member of the Parliaments not to leave the...

("Stingray") was a founding member of The Parliaments, Parliament and Funkadelic
Clara Louise Kellogg
Clara Louise Kellogg
Clara Louise Kellogg was an American singer.She was a daughter of George Kellogg and Jane Elizabeth , born at Sumterville, South Carolina, and was educated in New York for the musical profession, singing first in opera there in 1861. Her fine soprano voice and artistic gifts soon made her famous...

, famous opera
Opera
Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance...

singer
Terry Kinard
Terry Kinard
Alfred "Terry" Terance Kinard , is a former professional American football player who was selected by the New York Giants in the 1st round of the 1983 NFL Draft. A 6'1", 200-lb...

, a first round draft pick of the New York Giants, played in the 1986 Super Bowl and had an 8 year NFL career
David A. King
David A. King
David A. King was the tenth Director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center located in Huntsville, Alabama. He was appointed to the position on June 15, 2003. He announced his retirement from NASA on March 26, 2009...

, former Director of NASA
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is the agency of the United States government that is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research...

Marshall Space Flight Center
Marshall Space Flight Center
The George C. Marshall Space Flight Center is the U.S. government's civilian rocketry and spacecraft propulsion research center. The largest center of NASA, MSFC's first mission was developing the Saturn launch vehicles for the Apollo moon program...

located in Huntsville, Alabama
Huntsville, Alabama
Huntsville is a city located primarily in Madison County in the central part of the far northern region of the U.S. state of Alabama. Huntsville is the county seat of Madison County. The city extends west into neighboring Limestone County. Huntsville's population was 180,105 as of the 2010 Census....
Major General George L. Mabry, Jr.
George L. Mabry, Jr.
George Lafayette Mabry, Jr. was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions during the Battle of Hurtgen Forest in World War II....

, Medal of Honor recipient and second most decorated soldier of World War II
Bill Pinkney
Bill Pinkney
Bill Pinkney was an American performer and singer. Pinkney was often said to be the last surviving original member of The Drifters, who achieved international fame with numerous hit records. He was chiefly responsible for its early sounds...

of the Drifters was born in Dalzell, Sumter County
Cleveland Pinkney
Cleveland Pinkney
Cleveland Pinkney is an American football defensive tackle in the National Football League. He currently plays for the Detroit Lions....

, former professional football player, played with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, the Carolina Panthers, and the Detroit Lions
Jamie Pleasant, 1st African American to graduate from Georgia Tech with PH.D. in business in 1999, best selling author, Pastor
Bobby Richardson
Bobby Richardson
Robert Clinton "Bobby" Richardson is a former second baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the New York Yankees from through . Batting and throwing right-handed, he was a superb defensive infielder, as well as something of a clutch hitter, who played no small role in the Yankee baseball...

, of the New York Yankees still resides in Sumter
Wally Richardson
Wally Richardson
Wallace Herman "Wally" Richardson is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League. He was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the seventh round of the 1997 NFL Draft. He started at QB for the XFL's NY/NJ Hitmen. He played college football at Penn State.-References:...

, former starting quarterback
Quarterback
Quarterback is a position in American and Canadian football. Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line...

for Penn State
Pennsylvania State University
The Pennsylvania State University, commonly referred to as Penn State or PSU, is a public research university with campuses and facilities throughout the state of Pennsylvania, United States. Founded in 1855, the university has a threefold mission of teaching, research, and public service...
Angelica Singleton Van Buren, acting First Lady of the United States during the presidency of Martin Van Buren
Freddie Solomon
Freddie Solomon
.Freddie Solomon , is a former professional American football player who was selected by the Miami Dolphins in the 2nd round of the 1975 NFL Draft. A 5'11", 184-lb. wide receiver from the University of Tampa, Solomon played in 11 NFL seasons for the Dolphins and San Francisco 49ers from 1975 to 1985...

, National Football League wide receiver, formerly of the Miami Dolphins and San Francisco 49ers
Shawn Weatherly, Miss USA and Miss Universe 1980

External links

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