Stylommatophora
Encyclopedia
Stylommatophora is a taxon
of air-breathing land snail
s and slug
s, terrestrial
pulmonate gastropod molluscs
. This taxon is currently considered to be a clade
. It was previously regarded as an infraorder (also sometimes was considered to be an order). This taxon includes the majority of land snails and slug
s.
The two strong synapomorphies of Stylommatophora are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and two pairs of retractile tentacles (Dayrat & Tillier).
Several families in this group contain species of snails and slugs that create love dart
s.
Stylommatophora are known from the Cretaceous
to the Recent periods.
based on evolutionary ancestry is the clade Stylommatophora in clade Eupulmonata
within informal group Pulmonata
. It uses unranked clades for taxa above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks suborder, order, superorder and subclass) and the traditional Linnaean approach
for all taxa below the rank of superfamily.
The clade
Stylommatophora contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra. The term "informal group" has been used to indicate whenever monophyly
has not been tested, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has now been discovered to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic.
clade Elasmognatha
clade Orthurethra
informal group Sigmurethra
"limacoid clade
" (within the Sigmurethra)
(not in limacoid clade, but is within the Sigmurethra)
Taxon
|thumb|270px|[[African elephants]] form a widely-accepted taxon, the [[genus]] LoxodontaA taxon is a group of organisms, which a taxonomist adjudges to be a unit. Usually a taxon is given a name and a rank, although neither is a requirement...
of air-breathing land snail
Snail
Snail is a common name applied to most of the members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have coiled shells in the adult stage. When the word is used in its most general sense, it includes sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails. The word snail without any qualifier is however more often...
s and slug
Slug
Slug is a common name that is normally applied to any gastropod mollusc that lacks a shell, has a very reduced shell, or has a small internal shell...
s, terrestrial
Terrestrial animal
Terrestrial animals are animals that live predominantly or entirely on land , as compared with aquatic animals, which live predominantly or entirely in the water , or amphibians, which rely on a combination of aquatic and terrestrial habitats...
pulmonate gastropod molluscs
Mollusca
The Mollusca , common name molluscs or mollusksSpelled mollusks in the USA, see reasons given in Rosenberg's ; for the spelling mollusc see the reasons given by , is a large phylum of invertebrate animals. There are around 85,000 recognized extant species of molluscs. Mollusca is the largest...
. This taxon is currently considered to be a clade
Clade
A clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...
. It was previously regarded as an infraorder (also sometimes was considered to be an order). This taxon includes the majority of land snails and slug
Slug
Slug is a common name that is normally applied to any gastropod mollusc that lacks a shell, has a very reduced shell, or has a small internal shell...
s.
The two strong synapomorphies of Stylommatophora are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and two pairs of retractile tentacles (Dayrat & Tillier).
Several families in this group contain species of snails and slugs that create love dart
Love dart
A love dart is a hard, long, sharp, calcareous or chitinous dart which some hermaphroditic land snails and slugs create. Love darts are made in sexually mature animals only, and are used as part of the sequence of events during courtship, before actual mating takes place...
s.
Stylommatophora are known from the Cretaceous
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous , derived from the Latin "creta" , usually abbreviated K for its German translation Kreide , is a geologic period and system from circa to million years ago. In the geologic timescale, the Cretaceous follows the Jurassic period and is followed by the Paleogene period of the...
to the Recent periods.
2005 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is currently the most up-to-date overall system for classifying gastropod mollusks...
based on evolutionary ancestry is the clade Stylommatophora in clade Eupulmonata
Eupulmonata
The Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions.-Linnean taxonomy:...
within informal group Pulmonata
Pulmonata
The Pulmonata, or "pulmonates", are an informal group of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills...
. It uses unranked clades for taxa above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks suborder, order, superorder and subclass) and the traditional Linnaean approach
Linnaean taxonomy
Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts:# the particular form of biological classification set up by Carl Linnaeus, as set forth in his Systema Naturæ and subsequent works...
for all taxa below the rank of superfamily.
The clade
Clade
A clade is a group consisting of a species and all its descendants. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single "branch" on the "tree of life". The idea that such a "natural group" of organisms should be grouped together and given a taxonomic name is central to biological...
Stylommatophora contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra. The term "informal group" has been used to indicate whenever monophyly
Monophyly
In common cladistic usage, a monophyletic group is a taxon which forms a clade, meaning that it contains all the descendants of the possibly hypothetical closest common ancestor of the members of the group. The term is synonymous with the uncommon term holophyly...
has not been tested, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has now been discovered to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic.
clade Elasmognatha
Elasmognatha
Elasmognatha is a taxonomic grouping, a clade, of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs.A number of species in this taxonomic group are endangered.- Taxonomy :...
- Superfamily Succineoidea
- Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
clade Orthurethra
Orthurethra
Orthurethra is a clade of terrestrial pulmonate gastropods .In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subclade of Stylommatophora.- Taxonomy :...
- Superfamily PartuloideaPartuloideaPartuloidea is a a superfamily of air-breathing land snails.According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, this superfamily of terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks is in the clade Stylommatophora and the informal group Orthurethra.- Families:Families within the...
- Superfamily Achatinelloidea
- Superfamily CochlicopoideaCochlicopoideaCochlicopoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra....
- Superfamily PupilloideaPupilloideaThe Pupilloidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra.-Taxonomy:This superfamily contains the following families:*Family Pupillidae*Family Argnidae*Family Chondrinidae...
- Superfamily EnoideaEnoideaThe Enoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra.The following two families have been recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi :* family Enidae* family Cerastidae...
informal group Sigmurethra
Sigmurethra
Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an Informal Group which includes the majority of land snails and slugs....
- Superfamily ClausilioideaClausilioideaThe Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H...
- Superfamily OrthalicoideaOrthalicoideaThe Orthalicoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.- 2005 taxonomy :...
- Superfamily AchatinoideaAchatinoideaThe Achatinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.-Taxonomy:...
- Superfamily Aillyoidea
- Superfamily TestacelloideaTestacelloideaThe Testacelloidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.-Taxonomy:The families within the Testacelloidea are as follows:*Family Testacellidae Gray, 1840...
- Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
- Superfamily StreptaxoideaStreptaxoideaStreptaxoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the Stylommatophora.- 2005 taxonomy :...
- Superfamily RhytidoideaRhytidoideaThe Rhytidoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986...
- Superfamily AcavoideaAcavoideaThe Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986...
- Superfamily PunctoideaPunctoideaPunctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra....
- Superfamily Sagdoidea
"limacoid clade
Limacoid clade
The limacoid clade is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing land snails, semislugs and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the informal group Sigmurethra.- Distribution :...
" (within the Sigmurethra)
- Superfamily Staffordioidea
- Superfamily Dyakioidea
- Superfamily GastrodontoideaGastrodontoideaGastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.- Taxonomy:According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda , families in this superfamily include:...
- Superfamily ParmacelloideaParmacelloideaParmacelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora and the informal group Pulmonata...
- Superfamily Zonitoidea
- Superfamily HelicarionoideaHelicarionoideaHelicarionoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.-Families:There are three families within the superfamily Helicarionoidea:* Helicarionidae* Ariophantidae...
- Superfamily LimacoideaLimacoideaLimacoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora ....
(not in limacoid clade, but is within the Sigmurethra)
- Superfamily ArionoideaArionoideaArionoidea is a taxonomic group, a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Families :Families within the superfamily Arionoidea include:* Arionidae* Anadenidae* Ariolimacidae* Binneyidae...
- Superfamily HelicoideaHelicoideaHelicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.-Families:There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to Bouchet & Rocroi .* Helicidae...
Previous taxonomy
- Subinfraorder OrthurethraOrthurethraOrthurethra is a clade of terrestrial pulmonate gastropods .In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subclade of Stylommatophora.- Taxonomy :...
- Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
- Superfamily CochlicopoideaCochlicopoideaCochlicopoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra....
Pilsbry, 1900 - Superfamily PartuloideaPartuloideaPartuloidea is a a superfamily of air-breathing land snails.According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, this superfamily of terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks is in the clade Stylommatophora and the informal group Orthurethra.- Families:Families within the...
Pilsbry, 1900 - Superfamily PupilloideaPupilloideaThe Pupilloidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Orthurethra.-Taxonomy:This superfamily contains the following families:*Family Pupillidae*Family Argnidae*Family Chondrinidae...
TurtonWilliam TurtonWilliam Turton was a British naturalist.Turton was born at Olveston, Gloucestershire and was educated at Oriel College, Oxford. He commenced in practice at Swansea, but devoted his leisure time to natural history, especially conchology...
, 1831
- Subinfraorder SigmurethraSigmurethraSigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an Informal Group which includes the majority of land snails and slugs....
- Superfamily AcavoideaAcavoideaThe Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986...
Pilsbry, 1895 - Superfamily AchatinoideaAchatinoideaThe Achatinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.-Taxonomy:...
Swainson, 1840 - Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
- Superfamily ArionoideaArionoideaArionoidea is a taxonomic group, a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Families :Families within the superfamily Arionoidea include:* Arionidae* Anadenidae* Ariolimacidae* Binneyidae...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
in Turnton, 1840 - Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
- Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily ClausilioideaClausilioideaThe Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H...
MörchOtto Andreas Lowson MörchOtto Andreas Lowson Mörch was a biologist, specifically a malacologist. He lived in Sweden, in Denmark, and in France.- Taxa described :Bibliography and taxa described by Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch include:...
, 1864 - Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
- Superfamily GastrodontoideaGastrodontoideaGastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.- Taxonomy:According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda , families in this superfamily include:...
Tryon, 1866 - Superfamily HelicoideaHelicoideaHelicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.-Families:There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to Bouchet & Rocroi .* Helicidae...
RafinesqueConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-SchmaltzConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, as he is known in Europe, was a nineteenth-century polymath who made notable contributions to botany, zoology, the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America and Mesoamerican ancient linguistics.Rafinesque was eccentric, and is often portrayed as an...
, 1815 - Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
- Superfamily LimacoideaLimacoideaLimacoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora ....
RafinesqueConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-SchmaltzConstantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, as he is known in Europe, was a nineteenth-century polymath who made notable contributions to botany, zoology, the study of prehistoric earthworks in North America and Mesoamerican ancient linguistics.Rafinesque was eccentric, and is often portrayed as an...
, 1815 - Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. AdamsArthur Adams (zoologist)Arthur Adams was an English physician and naturalist.Adams was assistant surgeon on board H.M.S. "Actaeon" in company with HMS Samarang in the British Navy during the survey of the Malay Archipelago, the Japan Sea, Korea and China,from 1843 to 1846. He edited the Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S....
, 1855 - Superfamily OrthalicoideaOrthalicoideaThe Orthalicoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.- 2005 taxonomy :...
Albers-Martens, 1860 - Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
- Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
- Superfamily PunctoideaPunctoideaPunctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra....
Morse, 1864 - Superfamily RhytidoideaRhytidoideaThe Rhytidoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986...
Pilsbry, 1893 - Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
- Superfamily Staffordioidea ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1931 - Superfamily StreptaxoideaStreptaxoideaStreptaxoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the Stylommatophora.- 2005 taxonomy :...
J.E. GrayJohn Edward GrayJohn Edward Gray, FRS was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ....
, 1806 - Superfamily Strophocheiloidea ThieleJohannes ThieleJohannes Thiele, full name Karl Hermann Johannes Thiele was a German zoologist specialized in malacology. His Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde is a standard work...
, 1926 - Superfamily TrigonochlamydoideaTrigonochlamydoideaTrigonochlamydidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the clade Eupulmonata .- Distribution :...
Hese, 1882 - Superfamily Zonitoidea MörchOtto Andreas Lowson MörchOtto Andreas Lowson Mörch was a biologist, specifically a malacologist. He lived in Sweden, in Denmark, and in France.- Taxa described :Bibliography and taxa described by Otto Andreas Lowson Mörch include:...
, 1864
- Superfamily Acavoidea