Scottish feudal barony
Encyclopedia
A Scottish
feudal barony (also known as prescriptive barony) used to be attached to a particular piece of land on which is the "caput" (Latin meaning 'head'), or the essence of the barony, normally a building, such as a castle or manor house. Accordingly, the individual - irrespective of sex - who owns the said piece of land containing the "caput" was the Baron
or Baroness
.
Unlike England
's system of hereditary peerages - which are, in the main, passed down the male line - Scottish feudal baronies may be passed to any person, of either sex, by inheritance or conveyance.
The Scots
have a quite distinct legal system
within the United Kingdom
. Historically, in the Kingdom of Scotland
, the Lord Lyon King of Arms
, as the Sovereign’s Minister in matters armorial is at once Herald
and Judge
.
was, from 1660
until 2004, the feudal
description of the only genuine degree of title of UK
nobility
capable of being bought and sold (along with the Caput, or property), rather than passing strictly by blood inheritance.
Statutes of 1592 and the Baronetcy Warrants of King Charles I
show the non-peerage Table of Precedence as: Baronet
s, Knights, Barons and Lairds, Esquires and Gentlemen.
A General Register of Sasines
was set up by Statute in 1617, with entry in the Register giving the prescriptive right (right by normal or correct usage), after so many years, to the "caput" or essence of the Barony. The individual who owned the said piece of land containing the caput was hence the Baron or Baroness. Uncertainty over armorial right was removed by the Lyon Register being set up by Statute in 1672, such that no arms were to be borne in Scotland unless validly entered in Lyon Register. Up until 1874 each new Baron was confirmed in his Barony by the Crown by Charter of Confirmation. Up until 28 November 2004 a Barony was an estate of land held directly of the Crown
, or the Prince and Great Steward of Scotland. It was an essential element of a barony title that there existed a Crown Charter
erecting the land into a Barony, recorded in the Register of the Great Seal of Scotland
. Often the original Charter was later lost, however an Official Extract has the same legal status as the original Charter.
From the Treaty of Union
of 1707 - until 1999 - a unified Parliament of Great Britain
, at Westminster
, was responsible for passing legislation affecting private law
both north and south of the Scottish
border. In 1999 the devolved Scottish Parliament
was established, and Private law measures can now be passed in Edinburgh
.
Using a prescriptive feudal grant allowed developers to impose perpetual
conditions affecting the land. The courts became willing to accept the validity of such obligations, which became known as real burdens. In practical and commercial terms, these real burdens were like English leasehold tenure.
was committed to abolishing the anachronism
of the feudal system
. On 28 November 2004 the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000
came into full force and effect, putting an end to Scotland's feudal system. Under Scots law
, a Scottish Prescriptive Barony by Tenure is now "incorporeal feudal heritage", not attached to the land and remains the only genuine, prescriptive, degree of title of UK nobility capable of being bought and sold – since under Section 63(1) of the Act, the dignity of Baron is preserved after the abolition of the feudal system.
After 28 November 2004 under Scots law, a Scottish Barony, which was previously Scottish heritable property (real property), became incorporeal heritable property (not attached to the land). Prior to the Act coming into effect, Scottish Feudal Baronies (including Lordships and Earldoms) were the only genuine title of UK nobility capable of being transferred following the sale of land containing a "caput" (or the sale of a feudal superiority).
Most baronies were created (erected) prior to 1745 but one was erected as late as 1824.
Since the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 came into effect, the Lord Lyon, who is the Chief Herald of Scotland, has restored a more traditional form to the coat of arms
of a Baron. Barons are now identified by the helm befitting their degree. A new policy statement has been made by the Lord Lyon to this effect.
Independent Scots legal advice should always be taken before entering into any contract that claims to offer a Baronial title for sale.
The holder of the dignity of a Barony may petition the Lord Lyon for a grant of arms
as he falls under the jurisdiction of the Lyon's Court
. A policy statement has been made to this effect by the Lord Lyon. The Lyon Court has no jurisdiction in relation to the transfer of, or legal "trade" in, feudal titles. Any prospective purchaser should seek specialist independent Scots legal
advice
.
The feudal barony title tends to be used when a landed family is not in possession of any UK peerage title of higher rank, subsequently granted, or has been created a Knight of the realm
. The name recorded by the Lord Lyon as part of any grant of arms or matriculation becomes the holder’s name for all official purposes.
The holder of a Scottish Barony, e.g. "Inverglen", may decide to add the title to his existing name to become "John Smith, Baron of Inverglen," or add the territorial designation to his surname to become "John Smith of Inverglen, Baron of Inverglen". Some of the oldest Scottish families prefer to be styled by the territorial designation
alone, e.g. "Smith of Inverglen." A Baron may be addressed socially as "Inverglen" or "Baron," and introduced in the third person as "John Smith of Inverglen, Baron of Inverglen" or "The Baron of Inverglen". When referred to informally in the third person it is incorrect to refer to him as "Baron Inverglen" or "Lord Inverglen", as these would imply a peerage title (i.e. Lord of Parliament) A married couple may be styled "The Baron and Baroness of Inverglen", "Inverglen and Madam Smith of Inverglen", "Inverglen and Lady Inverglen", or "The Baron of Inverglen and Lady Inverglen." The oldest son of a feudal baron may be known by his father's territorial designation with the addition of "yr" (abbreviation for "younger"), as in "John Smith of Inverglen, yr."
or cap of maintenance
as part of his armorial achievement
on petitioning for the same. This is described as "gules doubled ermine" for barons in possession of the caput of the barony. An azure chapeau is appropriate for the heirs of ancient baronial families who are no longer owners of the estates. This chapeau was a relatively recent armorial invention of the late Lord Lyon Thomas Innes of Learney
. Accordingly a number of ancient Arms of feudal barons do not display the chapeau, and now it is no longer granted. It should be noted, however, that Lord Lyon only governs in matters heraldic and has no jurisdiction of the civil use of the chapeau and there is nothing to say that a Scottish Baron could not wear a chapeau on formal occasions relating to the barony. Also one could possibly use the chapeau still as a logo on a business card with the consent of the Convention of the Baronage of Scotland. As long as it is not used by the Baron or Baroness in their achievement of arms in Scotland Lord Lyon has no jurisdiction.
At the Treaty of Perth
1266, Norway relinquished its claim to the Hebrides and Man and they became part of Scotland. In 1292 Argyll was created a shire and “The Barons of all Argyll
and the Foreigners’ Isles
”, which had preceded the kingdom of Scotland, became eligible to attend the "Scots" Parliament – appearing in the record of the parliament at St. Andrews
in 1309. Historically they have a chapeau, "gules doubled ermines", ermines being white tails on black.
The chapeau, if part of the armorial achievement, is placed into the space directly above the shield and below the helmet, and may otherwise be used on a visiting card
, the flap of an envelope or to ensign the circlet of a crest badge as used on a bonnet.
, are now usually reserved for the holders of the older baronies (chartered before 1587) and those that have been in continuous family ownership
. In England, supporters are reserved for the peerage, and a Scottish baron who approaches the English College of Arms
is not allowed supporters. A compartment has occasionally been granted to barons, representing their territories, even in cases where there are no supporters.
colours that carries a large representation of the badge. The pennon is blazoned in the grant or matriculation. The livery colours are usually the two most prominent colours of the arms themselves.
An ensign may be occasionally be granted and blazoned. This is a square flag, smaller than the flying banner, and carrying the full embroidered achievement (arms, crest, motto), again fringed in livery colours.
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
feudal barony (also known as prescriptive barony) used to be attached to a particular piece of land on which is the "caput" (Latin meaning 'head'), or the essence of the barony, normally a building, such as a castle or manor house. Accordingly, the individual - irrespective of sex - who owns the said piece of land containing the "caput" was the Baron
Baron
Baron is a title of nobility. The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Old High German and Latin baro meaning " man, warrior"; it merged with cognate Old English beorn meaning "nobleman"...
or Baroness
Baroness
Baroness is the female equivalent of the nobility title Baron.Baroness or The Baroness may also refer to:* Baroness , a metal band from Savannah, Georgia* Baroness , a fictional villain in the G.I...
.
Unlike England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
's system of hereditary peerages - which are, in the main, passed down the male line - Scottish feudal baronies may be passed to any person, of either sex, by inheritance or conveyance.
The Scots
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
have a quite distinct legal system
Scots law
Scots law is the legal system of Scotland. It is considered a hybrid or mixed legal system as it traces its roots to a number of different historical sources. With English law and Northern Irish law it forms the legal system of the United Kingdom; it shares with the two other systems some...
within the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
. Historically, in the Kingdom of Scotland
Kingdom of Scotland
The Kingdom of Scotland was a Sovereign state in North-West Europe that existed from 843 until 1707. It occupied the northern third of the island of Great Britain and shared a land border to the south with the Kingdom of England...
, the Lord Lyon King of Arms
Lord Lyon King of Arms
The Lord Lyon King of Arms, the head of Lyon Court, is the most junior of the Great Officers of State in Scotland and is the Scottish official with responsibility for regulating heraldry in that country, issuing new grants of arms, and serving as the judge of the Court of the Lord Lyon, the oldest...
, as the Sovereign’s Minister in matters armorial is at once Herald
Herald
A herald, or, more correctly, a herald of arms, is an officer of arms, ranking between pursuivant and king of arms. The title is often applied erroneously to all officers of arms....
and Judge
Judge
A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as part of a panel of judges. The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of judges vary widely across different jurisdictions. The judge is supposed to conduct the trial impartially and in an open...
.
History
Scottish Prescriptive Barony by TenureLand tenure
Land tenure is the name given, particularly in common law systems, to the legal regime in which land is owned by an individual, who is said to "hold" the land . The sovereign monarch, known as The Crown, held land in its own right. All private owners are either its tenants or sub-tenants...
was, from 1660
Tenures Abolition Act 1660
The Tenures Abolition Act 1660 was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of England passed in 1660. The long title of the Act was An act for taking away the Court of Wards and liveries, and tenures in capite, and by knights-service, and purveyance, and for settling a revenue upon his Majesty in...
until 2004, the feudal
Feudalism
Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, which, broadly defined, was a system for ordering society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.Although derived from the...
description of the only genuine degree of title of UK
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
nobility
Nobility
Nobility is a social class which possesses more acknowledged privileges or eminence than members of most other classes in a society, membership therein typically being hereditary. The privileges associated with nobility may constitute substantial advantages over or relative to non-nobles, or may be...
capable of being bought and sold (along with the Caput, or property), rather than passing strictly by blood inheritance.
Statutes of 1592 and the Baronetcy Warrants of King Charles I
Charles I of England
Charles I was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which Charles...
show the non-peerage Table of Precedence as: Baronet
Baronet
A baronet or the rare female equivalent, a baronetess , is the holder of a hereditary baronetcy awarded by the British Crown...
s, Knights, Barons and Lairds, Esquires and Gentlemen.
A General Register of Sasines
Sasine
Sasine is the delivery of feudal property, typically land.Feudal property means immovable property, and includes everything that naturally goes with the property. For land, that would include such things as buildings, trees, and underground minerals...
was set up by Statute in 1617, with entry in the Register giving the prescriptive right (right by normal or correct usage), after so many years, to the "caput" or essence of the Barony. The individual who owned the said piece of land containing the caput was hence the Baron or Baroness. Uncertainty over armorial right was removed by the Lyon Register being set up by Statute in 1672, such that no arms were to be borne in Scotland unless validly entered in Lyon Register. Up until 1874 each new Baron was confirmed in his Barony by the Crown by Charter of Confirmation. Up until 28 November 2004 a Barony was an estate of land held directly of the Crown
The Crown
The Crown is a corporation sole that in the Commonwealth realms and any provincial or state sub-divisions thereof represents the legal embodiment of governance, whether executive, legislative, or judicial...
, or the Prince and Great Steward of Scotland. It was an essential element of a barony title that there existed a Crown Charter
Charter
A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified...
erecting the land into a Barony, recorded in the Register of the Great Seal of Scotland
Great Seal of Scotland
The Great Seal of Scotland allows the monarch to authorise official documents without having to sign each document individually. Wax is melted in a metal mould or matrix and impressed into a wax figure that is attached by cord or ribbon to documents that the monarch wishes to make official...
. Often the original Charter was later lost, however an Official Extract has the same legal status as the original Charter.
From the Treaty of Union
Treaty of Union
The Treaty of Union is the name given to the agreement that led to the creation of the united kingdom of Great Britain, the political union of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, which took effect on 1 May 1707...
of 1707 - until 1999 - a unified Parliament of Great Britain
Parliament of Great Britain
The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland...
, at Westminster
Palace of Westminster
The Palace of Westminster, also known as the Houses of Parliament or Westminster Palace, is the meeting place of the two houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom—the House of Lords and the House of Commons...
, was responsible for passing legislation affecting private law
Private law
Private law is that part of a civil law legal system which is part of the jus commune that involves relationships between individuals, such as the law of contracts or torts, as it is called in the common law, and the law of obligations as it is called in civilian legal systems...
both north and south of the Scottish
Scotland
Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the...
border. In 1999 the devolved Scottish Parliament
Scottish Parliament
The Scottish Parliament is the devolved national, unicameral legislature of Scotland, located in the Holyrood area of the capital, Edinburgh. The Parliament, informally referred to as "Holyrood", is a democratically elected body comprising 129 members known as Members of the Scottish Parliament...
was established, and Private law measures can now be passed in Edinburgh
Edinburgh
Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, the second largest city in Scotland, and the eighth most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council governs one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. The council area includes urban Edinburgh and a rural area...
.
Using a prescriptive feudal grant allowed developers to impose perpetual
Perpetual
Perpetual may refer to:*Perpetual bond, a bond which pays coupons forever*Perpetual curacy, a type of Christian priesthood*Perpetual virginity, a Christian doctrine concerning the Virgin Mary*Perpetual Entertainment, a software development company...
conditions affecting the land. The courts became willing to accept the validity of such obligations, which became known as real burdens. In practical and commercial terms, these real burdens were like English leasehold tenure.
Abolition of feudal tenure
The first Scottish ExecutiveScottish Executive
The Scottish Government is the executive arm of the devolved government of Scotland. It was established in 1999 as the Scottish Executive, from the extant Scottish Office, and the term Scottish Executive remains its legal name under the Scotland Act 1998...
was committed to abolishing the anachronism
Anachronism
An anachronism—from the Greek ανά and χρόνος — is an inconsistency in some chronological arrangement, especially a chronological misplacing of persons, events, objects, or customs in regard to each other...
of the feudal system
Feudalism
Feudalism was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, which, broadly defined, was a system for ordering society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.Although derived from the...
. On 28 November 2004 the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000
Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000
The Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. Act 2000 was an act of the Scottish Parliament which was passed by the Parliament on 3 May 2000 and received Royal Assent on 9 June 2000....
came into full force and effect, putting an end to Scotland's feudal system. Under Scots law
Scots law
Scots law is the legal system of Scotland. It is considered a hybrid or mixed legal system as it traces its roots to a number of different historical sources. With English law and Northern Irish law it forms the legal system of the United Kingdom; it shares with the two other systems some...
, a Scottish Prescriptive Barony by Tenure is now "incorporeal feudal heritage", not attached to the land and remains the only genuine, prescriptive, degree of title of UK nobility capable of being bought and sold – since under Section 63(1) of the Act, the dignity of Baron is preserved after the abolition of the feudal system.
After 28 November 2004 under Scots law, a Scottish Barony, which was previously Scottish heritable property (real property), became incorporeal heritable property (not attached to the land). Prior to the Act coming into effect, Scottish Feudal Baronies (including Lordships and Earldoms) were the only genuine title of UK nobility capable of being transferred following the sale of land containing a "caput" (or the sale of a feudal superiority).
Most baronies were created (erected) prior to 1745 but one was erected as late as 1824.
Since the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 came into effect, the Lord Lyon, who is the Chief Herald of Scotland, has restored a more traditional form to the coat of arms
Coat of arms
A coat of arms is a unique heraldic design on a shield or escutcheon or on a surcoat or tabard used to cover and protect armour and to identify the wearer. Thus the term is often stated as "coat-armour", because it was anciently displayed on the front of a coat of cloth...
of a Baron. Barons are now identified by the helm befitting their degree. A new policy statement has been made by the Lord Lyon to this effect.
Independent Scots legal advice should always be taken before entering into any contract that claims to offer a Baronial title for sale.
The holder of the dignity of a Barony may petition the Lord Lyon for a grant of arms
Grant of Arms
A grant of arms is an action by a lawful authority, such as an officer of arms, conferring on a person and his or her descendants the right to bear a particular coat of arms or armorial bearings...
as he falls under the jurisdiction of the Lyon's Court
Court of the Lord Lyon
The Court of the Lord Lyon, also known as the Lyon Court, is a standing court of law which regulates heraldry in Scotland. Like the College of Arms in England it maintains the register of grants of arms, known as the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland, as well as records of...
. A policy statement has been made to this effect by the Lord Lyon. The Lyon Court has no jurisdiction in relation to the transfer of, or legal "trade" in, feudal titles. Any prospective purchaser should seek specialist independent Scots legal
Scots law
Scots law is the legal system of Scotland. It is considered a hybrid or mixed legal system as it traces its roots to a number of different historical sources. With English law and Northern Irish law it forms the legal system of the United Kingdom; it shares with the two other systems some...
advice
Legal advice
In the common law, legal advice is the giving of a formal opinion regarding the substance or procedure of the law by an officer of the court , ordinarily in exchange for financial or other tangible compensation...
.
Usage
An English Barony is a Peerage, while it is disputed whether Scottish barons rightfully also rank as peers. They are currently treated as noble titles of less than Peerage rank. The Scottish equivalent of an English baron is "Lord of Parliament".The feudal barony title tends to be used when a landed family is not in possession of any UK peerage title of higher rank, subsequently granted, or has been created a Knight of the realm
Realm
A realm is a dominion of a monarch or other sovereign ruler.The Old French word reaume, modern French royaume, was the word first adopted in English; the fixed modern spelling does not appear until the beginning of the 17th century...
. The name recorded by the Lord Lyon as part of any grant of arms or matriculation becomes the holder’s name for all official purposes.
The holder of a Scottish Barony, e.g. "Inverglen", may decide to add the title to his existing name to become "John Smith, Baron of Inverglen," or add the territorial designation to his surname to become "John Smith of Inverglen, Baron of Inverglen". Some of the oldest Scottish families prefer to be styled by the territorial designation
Territorial designation
A territorial designation follows modern peerage titles, linking them to a specific place or places. It is also an integral part of all baronetcies...
alone, e.g. "Smith of Inverglen." A Baron may be addressed socially as "Inverglen" or "Baron," and introduced in the third person as "John Smith of Inverglen, Baron of Inverglen" or "The Baron of Inverglen". When referred to informally in the third person it is incorrect to refer to him as "Baron Inverglen" or "Lord Inverglen", as these would imply a peerage title (i.e. Lord of Parliament) A married couple may be styled "The Baron and Baroness of Inverglen", "Inverglen and Madam Smith of Inverglen", "Inverglen and Lady Inverglen", or "The Baron of Inverglen and Lady Inverglen." The oldest son of a feudal baron may be known by his father's territorial designation with the addition of "yr" (abbreviation for "younger"), as in "John Smith of Inverglen, yr."
Scottish heraldry
The former Lord Lyon declined to award the following baronial additaments to the arms of those feudal barons registering arms now that the Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 is in force. However, the current Lord Lyon has confirmed in a recent policy statement that he will officially recognise feudal barons who meet certain conditions and will grant them arms with a helmet befitting their degree.Chapeau
Previously, between the 1930s and 2004, when new arms were granted or a matriculation of existing arms took note of a barony, the owner was given a chapeauChapeau
-Mainland Europe:"Chapeau" is a French term signifying a hat or other covering for the head. In mainland European heraldry, it is used as a mark of ecclesiastical dignity, especially that of cardinals, which is called the red chapeau...
or cap of maintenance
Cap of Maintenance
A Cap of Maintenance is a ceremonial cap of crimson velvet lined with ermine, which is worn or carried by certain persons as a sign of nobility or special honour. It is worn with the high part to the fore, the tapering tail behind...
as part of his armorial achievement
Coat of arms
A coat of arms is a unique heraldic design on a shield or escutcheon or on a surcoat or tabard used to cover and protect armour and to identify the wearer. Thus the term is often stated as "coat-armour", because it was anciently displayed on the front of a coat of cloth...
on petitioning for the same. This is described as "gules doubled ermine" for barons in possession of the caput of the barony. An azure chapeau is appropriate for the heirs of ancient baronial families who are no longer owners of the estates. This chapeau was a relatively recent armorial invention of the late Lord Lyon Thomas Innes of Learney
Thomas Innes of Learney
Sir Thomas Innes of Learney, GCVO, WS was Lord Lyon from 1945 to 1969, after having been Carrick Pursuivant and Albany Herald in the 1930s. He was a very active Lord Lyon, strongly promoting his views of what his office was through his writings and pronouncements in his Court. In 1950, he...
. Accordingly a number of ancient Arms of feudal barons do not display the chapeau, and now it is no longer granted. It should be noted, however, that Lord Lyon only governs in matters heraldic and has no jurisdiction of the civil use of the chapeau and there is nothing to say that a Scottish Baron could not wear a chapeau on formal occasions relating to the barony. Also one could possibly use the chapeau still as a logo on a business card with the consent of the Convention of the Baronage of Scotland. As long as it is not used by the Baron or Baroness in their achievement of arms in Scotland Lord Lyon has no jurisdiction.
At the Treaty of Perth
Treaty of Perth
The Treaty of Perth, 1266, ended military conflict between Norway, under King Magnus VI of Norway, and Scotland, under King Alexander III, over the sovereignty of the Hebrides and the Isle of Man....
1266, Norway relinquished its claim to the Hebrides and Man and they became part of Scotland. In 1292 Argyll was created a shire and “The Barons of all Argyll
Argyll
Argyll , archaically Argyle , is a region of western Scotland corresponding with most of the part of ancient Dál Riata that was located on the island of Great Britain, and in a historical context can be used to mean the entire western coast between the Mull of Kintyre and Cape Wrath...
and the Foreigners’ Isles
Lord of the Isles
The designation Lord of the Isles is today a title of Scottish nobility with historical roots that go back beyond the Kingdom of Scotland. It emerged from a series of hybrid Viking/Gaelic rulers of the west coast and islands of Scotland in the Middle Ages, who wielded sea-power with fleets of...
”, which had preceded the kingdom of Scotland, became eligible to attend the "Scots" Parliament – appearing in the record of the parliament at St. Andrews
St Andrews
St Andrews is a university town and former royal burgh on the east coast of Fife in Scotland. The town is named after Saint Andrew the Apostle.St Andrews has a population of 16,680, making this the fifth largest settlement in Fife....
in 1309. Historically they have a chapeau, "gules doubled ermines", ermines being white tails on black.
The chapeau, if part of the armorial achievement, is placed into the space directly above the shield and below the helmet, and may otherwise be used on a visiting card
Visiting card
A visiting card, also known as a calling card, is a small paper card with one's name printed on it. They first appeared in China in the 15th century, and in Europe in the 17th century...
, the flap of an envelope or to ensign the circlet of a crest badge as used on a bonnet.
Feudo-baronial mantle
Particularly Scottish in character is the Feudo-baronial Mantle or robe of estate - described as gules doubled silk argent, fur-edged of miniver and collared in ermine fastened on the right shoulder by five spherical buttons or. This may be displayed in a pavilioned form, draped behind the complete achievement of arms - or the armorial shield alone - tied open with cords and tassels and surmounted by the chapeau. Again, Lord Lyon is no longer granting these robes. Again, Lord Lyon has no jurisidiction over civil use of the mantle so a Baron or Baroness could use the mantle on formal civil occasions. As long as the mantle does not show up in the Baron's achievement of arms in Scotland, Lord Lyon has no for offense.Helmet
The helmet is now the chief mode of recognition of a Scottish baron. The Lord Lyon has adopted a steel helm with grille of three grilles, garnished in gold, as the current baronial additament. Alternatively, a feudal steel tilting helm garnished in gold, that may be shown affronté, may appear, or a helmet of some other degree if the baron holds a higher rank, such as a lordship of parliament.Supporters
SupportersSupporters
In heraldry, supporters are figures usually placed on either side of the shield and depicted holding it up. These figures may be real or imaginary animals, human figures, and in rare cases plants or inanimate objects...
, are now usually reserved for the holders of the older baronies (chartered before 1587) and those that have been in continuous family ownership
Family business
A family business is a business in which one or more members of one or more families have a significant ownership interest and significant commitments toward the business’ overall well-being....
. In England, supporters are reserved for the peerage, and a Scottish baron who approaches the English College of Arms
College of Arms
The College of Arms, or Heralds’ College, is an office regulating heraldry and granting new armorial bearings for England, Wales and Northern Ireland...
is not allowed supporters. A compartment has occasionally been granted to barons, representing their territories, even in cases where there are no supporters.
Badge and ensign
A badge – distinct from the crest – as a separate armorial device, is not necessarily a feature of the arms. The badge may be used by the "tail" or following of a landowner baron. The grant is linked to the baron’s pennon, a heraldic flag, in the liveryLivery
A livery is a uniform, insignia or symbol adorning, in a non-military context, a person, an object or a vehicle that denotes a relationship between the wearer of the livery and an individual or corporate body. Often, elements of the heraldry relating to the individual or corporate body feature in...
colours that carries a large representation of the badge. The pennon is blazoned in the grant or matriculation. The livery colours are usually the two most prominent colours of the arms themselves.
An ensign may be occasionally be granted and blazoned. This is a square flag, smaller than the flying banner, and carrying the full embroidered achievement (arms, crest, motto), again fringed in livery colours.
List of Feudal Baronies (created before 1707)
Below is a list of some Scottish feudal baronies created before 1707; this list does not include Scottish feudal baronies created between that year and 1824, when the most recent creation of a Scottish feudal barony occurred.- When updating this list, please create for each new entry a separate, wikified article titled "Scottish feudal barony of X", which records a brief biography of the previous incumbent and is wikilinked to this list. Please do not simply delete the name of the previous incumbent. Individual articles should be produced for the history of each barony, except that where few or no verifiable and detailed sources exist, histories should start with the current or previous holder and may take the form of sections within existing articles on the caput's village, town, or castle.
| Barony | County | Created | Incumbent | Succeeded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbotshall | Fife Fife Fife is a council area and former county of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland boundaries to Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire... |
Harold Robert Peerenboom | ||
| Abergeldie | Aberdeenshire | John Howard Seton Gordon | 1963 | |
| Abernethy | Perthshire Perthshire Perthshire, officially the County of Perth , is a registration county in central Scotland. It extends from Strathmore in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west, and Aberfoyle in the south... |
Dr. Mafouz M. Binmafouz | 2008 | |
| Aboyne | Aberdeenshire | James Martin Donald | ||
| Aden | Aberdeenshire | 1333 | James Cecil Cumine Russell | 1995 |
| Aiket | Ayrshire | |||
| Alford | Kerry Alfred Hamer | |||
| Anstruther & Balcaskie | Sir Ralph Hugo Anstruther | |||
| Arbroath | Angus | Alan Frank Bartlett | ||
| Ardblair & Gask | Perthshire | Laurence Philip Kington Blair Oliphant | 1979 | |
| Ardgour | Argyllshire | Giancarlo Bonifazi | 1998 | |
| Ardgowan | Renfrewshire | Prof Stephen Kerr | ||
| Ardrossan | Ayrshire | 1357 | ||
| Ardgrain | Aberdeenshire | |||
| Ardoch | Dumbarton | Thomas Andrew Wilson Neilson Mackay | 1987 | |
| Arndilly | Morayshire | David Ronald Menzies | ||
| Arnot | Fife | Benjamin John Howard Gray | ||
| Arran | Ayrshire | Willi Ernst Sturzenegger | 1995 | |
| Auchendarroch | Argyllshire | Keir Charles Campbell | ||
| Auchindoir | Aberdeenshire | Alisdair John Barlas | ||
| Auchinleck | Ayrshire | James Alexander Douglas Boswell | ||
| Auchmacoy | Aberdeenshire | David William Sinclair Buchan | ||
| Auchterutherstruther | Fife | Abigail Busch Reisinger | ||
| Auchreoch | Perthshire | Martin Melvin Cruikshank | 1976 | |
| Ayton | Berwickshire | Ian Liddell-Grainger | 2007 | |
| Balcaskie | Fife | Major Timothy Edward Lumisden Strange | ||
| Baldoon | Wigtownshire | Christopher Busch Reisinger | ||
| Balfluig | Aberdeenshire | Mark Iain Tennant | ||
| Ballencrieff | East Lothian | 1974 | ||
| Ballencrieff Ballencrieff, West Lothian Ballencrieff is a settlement in West Lothian, Scotland, situated equidistant between the towns of Bathgate and Torphichen and seven miles south of Linlithgow. Neighbouring towns are Blackburn, Armadale, Whitburn, Livingston and Stoneyburn. Edinburgh Airport is 16 miles away, to the East... |
West Lothian | Junaid Abbas Bhatti | ||
| Ballindalloch | Banffshire | Clare Nancy Russell | ||
| Ballumbie Ballumbie Ballumbie is a residential area on the north-east edge of Dundee, Scotland. The area was formerly an estate centred on Ballumbie Castle, a mid-16th century fortification, which was followed by the 19th-century Ballumbie House. There is also a golf course and the site of a late medieval parish church... |
Angus | Robert Williamson | 1997 | |
| Balquhain | Aberdeenshire | Nelson Lee Len Ying | 1995 | |
| Balvenie | Banffshire | Hammond Burke Nicholson | 1995- 2006 | |
| Banchory | Kincardineshire | Kenneth Ian Rush Lumsden | ||
| Barnbarroch | James Edward Vans | |||
| Barnis Forbes | Aberdeenshire | Daphne Romy | ||
| Barra | Ian Roderick Macneil Ian Roderick Macneil Ian Roderick Macneil of Barra, The Macneil of Barra, Chief of Clan MacNeil also known as Clan Niall and 26th of Barra, also Baron of Barra. He was born 20 June 1929 and died 16 February 2010.Macneil was the son of Robert Lister Macneil... |
1970 | ||
| Biggar | Lanarkshire | Charles Russell Clayton Ross | ||
| Brigton | Angus | 1761 | Marion Elizabeth Charlotte Macmillan Douglas | 1938 |
| Blackburn | Prof Ranjit Kumar Chandra | |||
| Blackford | Perthshire | Richard Welkowitz | 1999 | |
| Blackhall | Renfrewshire | 1395 | Robert Brown Gillespie of Blackhall, O.B.E. | 2002 |
| Blair | Alfred Hill Glenn | 1997 | ||
| Blairbuis | Timothy Busch Reisinger | |||
| Bognie, Mountblairy & Frendraught | Banffshire | Alexander Gordon Morison | ||
| Bombie | Kirkcudbrightshire | Prof Barrie Owen Pettman | ||
| Buchan Forest | Kirkcudbrightshire | Timothy Busch Reisinger | ||
| Lordship and Barony of Buncle and Preston | Berwickshire | Olivier Fuchs of Cockburn | ||
| Buquhollie & Freswick | Caithness | Ivor John Spencer-Thomas Ivor Spencer-Thomas Ivor Spencer-Thomas was an inveterate inventor and improviser, in the forefront of developing agriculture and market gardening as a commercial enterprise... |
||
| Cambusnethan | Lanarkshire | 1315 | Terence Alvis of Lee | 1988 |
| Carmichael | Lanarkshire | Richard John Carmichael | ||
| Carnoustie | Angus | James Langan | ||
| Carstairs | Lanarkshire | Christopher Busch Reisinger | ||
| Cartsburn Barony of Cartsburn The Barony of Cartsburn in the Baronage of Scotland was created for Thomas Crawfurd of Cartsburn in 1669, when the lands of Cartsburn in the Parish of Easter Greenock in the Shire of Renfrew were erected in liberam baronium, as a free Barony held of the Prince and Great Steward of Scotland... |
Renfrewshire | 1669 | 2010 | |
| Cavers | Roxburgh | Prof Andre Nathaniel-Rock, Baron of Cavers | ||
| Clackmannan | Clackmannanshire | c1334 | ||
| Clary | Hope Reisinger Cobera | |||
| Cleghorn | Lanarkshire | Andrew Macmillan | ||
| Closeburn | Dumfriesshire | Luis Kirkpatrick | ||
| Cluny | Aberdeenshire | Robert Alexander Craig Linzee Gordon | ||
| Cluny | Fife | Stuart Gordon Crane | 1997 | |
| Cockburn | Berwickshire | Olivier Fuchs | 2008 | |
| Cockenzie | Robert Adam Garrison | |||
| Coigach | Wester Ross | 1511 | Christopher Anthony Devonshire-Ellis | 2011 |
| Coldingham | Berwickshire | 1141 | ||
| Coll-Earn & Elphinstone | Stirlingshire | Bailey Bruce McCune | 1988 | |
| Colstoun | East Lothian | Ludovic Davis Broun-Lindsay | ||
| Corrachree | Aberdeenshire | Alexander Richard Barlas | ||
| Corsewall | Timothy Busch Reisinger | |||
| Corstorphine | Edinburgh | Michael John Milne | 2005 | |
| Cowdenknowes http://www.cowdenknowes.com | Roxburgh | Jan 15 1634 | Mark John Harden | 2002 |
| Coxton | Morayshire | 1686 | Sir David Charles Kenneth Gordon Innes | |
| Craigie Scottish feudal Barony of Craigie The Barony of Craigie is a Scottish feudal Crown barony within and near Dundee in Scotland. Craigie has long been incorporated within the boundaries of the Royal Burgh of Dundee; before that it was a barony lying on the periphery of the town.... |
Angus (Forfar) | 1666 | Robert Owen Thomas, III | 2011 |
| Craigievar | Aberdeenshire | Sir John Alexander Cumnock Forbes | ||
| Crawfurdsdyke | Renfrewshire | 1642 | Gregory Paul Highfield | 2008 |
| Crichton | Midlothian | Henry Burn-Callander | ||
| Crimond | Aberdeenshire | Raymond Alexander Carnegie | ||
| Cromarty | Cromartyshire | John Bartholomew Wakelyn Nightingale | ||
| Crommey | Banffshire | Michael Thomas Innes | 1978 | |
| Culbin | Morayshire | William Busch Reisinger | ||
| Cumbernauld | Lanarkshire | 1314 | ||
| Cushnie | Aberdeenshire | Alan Trantor Robertson MA | ||
| Dairsie | Fife | Christopher Bentham Ruffle | ||
| Denny | Stirlingshire | 16th century | 2011 | |
| Dinnet | Aberdeenshire | J. M. Marcus Humphrey J. M. Marcus Humphrey James Malcolm Marcus Humphrey CBE OStJ DL FRICS MA is a Scottish politician.He was educated at Eton, and Christ Church, Oxford and on 15 October 1963, he married Sabrina Margaret Pooley. In 1969 he was admitted to the Royal Company of Archers in 1969... |
||
| Dirleton | East Lothian | 1220 | Camilo Agasim-Pereira | 2002 |
| Dolphinstoun | East Lothian | Dr Julian Gawain Clifford Wills | 2000 | |
| Drum | Kincardineshire | David Charles Irvine | ||
| Dudhope | Angus | 1542 | ||
| Dunconnel | Sir Charles Edward MacLean | |||
| Duncrub | Perthshire | Douglas Henry Smith | ||
| Dunure | Ayrshire | Brendan Roy Clouston | 1997 | |
| Earlshall | Fife | Major David Robert Baxter | ||
| Echlin | Edinburgh | Rainer Alexander Leonard Mackenzie Kensy | 2002 | |
| Edingight | Banffshire | John Berowald Innes | ||
| Elie & St Monans | Fife | Richard Joseph Vipiana | ||
| Esslemont | Aberdeenshire | Charles Iain Robert Wolrige-Gordon | 1976 | |
| Fairholm & Kirkton | Lanarkshire | James Christopher Stevenson-Hamilton | ||
| Fetternear | Aberdeenshire | Martin Edwin Thacker | 2001 | |
| Finlaystone Maxwell | Renfrewshire | Nicholas Frederic Papanicolaou | ||
| Fulwood | Renfrewshire | 1314 | Camilo Agasim-Pereira | 2002 |
| Gala | Selkirkshire | John Philip Henry Schomberg Scott | ||
| Garioch | Aberdeenshire | 12th century | ||
| Garlies | Kirkcudbrightshire | Timothy Busch Reisinger | ||
| Garrallan | Ayrshire | John Robert Douglas Boswell | ||
| Gartly | Aberdeenshire | David Charles James | ||
| Gartmore | Stirling | William Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham | 1996 | |
| Gigha | Argyllshire | Donald Dennis | 2005 | |
| Glencammon | Timothy Busch Reisinger | |||
| Glenfalloch | Perthshire | Norman Ross | ||
| Gourdie | Perthshire | George Alastair Smyth Cox | ||
| Gourock | Renfrewshire | Duncan Darroch | ||
| Grandhome | Aberdeenshire | David Romer Paton | ||
| Grantully | Perthshire | Henry Steuart Fothringham | ||
| Greenan | Ayrshire | Hope Reisinger Cobera | ||
| Greenock | Renfrewshire | Harry Olof Sandberg | ||
| Hailes Lordship and Barony of Hailes The Lordship and Barony of Hailes is a Scottish feudal lordship .Hailes is traditionally believed to have been founded by an Englishman, taken prisoner in the reign of David II of Scotland, who was rewarded with the grant of lands in East Lothian for having on rescued the Earl of Dunbar and March... |
East Lothian | 1343 | ||
| Haliburton and Lambden | Berwickshire | Richard Bruce Bernadotte Miller | ||
| Hallrule Hallrule Hallrule is a village on the B6357, in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, on the Rule Water, near Bonchester Bridge, Hobkirk, Bedrule, Abbotrule, Ruletownhead, Denholm, and, to the south, the Wauchope Forest.... |
Roxburghshire | Olivier Fuchs of Cockburn | ||
| Holydean | Roxburghshire | 1128 | Taylor Forrester Moffitt | |
| Horsbrugh | Peeblesshire | Michael John Baylis Chenery | 1995 | |
| Inchdrewer | Banffshire | Robin Ian Evelyn Stuart de la Lanne Mirrlees | ||
| Innerwick | East Lothian | Victor Charles Verekar Cowley | ||
| Inneryne | Argyllshire | Ronald Busch Reisinger | 1998 | |
| Innes | Morayshire | James Wilson Mitchell | 2004 | |
| Jedburgh Forest | Roxburghshire | 3 Feb 1602 | Richard Bruce Bernadotte Miller | 2010 |
| Kelly | Aberdeenshire | Bruce Wayne Kneller | 2004 | |
| Kemnay | Aberdeenshire | Susan Letitia Burnett | 1978 | |
| Kilcoy | Ross-shire | Thomas Ian Robinson | 1969 | |
| Kilmarnock | Ayrshire | 1316 | Eur Ing David Ayre | 2002 |
| Kincaid | Heather Veronica Kincaid | |||
| Kincraig | Fife | James Gourlay | ||
| Kinnairdy | Banffshire | Colin William Innes | 1990 | |
| Kinnear | Michael Jean Georges Pilette | |||
| Kippenross | Stirlingshire | |||
| Kirkdale | Wigtownshire | Ramsey William Rainsford Hannay | ||
| Kirkliston | West Lothian | 1618 | Andor László Oleg Vilmos v. Jaross | 2002 |
| Kirknewton | Midlothian | Diana Theodora Adair Hargreave | 1992 | |
| Lag | Dumfriesshire | 1685 | Margaret Hamilton | |
| Lambden (also known as Hassington) | Berwickshire | |||
| Largo | Fife | Ralph Hamilton Lownie | 2001 | |
| Lathallan | Fife | Jean Alison Spens | 1995 | |
| Lee Lee Castle, South Lanarkshire Lee Castle, also known as The Lee, is a castellated mansion in Auchenglen, a branch of the Clyde Valley in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is located south of Braidwood, and north-west of Lanark... |
Lanarkshire | 1272 | Terence Alvis of Lee | 1978 |
| Leslie | Aberdeenshire | David Carnegie Leslie | ||
| Lethendy | Perthshire | Charles Campbell Gairdner | ||
| Leys | Aberdeenshire | James Comyn Amherst Burnett | ||
| Liberton (or Over Liberton) | Midlothian | Olivier Fuchs | 2009 | |
| Lochfergus | Albert Edward Gazeley | |||
| Marchmont | Berwickshire | Roland Eugen Staehli | 1996 | |
| MacDonald | Skye | Godfrey | ||
| Mearns | Renfrewshire | David Leslie Thorpe | 2002 | |
| Menie Menie Balmedie is a rapidly growing village in Aberdeenshire in Scotland. It lies north of the city of Aberdeen, in the civil parish of Belhelvie. The long and wide beach of clean golden sand is bordered by an extensive dune system that stretches from Aberdeen to just north of the Ythan Estuary at... |
Aberdeenshire | Michael Woodley | 1995 | |
| Midmar | Aberdeenshire | Richard Farrington Wharton | ||
| Miltonhaven | Kincardineshire | William Alexander Newlands | ||
| Myrton | Wigtownshire | Mark Watson-Gandy | ||
| Newton Barony of Newton The Barony of Newton is a Scottish feudal barony located in the Parish of Bothkennar near Grangemouth,Stirlingshire. It was erected as a barony on 3 April 1685 with Edward Wright as baron.- Barons of Newton :-External links:* *... |
Stirlingshire | 3 Apr 1685 | ||
| Ochtercoull | ||||
| Peaston (or Paistoun) | East Lothian | Robert Garrett Jackson, Baron of Paistoun | 2003 | |
| Penicuik | Midlothian | Sir John Dutton Clerk | ||
| Pitcaple | Aberdeenshire | Christopher Hugo Niall Burges-Lumsden | ||
| Pitcruivie | Fife | Douglas Meager Wallace Wagland | 1996 | |
| Pitmilly | Fife | Peter John Gybbon-Monypenny | 1987 | |
| Pittenweem | Fife | William Ronald Crawford Miller | ||
| Plean | Stirlingshire | George Alexander Way | 1985 | |
| Plenderleith Plenderleith Plenderleith is a Scottish feudal Crown barony comprising approximately one half of Oxnam Parish, Roxburghshire, in the vicinity of Kelso, Scottish Borders... |
Roxburghshire | 1306 | Clifford Dewey Michael Paul Harmon II | 2007 |
| Portlethen | Kincardineshire | Maurice Charles Robert Taylor | ||
| Prestoungrange | East Lothian | Gordon Stanley Clifford Park Wills Prestoungrange | 1999 | |
| Rachane | Argyllshire | Michael Aquino | ||
| Rannoch Barony of Rannoch The Lordship and Barony of Rannoch is a Scottish feudal barony. King James IV, granted the lands of Rannoch, which lies in highland Perthshire, and its neighbouring forest, loch and islands, to Sir Robert Menzies of that Ilk as the free barony of Rannoch on 1 Sep 1502... |
Perthshire | 1 Sep 1502 | ||
| Rattray | Perthshire | Philip Arthur Cumyn | ||
| Ravenstone | Wigtownshire | Frank Andrew Renwick | 1983 | |
| Robertland | Ayrshire | Alan Williamson | ||
| Rossie | Fife | John Philip Oliphant | ||
| Ruchlaw | East Lothian | Ronald Macduff Urquhart | ||
| Rusco | Kirkcudbrightshire | Robert Graham Carson | ||
| Seabegs | Stirlingshire | 15th century | 2011 | |
| Seggieden | Perthshire | |||
| Smeaton Hepburn | East Lothian | George Bovill Rennie Gray | ||
| Stoneywood | Aberdeenshire | Charles Henry Francis Mack | 2000 | |
| Strathdee | Aberdeenshire | 1563 | ||
| Struan | Perthshire | Alexander Gilbert Haldane Robertson | 1983 | |
| Swinton Clan Swinton Clan Swinton is a Lowland Scottish clan and founder of Clan Gordon, Clan Elphinstone, Clan Arbuthnott, Clan Nisbet and the Greystoke Family. Being a Border family, they were prominent Border Reivers.-Origins:... |
Berwickshire | 1098 | James Christopher Swinton | |
| Teallach | Dennistoun Gordon Teall | |||
| Tranent | East Lothian | The estate of David Garrison | 2001 | |
| Traquair | Perthshire | 1491 | Catherine Margaret Mary Maxwell-Stuart | |
| Urquhart | Inverness-shire | 1230 | ||
| Urquhart | Morayshire | 1587 | Robert A. Cromartie of Urquhart-on-Spey | 2004 |
| Twynehame | Kirkcudbrightshire | Daniel Paul Stephen Sharpe | 1992 | |
| Wells | Roxburghshire | Bryce Lee West | 2009 | |
| Westside | Gordon Kerr | |||
| Wigtoun | Lanarkshire | 19 Mar 1606 | ||
| Wormiston | Fife | Michael Patrick Spens | 1970 | |
| Yeochrie | Aberdeenshire | Richard Downing Jacoby Stuart |
See also
- LairdLairdA Laird is a member of the gentry and is a heritable title in Scotland. In the non-peerage table of precedence, a Laird ranks below a Baron and above an Esquire.-Etymology:...
- Feudal earldomFeudal earldomA feudal earldom is a Scottish feudal title that is held en baroneum, which means that its holder, who is called a feudal earl, is also always a feudal baron. A feudal earldom is an ancient title of nobility in Scotland...
- Scottish feudal lordship
- Lord of ParliamentLord of ParliamentA Lord of Parliament was the lowest rank of nobility automatically entitled to attend sessions of the pre-Union Parliament of Scotland. Post-Union, it is a member of the lowest rank of the Peerage of Scotland, ranking below a viscount...
- English feudal baronyEnglish feudal baronyIn England, a feudal barony or barony by tenure was a form of Feudal land tenure, namely per baroniam under which the land-holder owed the service of being one of the king's barons. It must be distinguished from a barony, also feudal, but which existed within a county palatine, such as the Barony...
- Irish feudal baronyIrish feudal baronyIn Ireland, most originally-feudal titular baronies have long disappeared through obsolescence or disuse. The Lordship of Finegal was granted to Walter de Lacy for seven knight's fees, "although the lords thereof hold elsewhere in capite", according to the unusual grant in 1208 by John, Lord of...
- List of Marcher lordships (Welsh Marches)
External links
- Lord Lyon's Armorial Ruling http://www.armorial-register.com/monthly/special-newsletter-06.pdf
- Law Reform Commission of Ireland http://www.lawreform.ie
- Report on Abolition of the Feudal System http://www.scotland.gov.uk/deleted/library/documents-w10/afs1-00.htm
- The Heraldry SocietyThe Heraldry SocietyThe Heraldry Society is one of the leading organizations in the world devoted to studying heraldry. In 1947, a twenty year old John Brooke-Little founded the Society of Heraldic Antiquaries. This title was changed to The Heraldry Society in 1950. It was incorporated in 1956 and is now a registered...
of Scotland http://www.heraldry-scotland.co.uk/ - The Court of the Lord LyonCourt of the Lord LyonThe Court of the Lord Lyon, also known as the Lyon Court, is a standing court of law which regulates heraldry in Scotland. Like the College of Arms in England it maintains the register of grants of arms, known as the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland, as well as records of...
http://www.lyon-court.com/ - Chapeau, feudo-baronial mantle, helmet, badge http://www.kilmarnock.com/arms.html
- College of Arms http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/
- The Scottish Baronage Registry http://www.baronyregistry.com/
- Burke's Peerage http://www.burkes-peerage.net/articles/scot-index.aspx