Sarabande
Encyclopedia
In music
, the sarabande (It., sarabanda) is a dance
in triple metre
. The second and third beats of each measure are often tied, giving the dance a distinctive rhythm
of quarter notes and eighth notes in alternation. The quarter notes are said to correspond with the dragging steps in the dance.
The sarabande is first mentioned in Central America
: in 1539, a dance called a zarabanda is mentioned in a poem written in Panama
by Fernando Guzmán Mexía. Apparently the dance became popular in the Spanish colonies before moving back across the Atlantic to Spain
. While it was banned in Spain in 1583 for its obscenity, it was frequently cited in literature of the period (for instance in works by Cervantes
and Lope de Vega
).
The sarabande form was revived in the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by composers such as Debussy
and Satie
and, in different styles, Vaughan Williams
(in Job) and Benjamin Britten
(in the Simple Symphony).
One of the best-known constant-harmony variation types is the anonymous La Folia whose harmonic sequence
appears in pieces of various types (mainly dances) by dozens of composers from the time of Mudarra
(1546) and Corelli
through the present day. The Theme of the fourth-movement Sarabande of Handel's Keyboard suite in D minor (HWV 437)
for harpsichord is a variation of this piece.
(2003). Each of Bach's cello suites
contains a sarabande, and the film uses the sarabande from his fifth suite, which Bergman also used in Cries and Whispers
(1971). The sarabande from the second Bach suite serves as the primary theme in Bergman's Through a Glass Darkly
(1961). The Sarabande also serves as the first section of Henri Dutilleux's "Sarabande et Cortège" for bassoon and piano.
Also the bestselling soprano Sarah Brightman has made her own version, putting on her voice. She named it "SarahBande".
The Swedish alternative rock band ALPHA 60
has a song called Sarabande, as does British electrostring group Escala on its debut album.
Yngwie Johann Malmsteen's Concerto Suite for Electric Guitar and Orchestra
contains a piece called Sarabande which draws influences from the original, fast Spanish sarabande.
Andrew Hussie's
Homestuck album, Homestuck Vol. 5, released 13 June 2010, features a track titled Sarabande created by Erik "Jit" Scheele.
Music
Music is an art form whose medium is sound and silence. Its common elements are pitch , rhythm , dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture...
, the sarabande (It., sarabanda) is a dance
Dance
Dance is an art form that generally refers to movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form of expression, social interaction or presented in a spiritual or performance setting....
in triple metre
Triple metre
Triple metre is a musical metre characterized by a primary division of 3 beats to the bar, usually indicated by 3 or 9 in the upper figure of the time signature, with 3/4, 3/2, and 3/8 being the most common examples...
. The second and third beats of each measure are often tied, giving the dance a distinctive rhythm
Rhythm
Rhythm may be generally defined as a "movement marked by the regulated succession of strong and weak elements, or of opposite or different conditions." This general meaning of regular recurrence or pattern in time may be applied to a wide variety of cyclical natural phenomena having a periodicity or...
of quarter notes and eighth notes in alternation. The quarter notes are said to correspond with the dragging steps in the dance.
The sarabande is first mentioned in Central America
Central America
Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. When considered part of the unified continental model, it is considered a subcontinent...
: in 1539, a dance called a zarabanda is mentioned in a poem written in Panama
Panama
Panama , officially the Republic of Panama , is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The...
by Fernando Guzmán Mexía. Apparently the dance became popular in the Spanish colonies before moving back across the Atlantic to Spain
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
. While it was banned in Spain in 1583 for its obscenity, it was frequently cited in literature of the period (for instance in works by Cervantes
Miguel de Cervantes
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. His magnum opus, Don Quixote, considered the first modern novel, is a classic of Western literature, and is regarded amongst the best works of fiction ever written...
and Lope de Vega
Lope de Vega
Félix Arturo Lope de Vega y Carpio was a Spanish playwright and poet. He was one of the key figures in the Spanish Golden Century Baroque literature...
).
The sarabande form was revived in the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by composers such as Debussy
Claude Debussy
Claude-Achille Debussy was a French composer. Along with Maurice Ravel, he was one of the most prominent figures working within the field of impressionist music, though he himself intensely disliked the term when applied to his compositions...
and Satie
Erik Satie
Éric Alfred Leslie Satie was a French composer and pianist. Satie was a colourful figure in the early 20th century Parisian avant-garde...
and, in different styles, Vaughan Williams
Ralph Vaughan Williams
Ralph Vaughan Williams OM was an English composer of symphonies, chamber music, opera, choral music, and film scores. He was also a collector of English folk music and song: this activity both influenced his editorial approach to the English Hymnal, beginning in 1904, in which he included many...
(in Job) and Benjamin Britten
Benjamin Britten
Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten, OM CH was an English composer, conductor, and pianist. He showed talent from an early age, and first came to public attention with the a cappella choral work A Boy Was Born in 1934. With the premiere of his opera Peter Grimes in 1945, he leapt to...
(in the Simple Symphony).
One of the best-known constant-harmony variation types is the anonymous La Folia whose harmonic sequence
Harmony
In music, harmony is the use of simultaneous pitches , or chords. The study of harmony involves chords and their construction and chord progressions and the principles of connection that govern them. Harmony is often said to refer to the "vertical" aspect of music, as distinguished from melodic...
appears in pieces of various types (mainly dances) by dozens of composers from the time of Mudarra
Alonso Mudarra
Alonso Mudarra was a Spanish composer and vihuelist of the Renaissance. He was an innovative composer of instrumental music as well as songs, and was the composer of the earliest surviving music for the guitar....
(1546) and Corelli
Arcangelo Corelli
Arcangelo Corelli was an Italian violinist and composer of Baroque music.-Biography:Corelli was born at Fusignano, in the current-day province of Ravenna, although at the time it was in the province of Ferrara. Little is known about his early life...
through the present day. The Theme of the fourth-movement Sarabande of Handel's Keyboard suite in D minor (HWV 437)
Keyboard suite in D minor (HWV 437)
The Keyboard suite in D minor was composed by George Frideric Handel, for solo keyboard , between 1703 and 1706. It is also referred to as Suite de pièce Vol. 2 No. 4. It was first published in 1733.-Movements:...
for harpsichord is a variation of this piece.
Other sarabandes
The sarabande inspired the title of Ingmar Bergman's last film SarabandSaraband
Saraband is a 2003 Swedish drama film directed by Ingmar Bergman, and his last theatrically released work. The film is a sequel to Bergman's Scenes from a Marriage , bringing back to the screen the characters of Johan and Marianne...
(2003). Each of Bach's cello suites
Cello Suites (Bach)
The Six Suites for Unaccompanied Cello by Johann Sebastian Bach are some of the most performed and recognizable solo compositions ever written for cello...
contains a sarabande, and the film uses the sarabande from his fifth suite, which Bergman also used in Cries and Whispers
Cries and Whispers
Cries and Whispers is a 1972 Swedish film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman and starring Harriet Andersson, Kari Sylwan, Ingrid Thulin and Liv Ullmann. The film is set on a mansion at the end of the 19th century and is about two sisters who watch over their third sister on her deathbed, torn...
(1971). The sarabande from the second Bach suite serves as the primary theme in Bergman's Through a Glass Darkly
Through a Glass Darkly (film)
Through a Glass Darkly is a 1961 Swedish film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman, and produced by Allan Ekelund. The film is a three-act "chamber film", in which four family members act as mirrors for each other. It is the first of many Bergman films to be shot on the island of Fårö...
(1961). The Sarabande also serves as the first section of Henri Dutilleux's "Sarabande et Cortège" for bassoon and piano.
Also the bestselling soprano Sarah Brightman has made her own version, putting on her voice. She named it "SarahBande".
The Swedish alternative rock band ALPHA 60
ALPHA 60
ALPHA 60 is an alternative rock band from Uppsala, Sweden, formed in 2008. Their name is a reference to the 1965 noir classic Alphaville; Alpha 60 being the computer controlling Godard's dystopian city.-History:...
has a song called Sarabande, as does British electrostring group Escala on its debut album.
Yngwie Johann Malmsteen's Concerto Suite for Electric Guitar and Orchestra
Concerto Suite for Electric Guitar and Orchestra
-External links:*...
contains a piece called Sarabande which draws influences from the original, fast Spanish sarabande.
Andrew Hussie's
MS Paint Adventures
MS Paint Adventures is a collection of webcomics written and illustrated by Andrew Hussie. Because of the frequency with which the site is updated, MS Paint Adventures is estimated to be the longest web comic on the Internet with over 6000 pages total among its four series.These comics are written...
Homestuck album, Homestuck Vol. 5, released 13 June 2010, features a track titled Sarabande created by Erik "Jit" Scheele.
External links
- Example of a reconstructed Sarabande by Kaspar Mainz, with Il Giardino Armonico
- Streetswing.com Dance History Archives
- Example of a Sarabande dance choreography "La Sarabande à deux", Feuillet (1704)