Sadreddin Nizamettinovich Maksudov or Sadri Maksudi Arsal (1878–February 20, 1957) was a prominent Tatar and Turkish statesman, scholar and thinker.

Biography

Sadreddin Nizamettinovich Maksudov was born in Taşsu, outside of Kazan

Kazan

Kazan is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1,143,546 , it is the eighth most populous city in Russia. Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the...

, the son of a mullah

Mullah

Mullah is generally used to refer to a Muslim man, educated in Islamic theology and sacred law. The title, given to some Islamic clergy, is derived from the Arabic word مَوْلَى mawlā , meaning "vicar", "master" and "guardian"...

, and the younger brother of Hadi Maksudi, the well-known Jadidist. After the traditional mektep and medreseh education, he took the (then) unusual step of entering the Russian Teachers' College in Kazan (for which he was much criticized by his community at the time), then studied law in Paris.


Four years later, in 1906, he returned to Russia and began political activities that displayed a liberal nationalist tendency. Maksudi became the leader of the Muslim faction in the Russian parliament.

Sadri Maksudi Arsal was married to Kamile, the daughter of the gold-mining Rameev family of Orenburg

Orenburg

Orenburg is a city on the Ural River and the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast, Russia. It lies southeast of Moscow, very close to the border with Kazakhstan. Population: 546,987 ; 549,361 ; Highest point: 154.4 m...

, had two children - Adile

Adile Ayda

Adile Ayda was the first woman career diplomat of Turkey, but is today better remembered as an Etruscologist. She became interested in Etruscan studies while stationed in Rome as the Minister-Counsellor of the Turkish Embassy, did research on the subject during her stay in Italy and wrote down her...

 and Naile.
He died in Istanbul

Istanbul

Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and...

 in 1957. He was interred at the Zincirlikuyu Cemetery

Zincirlikuyu Cemetery

The Zincirlikuyu Cemetery is a modern burial ground at the European part of Istanbul, Turkey. It is administered by the Metropolitan Municipality. Many prominent figures from the world of politics, business, sports and arts rest here....

 in Istanbul

Istanbul

Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and...

.

Political Career in Imperial Russia

On his return to Russia in 1906, thanks to the rights conferred in 1905 to all the subjects of the Czar, he entered politics in order to voice issues concerning the Tatar people and the Muslim community. He found himself elected at a very young age as a deputy of the (liberal) Kadet Party to the II. and III. Duma

Duma

A Duma is any of various representative assemblies in modern Russia and Russian history. The State Duma in the Russian Empire and Russian Federation corresponds to the lower house of the parliament. Simply it is a form of Russian governmental institution, that was formed during the reign of the...

s. At the Duma, he favored a centrally administered cultural autonomy for all Russia's Muslims until it was apparent that the Volga Tatars, who mainly promoted this solution, had been abandoned by the other Turkic Muslims of the Russian Empire.

Political Leader/Statesman – Maksudi was the leader of the first state formation (in the twentieth century) in his native Idel-Ural State

Idel-Ural State

The Idel-Ural State was a short-lived Tatar republic with its centre in Kazan that united Tatars, Bashkirs and the Chuvash in the turmoil of the Russian Civil War. Often viewed as an attempt to recreate the Khanate of Kazan, the republic was proclaimed on December 12, 1917, by a Congress of Muslims...

 since the fall of the Kazan Khanate to the Moscovite princedom in 1552. Like all the other peoples within czarist Russia, the Turkic peoples

Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are peoples residing in northern, central and western Asia, southern Siberia and northwestern China and parts of eastern Europe. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...

 of Russia undertook political ventures with the advent of the 1917 Revolution. After the various “Moslem congresses” taking place in 1917, during which different and conflicting opinions were expressed concerning the political future of the Turkic peoples of Russia, the “National-Cultural Autonomy of the Turco-Tatars of Inner Russia and Siberia” was proclaimed in Ufa

Ufa

-Demographics:Nationally, dominated by Russian , Bashkirs and Tatars . In addition, numerous are Ukrainians , Chuvash , Mari , Belarusians , Mordovians , Armenian , Germans , Jews , Azeris .-Government and administration:Local...

 (in present-day Bashkortostan

Bashkortostan

The Republic of Bashkortostan , also known as Bashkiria is a federal subject of Russia . It is located between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains. Its capital is the city of Ufa...

) on 22 July 1917, with a constitution drafted by Maksudi. General elections were held soon thereafter and a National Assembly (Milli Meclis) was convened in November. Maksudi was elected its president. The formation of a “National Council” composed of three ministries, also headed by Maksudi, followed. The autonomous government was gathering momentum with a project to turn itself into the independent "Idel-Ural State

Idel-Ural State

The Idel-Ural State was a short-lived Tatar republic with its centre in Kazan that united Tatars, Bashkirs and the Chuvash in the turmoil of the Russian Civil War. Often viewed as an attempt to recreate the Khanate of Kazan, the republic was proclaimed on December 12, 1917, by a Congress of Muslims...

". But this was not to be. The Bolsheviks would not allow it. The National Assembly would stop convening and the National Council would be abolished by April 1918. After the defeat of the Tatar nationalists at the hands of Stalin and Tatar Communists, Maksudi emigrated to Finland. In 1919 he delievered a diplomatic note concerned with the demands of the Muslims of European Russia to the Versailles Peace Conference, along with Gayaz Iskhaki. In the early 1920's Maksudi was in Berlin where he began a scholarly career which he vigorously continued after he arrived in Ankara

Ankara

Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million....

 in 1925.

Academia

Scholar/Academic - Settled for a time in Paris

Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...

, Maksudi started teaching the history of the Turks at the University of Sorbonne. But a lecture tour he made in 1924 in the new Turkish Republic was to bring about a radical change in his life. In 1925 he received a letter from Hamdullah Suphi, then president of Türk Ocakları (Turkish Hearths/Cultural Centers) informing him that “Gazi hazretleri (His Excellency the Ghazi Atatürk)” was inviting him to Turkey. In Turkey, Ord. Prof. Sadri Maksudi Arsal (as he would become eventually) emerged as a multi-faceted thinker, a scholar whose work in the fields of law, history, philosophy, linguistics and sociology made a rarely found contribution to the world of ideas and scholarship during the founding years of the Turkish Republic. A major figure in national history (he would be nominated a candidate at the presidential elections in 1950), Arsal tried to propagate his ideas through his books, scholarly writings, newspaper articles, lectures at the university, and speeches at the parliament.

Man of law – A graduate of the Paris Faculty of Law, Arsal was one of the founding faculty members of the Ankara School of Law (as it was then called) opened in 1925. He taught for many years in that faculty then later at Istanbul University

Istanbul University

Istanbul University is a Turkish university located in Istanbul. The main campus is adjacent to Beyazıt Square.- Synopsis :A madrasa, a religious school, was established sometime in the 15th century after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople. An institution of higher education named the...

. His Hukukun Umumi Esasları (General Principles of Law, 1937), Hukuk Tarihi Dersleri (Lectures in the History of Law, 1938), Umumi Hukuk Tarihi (History of General Law, 1941), Hukuk Felsefesi Tarihi (History of the Philosophy of Law, 1946), and Türk Tarihi ve Hukuk (Turkish History and Law, 1947) have been valuable contributions to the development of the teaching of law in Turkey. However, his major contribution to legal studies has been his establishing the discipline of History of Turkish Law, a course which is today a standard element in legal studies curricula in Turkey. He laid the foundations of this course, and taught it for the first time in the world.

Political Career in Turkish Republic

He had a second career in Turkey

Turkey

Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...

, where he was invited to help build the newly founded Republic (and where he adopted the additional surname, "Arsal"), as a close associate of Kemal Atatürk, contributing to the language reform

Language reform

Language reform is a type of language planning by massive change to a language. The usual tools of language reform are simplification and purification. Simplification makes the language easier to use by regularizing vocabulary and grammar...

 as well as to the turn Turkish historiography would take, while at the same time serving as a member of parliament, and pursuing an academic career as a member of the faculties of law of Ankara and Istanbul universities from which he would retire as an "ordinarius professor."

Member of Parliament - A frequent guest at Atatürk's dinner table during meals that functioned as workshops or "fora"; or, put in another way, one of the persons whose advice Atatürk sought, Arsal was twice a member of parliament during the one-party period: a representative of Şebinkarahisar between 1931 and 1935, and of Giresun between 1935 and 1939. He devoted himself totally to academic life after that, with the one exception between 1950 and 1954 when he was elected as a Demokrat Parti deputy representing Ankara.

Influence (Scholar and Political)

His influence on the establishment of the Language and Historical Societies – Arsal played a decisive role in the establishment of both the Society for the Study of the Turkish Language (later the Turkish Language Institution), and the Society for the Study of Turkish History (later Turkish Historical Institution). He authored much of Türk Tarihinin Anahatları (Outlines of Turkish History, 1930), that reflected the official history of the period. Arsal has also made a major contribution to the language reform. He collected his essays on the subject in a volume titled Türk Dili İçin (For the Turkish Language, 1930), a work that was a turning point for the language reform and which Atatürk endorsed by writing a preface. Some of Atatürk's compendious statements in that preface are oft repeated in our day and have been engraved on the inscription that is in front of the Türk Dil Kurumu (Turkish Language Institute) building in Ankara.

Nationalist - Arsal's last endeavor was to publish in 1955 Milliyet Duygusunun Sosyolojik Esasları (Sociological Bases of the Nationalist Feeling) which he called his "spiritual testament." Putting on paper a lifetime's study and reflection, Arsal discussed in this work the concept of nationality and developed a modern theory of nationalism. In the book, he argues that contemporary nationalism should distance itself from chauvinism and, just like the religious sphere did, adopt a rational stance.

Books

• Maksudi, S. (1898). Maişet, Kazan. İkinci baskı: 1914.
• Maksudi, S. (1912). İngiltereye Seyahat, Kazan.
• Maksudi, S. (1927). Hukuk Tarihi Dersleri, Ankara: Ankara Hukuk Fakultesi Yayınları.
• Maksudi, S. (1928). Türk Hukuk Tarihi, Ankara: Ankara Hukuk Fakultesi Yayınları.
• Maksudi, S. (1930). Türk Dili İçin, Ankara: Türk Ocakları Yayınları.
• Maksudi, S. (1933). İskitler-Sakalar, Ankara: Türk Tarihinin Anahatları Serisi, No. 5.
• Maksudi, S. (1934). Orta Asya Türk Devletler, Ankara: Türk Tarihinin Anahatları Serisi, II, No. 19.
• Maksudi, S. (1937). Hukukun Umumi Esasları, Ankara: Ankara Hukuk Fakultesi Yayınları.
• Maksudi, S. (1941). Umumi Hukuk Tarihi, Ankara: Ankara Hukuk Fakultesi Yayınları. İkinci baskı: 1944. Üçüncü baskı: 1948.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). Hukuk Felsefesi, İstanbul: İstanbul Hukuk Fakültesi Talebe Cemiyet Yayınları.
• Maksudi, S. (1947). Türk Tarihi Ve Hukuk, İstanbul: İstanbul Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları.
• Maksudi, S. (1955). Milliyet Duygusunun Sosyolojik Esasları, İstanbul. İkinci baskı: 1975. Üçüncü baskı: 1979.
• Maksudi, S. (1940). Teokratik Devlet ve Laik Devlet, İstanbul – İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Maksudi, S. (1940). İngliz Amme Hukukunun İnkişafı Safhaları, İstanbul – İstanbul Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları.
• Maksudi, S. (1945). Farabi’nin Hukuk Felsefesi, İstanbul – İstanbul Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları.
• Maksudi, S. (1947). Kutadgu-Bilig, İstanbul – İstanbul Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları.

Articles

• Maksudi, S. (1911). “Büyük milli Emeller”, Türk Yurdu, sayı 1, sahife 8.
• Maksudi, S. (1911). “Büyük milli Emeller”, Türk Yurdu, sayı 2, sahife 33.
• Maksudi, S. (1924). “S. Maksudof Çin tarihlerindeki Kuzey Uygurlarla Tokuz Oğuzları ayniliği hakkında bir bildiri okuyor”, Journal Asiatique, sahife 37.
• Maksudi, S. (1924). “Çinlilerin ve Moğolların Hüvey-Hu’ları ve Orhon Türk yazıtlarındaki Tokuz Oğuzlar”, Journal Asiatique, sahife 141.
• Maksudi, S. (1925). “Türk tarihinin telkinatı”, Türk Yurdu, cilt 1, sayı 4.
• Maksudi, S. (1925). “Türk tarihinin telkinatı”, Türk Yurdu, sayı 14, sahife 377.
• Maksudi, S. (1925). “Çinliler ile Moğolların Hüvey-Hu ve Uygurları ile Orhon Türk kitabelerindeki Oğuzların ayniyeti”, Türk Yurdu, sayı 7, sahife 27.
• Maksudi, S. (1925). “Türk Birliği”, Türk Yurdu, sayı 11, sahife 396.
• Maksudi, S. (1925). “Lisanların inkişaf ve tekâmülünde Akademilerin rolü”, Türk Yurdu, sayı 12, sahife 525.
• Maksudi, S. (1925). “Çinlilerin Huvey-hu dedikleri halkın Orhon kitabelerindeki Oğuzların ayni olduğuna dair izahat”, Türk Yurdu, sayı 13, sahife 218.
• Maksudi, S. (1914). “Emeller üstadı İsmail Gaspıralı”, Tercüman, sayı 2121.
• Maksudi, S. (1925). “Ankara Hukuk Mektebinin tarihî ehemmiyeti”, Hakimiyet-i Milliye, 14 Eylül, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1926). “Yeni Ankara”, Hakimiyet-i Milliye, 5 Mart, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1929). “Güne bakan aşk peygamberi”, Hakimiyet-i Milliye, 29 Kasım, sahife 2.
• Maksudi, S. (1925). “Lisanların tekâmül ve inkişafında Akademilerin rolü”, İkdam, 5 Ekim.
• Maksudi, S. (1925). “Lisanların tekâmül ve inkişafında Akademilerin rolü”, İkdam, 6 Ekim.
• Maksudi, S. (1928). “Lisan ıslahı meselesi 1”, Milliyet, 28 Eylül, sahife 4.
• Maksudi, S. (1928). “Lisan ıslahı meselesi 2”, Milliyet, 29 Eylül, sahife 4.
• Maksudi, S. (1928). “Lisan ıslahı meselesi 3”, Milliyet, 30 Eylül, sahife 4.
• Maksudi, S. (1928). “Lisan ıslahı meselesi 4”, Milliyet, 2 Ekim, sahife 4.
• Maksudi, S. (1928). “Lisan ıslahı meselesi 5”, Milliyet, 3 Ekim, sahife 4.
• Maksudi, S. (1928). “Lisan ıslahı meselesi 6”, Milliyet, 4 Ekim, sahife 4.
• Maksudi, S. (1928). “Lisan ıslahı meselesi 7”, Milliyet, 5 Ekim, sahife 4.
• Maksudi, S. (1928). “Lisan ıslahı meselesi 8”, Milliyet, 6 Ekim, sahife 4.
• Maksudi, S. (1928). “Lisan ıslahı meselesi 9”, Milliyet, 7 Ekim, sahife 4.
• Maksudi, S. (1928). “Lisan ıslahı meselesi 10”, Milliyet, 9 Ekim, sahife 5.
• Maksudi, S. (1928). “Lisan ıslahı meselesi 11”, Milliyet, 11 Ekim, sahife 5.
• Maksudi, S. (1928). “Lisan ıslahı meselesi 12”, Milliyet, 13 Ekim, sahife 5.
• Maksudi, S. (1928). “Lisan ıslahı meselesi 13”, Milliyet, 14 Ekim, sahife 5.
• Maksudi, S. (1928). “Lisan ıslahı meselesi 10”, Milliyet, 9 Ekim, sahife 2.
• Maksudi, S. (1929). “Ga nin en büyük eseri nedir?”, Milliyet, 9 Temmuz, sahife 2.
• Maksudi, S. (1945). “Dünyada iki türlü telâkki karşı karşıya”, Tasvir, 21 Ekim.
• Maksudi, S. (1945). “Demokrasi ve Hukuk”, Tasvir, 29 Ekim, sahife 2.
• Maksudi, S. (1945). “Siyasî Partilerin ideolojileri”, Tasvir, 6 Aralık, sahife 2.
• Maksudi, S. (1945). “Demokrasinin ilmî ve ruhî esasları”, Tasvir, 10 Aralık, sahife 2.
• Maksudi, S. (1945). “Demokrasinin istinad ettiği ilmî ve felsefî esaslar”, Tasvir, 23 Aralık, sahife 2.
• Maksudi, S. (1945). “Demokrasi ve Müsavat esası”, Tasvir, 30 Aralık, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Demokrasi ve Hürriyet”, Tasvir, 6 Ocak, sahife 2.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Edebî Barış ve milletler birleşmesi”, Tasvir, 11 Ocak, sahife 2.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Demokrasi ve Hürriyet”, Tasvir, 6 Ocak, sahife 2.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Milli ideoloji ve yabancı ideolojiler”, Tasvir, 13 Ocak, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “İlim ve Hürriyet”, Tasvir, 17 Şubat, sahife 3-4.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Kadim Yunan’da ilmî muhtariyet”, Tasvir, 24 Şubat, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Üniversite Muhtariyeti”, Tasvir, 3 Mart, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Üniversite Muhtariyetini zarurî kılan sebepler”, Tasvir, 10 Mart, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Müsbet ilimler ve felsefe”, Tasvir, 24 Mart, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Tarihte veto hakkının menfî rolü”, Tasvir, 31 Mart, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “İnsanların manevî hayatında gaye ve ideallerin rolü”, Tasvir, 7 Nisan, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Milletlerin hayatında fikir ve ideallerin rolü”, Tasvir, 14 Nisan, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Avrupa medeniyetinin istikbali”, Tasvir, 21 Nisan, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Medeniyet mahsulleri ve kültür kıymetleri zail olmaz”, Tasvir, 21 Nisan, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Demokratik seçim usulünün beş mühim esası”, Tasvir, 5 Mayıs, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Ruhî ve manevî hayatın zenginliği ve yaş”, Tasvir, 12 Mayıs, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Arap Birliği ve büyük Arap milletinin istikbali”, Tasvir, 19 Mayıs, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde felsefî cereyanlar”, Tasvir, 26 Mayıs, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Milletlerin hayatında Yüksek Öğrenimin rolü ve Profesörler sınıfının dilekleri”, Tasvir, 2 Haziran, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Atomun felsefî tarihi”, Tasvir, 9 Haziran, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “İngilterede Demokrasinin ruhu ve tarihî temelleri ”, Tasvir, 16 Haziran, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1946). “Beşerî camiaların hayatında propagandaların rol ve kudreti”, Tasvir, 30 Haziran, sahife 3.
• Maksudi, S. (1948). “Medenî milletlerde ilim dili yaratma tarihine bakış”, Cumhuriyet, 5 Ekim, sahife 2.
• Maksudi, S. (1948). “İlmî usullerle yaratılmış Türkçe ve müstakil bir ilim dili lâzımdır”, Cumhuriyet, 19 Ekim, sahife 2.
• Maksudi, S. (1948). “Dil ıslahı ve Dil Kurumu”, Cumhuriyet, 23 Ekim, sahife 2.
• Maksudi, S. (1950). “Demokrasinin kapısı önündeyiz”, Cumhuriyet, 2 Mayıs, sahife 2.

External links and references

• Ayda, Adile. Sadri Maksudi Arsal, Istanbul: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1991.
• Miftahov, Almaz. From Russia to Turkey: An Intellectual Biography of Sadri Maksudî Arsal (1878-1957), MA Thesis, Bilkent University, Ankara, September 2003.
• Pultar, Gönül. Unutulan düşünsel miras, Radikal Newspaper, February 20, 2007.
• Zabirov, Ğabdelxaq, Maqsud baba hem Maqsudilar, Qazan, Tatarstan kitap näşriäte, 2000. - 159s.: il., tabl. 9(s14) B-195336; SB.